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虚拟语气
概念
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,
所说的是一个条件,
不一定是事实,
或与事实相反。< br>虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
英语中的语气分
为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟 语气三类。
应用条件
在表示虚假的、与事实相反的 或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或
某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲 强调其所说的话是基于自己的
主观想法,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。
在非真实条件状语从句中的用法
真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表
示的是假设或实 际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
例:
If he doesn
’
t hurry up, he will miss the bus.
如果他不快点,他
将错过巴士。
(
真实
)
If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories.
如果
他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
(真实)
If I were you, I would go at once.
如果我是你,
我马上就会去。
(非真实,
虚拟语气)
If
there
were
no
air,
people
would die.
如果没有空气,人就会死亡。
(非真实,虚拟语气)
用法及动词形式
If+
主语
+did
(
be
动词
were
)
主语
+should/would/
could/might+do
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
1
与过去事实相反
主语
+
should/would/
If+
主语
+had done
could/might+have done
+
主语
+did
与将来事实相反
主语
+should/would/
+
主语
+were to
could/might+do
+
主语
+should
例句:
1
、
表示与现在事实相反的情况:
例:
1.
If
I
were
you,
I
would
take
an
umbrella.
如果我是你,我会带把伞。
(事实:我不可能是你)
I
knew
his telephone number, I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会
告诉你。
(事实:不知道)
there were no air or water, there would be
no
living
things
on the
earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。
(
事
实:地球上既有空 气也有水
)
I had any money with me, I could lend you
some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。
(事实:没带钱)
he studied
harder, he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。
(事实:
没有努力)
2
、表示与过去事实相反的情况
例:
1.
If
I
had
gotten
there
earlier,
I
should/could
have
met
her.
如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。
(事
实:去晚了)
he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a
mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。
(事实:没有听我
的话)
3
、
表示对将来情况的主观推测,
与将来事实相反
例:
he
should
come
here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.
如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟
他谈谈。
(事实:来的可能性很小)
there
were
a
heavy
snow
next
Sunday,
we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。
(事实:
不知能否下雪)
she
were
to
be
there
next
Monday,
I
would
tell
her
about
the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
4
、
有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生 时,
虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整
。
①从句的动作 与过去事实相反,
而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符
。
如:
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.
如
果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了
If they had informed
us, we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会
来这里了。
2
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,
而主句的动作与过去事实不符
。
如:
If
he
were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,
我们会已经派他去北京了。
If
he
knew
her,
he
would
have
greeted
her.
要
是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
5
、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有
were, should, had
时,
if
可以省略,这时条
件从句要用
倒装语序
,即将
were , should, had
等词置于句首,这种多用于书面
语。
如:
Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.
要
是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。
Were she here, she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。
Had
he
learnt
about
computers,
we
would
have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来
这里工作了。
6
、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下
文或 其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做
含蓄条件句
,在多数情况下,条件会暗含
在短语中, 如
without
…
., but for
…
.
等
如:
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助,我
们还会在工作呢。
Without
your
instruction,
I
would
not
have
made
such
great
progress.
要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn
’
t know
his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知
道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。
7
、
有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强
烈 的感情
。
①省略从句
He would have finished it.
他本该完成了。
You could have
passed this exam.
你应该能通过这次考试了。
②省略主句
If I were at home now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If only
I had got it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。
、
虚拟语气的其他用法
用在
wish
后的宾语从句
a
、表示与
现在
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用
过去式
eg. I wish I
had
your brains.
我希望我有你那样的头脑。
(
事实:我根本比
不上你
)
b
、表示与
过去
事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:
had+done
eg: I wish I
had known
the truth of the matter.
我希望我原来知道这件事
的真相。
(事实:原来不知道)
c
、表示
将来
难以实现的愿望,谓语动词:
should/would +
动词原形
eg. I wish I
should have
a chance again.
我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。
(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)
(
注:
if only
和
as if/as though
也有相同用法)
用在目的状语从句中
1.
在
for fear that, in case, lest
引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓
语为:
should +
动词原形。并且
should
不能省略
3
examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
她
又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。
He started out earlier lest he should
be late.
他很早就出发了以防迟到。
2
、
在
so
that,
in
order
that
所引导的目的状语从句中,
从句中的谓语为:
can
/
may
/ could / might / will / would / should +
动词原形。
goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
他走近说
话的人以便能听得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he
should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。
其他用法
1
、
一
想
要
(desire)
二
宁
愿
(prefer)
三
命
令
(ord er, command)
四
建
议
(advice.
Suggest, propose)
五要求
(demand , require, request , desire , insist)
中,无
论主句谓语动词为何种时态, 从句的谓语动词都用
:
“
should +
动词原形
”或只
用“
动词原形
”
。
如:
He
suggested
that we
(should) take
the teacher
’
s advice.
He
insisted
that we
(should) take
the teacher
’
s advice.
He
demand
that we
(should) take
the teacher
’
s advice.
He
ordered
that we
(should) take
the teacher
’
s advice.
insist
如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚
拟语气。
如:
He insist he is a student.
他坚持说他是个学生。
这个语句表
示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
suggest
意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
如:
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情暗含着他很担心。
这
个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
2
、
表
情
绪
.
观
点
的
形
容
词
或
名
词
也
要
用
虚
拟
语
气
.
如
:necessary
、
important、
impossible
、
natural
、
strange< br>、
surprising
、
funny
、
right
、
wrong
、
better
、
a
pity
等。
句型:
It is.......that +
主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用
should+
原型
或只用
动词原型。
3
、
在
even if, even though
所引导的让步 状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从
句的结构与
if
所引导的条件从句结构相同。如:
Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he should not know what to do.
即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。
(事实:他没
来)
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即
使华佗在世也救不了他。
(事实:华佗不在世)
< br>4
、
在
whatever
,
whichever
,< br>whenever
,
whoever, wherever
,
however, no matter
wh-word
等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:
指现在或将来:
may
+
动词原形
。
如:
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he
may
come.
不管他来的多么晚,
我都会等他。
指过去:
may
+
完成式
。
如
:
You mustn
’
t be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你
取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。
We must respect him no matter what
mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。
4
5
、一般
would rather, had rather, would sooner
等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观
事实不相 符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
过去
: had +
过去分词
现在
:
过去时
(be
用
were )
将来
:
过去时
(be
用
were )
如:
I
’
d rather you
had seen
the film yesterday.
我倒想你
昨天
看过了
这场电影。
I
’
d
rather
you
were
here
now.
我倒想你
现在
在这儿。
We
’
d rather you
went here
tomorrow.
我们倒想你
明天
去那儿
6
、
虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:
“早该做某事了”时, 定语从句中的谓语动
词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:
It is (high / about) time that
+
主语
+
动词的
过去式
/
should
+
动词原形
,
即从句用虚拟过去式
。
如
It
is
time
that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you should go to work.
你早该上班了。
7
、
简单句中的虚拟语气
(
1
)
说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用 虚拟语气。其虚拟
语气的结构形式常为:
would / could / might / should +
动
词原
形
。
如:
Would
you
mind
my
shutting
the
door?
我把门关起来你介意吗?
You
should
always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把这个教训牢记于心。
I should
agree with you.
我应该同意你的观点。
(
2
)
表示“祝愿”时,常用
may +
主语
+
动词原形
。
如:
May you have a
good journey!
祝你一路顺风。
May your youth last for ever!
祝你青
春永驻。
(
3
)
表示强烈的“愿望”
、
“祝愿”时,常用
动词原形
。< br>
如:
Long live the
Communist
Party
of China.
中国共产党万岁。
God
bless
us.
上帝保佑。
(
4
)
习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
①
提出请求或邀请。
如:
Would you like to have a talk with us this
evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
Could I use your bike now?
我
可以用一下你的单车吗?
②
陈述自己的观点或看法。
如:
I
should
glad
to
meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我
会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议
。
如:
You
’
d
better
ask
your
father
first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You
should
make
a
full
investigation
of
it
first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④
提出问题。
如:
Do
you
think
he
could
get
here
on
time?
你认为他能按时来吗?
Do
you
expect
he
would
tell
us
the
truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
⑤
表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其
虚拟语气的结构为:
情态动词
+
have
+
过去分词
。
如:
You
should
have
got
here
earlier.
你应该早就到这里了。
You
should
have
returned
it
to
him.
你应该把它还给他了。
省略的虚拟条件句型
省略连词
if
有时可将条件从句的连词if
省略,但此时应用
倒装句型
,即将从句中的
were,
should, had
等提到句首:
Were I Tom, I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆,我会
拒绝。
I will go, should it be necessary.
假若有必要,我会去的。
Had
it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time.
若不是天气
坏,我们就准时到达了。
5
【注】
①
若条件从句为否定句,
否定词not
应置于主语之后,
而不能与
were,
should, had
等缩略成
Weren
’
t, Shouldn
’
t, Hadn
’
t
而置于句首。
②
有时
省略
if
后提前的
had
不是助动词:
Had I time, I would come.
假若我有时间,
我会来的。
(=If I had time
…
)
省略条件句的主语和其后的动词
be
若主从句主语一致,且谓 语部分包含有动词
be
,通常可将主语和动词
be
省略:
If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早点儿
修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。
(=If it had been repaired earlier
…
)
省略“
it+be
”
If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you.
如果需要的
话我会派更多的民工去帮你。
(=If it was necessary, I would
…
)
省略整个条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意< br>思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的:
I might see her personally. It would be
better.
我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。
(=
…
If I saw her personally, it would
be better.)
在含蓄条件句中的用法
(1)
条件暗含在短语中。
如:
We
didn
’
t
know
his
telephone
number;
otherwise
we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则 我们就会给他
打电话。
(
暗含条件是
otherwise
)
Without
your
help,
we
wouldn
’
t
have
achieved
so
much.
没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
(暗含条件是介词
短语
without your help
)
But for your help, I would not have succeeded in
the
experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,
我的实验就不会成功。
(暗含条件是
but
for
your help
)
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing
immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
(暗含条件是
not to
lubricate
the
bearing
immediately
)
(2)
条件暗含在上下文中。
如:
I
would
not
have
done
it
that
way.
我是不会那么做的。
(可能暗含
if
I
were
you
)
I
was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。
否则我会来帮你的。
(可能暗含
if
I
hadn
’
t
been
so
busy.
)
You
might
come
to
join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。
(可能暗含
if you wanted
to
)
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。
(可
能暗含
if
I
had
the
money
)
But
for
the
storm,
we
should
have
arrived
earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。
(可能暗含
if it had not been for
the storm
)
。
6
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