2021年1月23日发(作者：误区)
大学英语教案

Unit 2 Deer and the Energy Cycle
Preview:

1. Learn the vocabuary and read through the text
2. Scanning
Directions: Scan the text and discuss in pairs, list the facts about
the life of deer in four seasons.



Summer
:

adult males:

adult females:

fawns:

Fall
:
Winter
:
Spring
:

Period 1-2 Background Information and Global Reading

I. Warm-up and Background Information
2.
卡尔达舍夫等级




1964
年，俄罗斯天体物理学家尼古拉
-
卡尔达舍夫提出了这
样一个理论：
他认为人类文明的技术进步与将其国民可控制的能
源 总量息息相关。
根据这条思路，
他从低到高确定了银河系中文
明发展的三种类型：
大学英语教案



类型
I
：
该 文明是行星能源的主人，
这意味着他们可以主宰
整个世界能源的总和。



类型
II
：该文明能够收集整个恒星系统的能源。



类型
III
：该文明可以利用银河系系统的能源而为其所用。

II. Global Reading
2. Questions and Answers part 2-3


18-20
Period 3-4 Detailed Reading

Part
One
(1)
It
is
energy,
not
love
or
money,
that
makes
the
world go round.

Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others
of a less romantic and more practical
turn
of mind say that it isn't
love;
it's
money.
But
the
truth
is
that
it
is
energy
that
makes
the
world
go
round.
Energy
is
the
currency

of
the
ecological
system

and life becomes possible only when food
is converted into
energy,
which
in turn
is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to
survive. On this cycle all life depends.
1.

2. turn n. a natural tendency; inclination

3. currency n.

4. ecological a.

ecology n.

大学英语教案

5.
convert
vt.
change
(from
one
form,
use,
etc.
into
another);
cause
(a
person)
to
change
his
beliefs,
etc.



convert
into;
convert from; convert to
改信

6. 1) in due course or succession 2) one after another


He that shuts Love out, in turn shall be shut out from Love.
(Tennyson)


by turns



at the turn (of the century

7.

paragraph 2-6

It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to
year by eating as much as they can during
times of plenty
, the
summer and fall, storing the
excess
, usually in the form of fat,
and then using these
reserve
s of fat to survive during the hard
times in winter when food is
scarce
. But it is probably less well
known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less
energy to live in winter than in summer.
1. times of plenty:

2. What is the grammatical function of
“
eating ..., storing ..., and
then using...
”
?
大学英语教案

3. excess: n.
过量，过度

exceed v.
超过

in excess of
超过

4. reserve v. n.
储备（物）



reserve, preserve & conserve
保持，保存



reserve



正式用词



preserve




conserve


5. scarce: adj.
缺乏的



scarce, rare & uncommon
稀罕的，很少发生



scarce



rare




uncommon


A
good
case
in
point
is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most
wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and
fall
when
there
is
plenty
of
nutritious
food
available.
A
physically
mature
female
deer
in
good
condition

who
has
conceive
d in November and
given birth to two fawns
during the
end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the
necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also
to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs
大学英语教案

at
the
same
time
that
new
plant
growth
is
available.
This
is
good
timing
, because milk production is
an energy consuming
process

—

it
requires
a
lot
of
food.
The
cost
can
not
be
met
unless the region has ample food resources.
1. a good case in point: a good example of what is being talked
about




in point


in case



in case of



in any case


in no case


2. A physically mature female deer in good condition



mature a. full grown and developed




female a. of the sex that gives birth to young



a female person, animal or plant



male n.

3.
conceive
vt.
become
pregnant
with
(young);
form
(an
idea,
plan, etc.) in the mind

4. give birth to
大学英语教案

5.

6. Paraphrase the second underlined sentence.
7. meet vt. satisfy;

make (both) ends meet; meet the need of
8. consume: eat or drink, use, use up
As
the
summer
progress
es
and
the
fawns
grow,
they
become
less
dependent

on
their
mother's
milk
and
more
dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males
spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males
and females continue to eat
high quality food
in the fall in order
to
deposit

body
fat
for
the
winter.
In
the
case
of
does
and
fawns,
a
great
deal
of
energy
is
expend
ed
either
in
milk
production or in growing, and fat is not
accumulate
d as quickly
as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like
bank account
s
to be
draw
n
on
in the winter when
food supplies
are limited and
sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.
1. progress:
进展，进步


2.
“
High quality food
”


3. deposit: vt.

put or store for safe keeping; keep (money) in a
bank



She had just deposited a large sum of money in her account.

大学英语教案

4. In case of:
5. expend: vt.



expend, spend & cost


expend





spend








cost




6. accumulate: v. make or become greater in number or quantity;
collect or gather little by little


He quickly accumulated a large fortune.
7. draw on
利用，动用






As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns
lose
their
spotted
coat.
Hair
on
all
the
deer
becomes
darker
and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete
by
September
and
maximum
hair
depths
are
reached
by
November or December when the weather becomes cold.




But
in addition
, nature provides a further safeguard to help
deer
survive
the
winter
—
an
internal
physiological
response

which
lowers
their
metabolism
,
or
rate
of
bodily
function
ing,
and hence slows down their
expenditure
of energy. The deer
大学英语教案

become
somewhat
slow
and
drowsy.
The
heart
rate
drops.
Animals
that
hibernate

practice
energy
conservation
to
a
greater extreme than deer do. Although deer don't hibernate,
they
do
the
same
thing
with
their
seasonal
rhythm
s
in
metabolism.
Deer
spend
more
energy
and
store
fat
in
the
summer
and
fall
when
food
is
abundant
,
and
spend
less
energy
and
use
stored
fat
in
the
winter
when
food
is
less
available
.
1.

2. in addition

3. a further ssafeguard:



Deer
have
another
natural
means
of
protection
against
the
threat of the cold winter.


safeguard n. a means of protection against sth. unwanted
预
防措施

3.

4. expenditure n.


5. What are the sight of
“
an internal physiological response
”
?
at: adv. more than a little but not very



大学英语教案



She
’
s somewhat more confident than she used to be.
7. Rate: speed, rate& pace
速度、速率



speed



rate




pace


8. abundant: adj.

more than enough


China has abundant natural resources.


We have abundant proof of his guilt.

When
the

energy
crisis

first
came
in
1973-1974,
I
was
living with my family in a
cabin
on the edge of an area where
deer
spend
the
winter
in
northern
Minnesota,
observing
the
deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer
and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase
again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and
rather
amusing
to listen to the advice given on the radio:


Drive only when necessary,

clothes to stay warm, and
turn the thermostat on your furnace
down
.
Meanwhile
we
watched
the
deer
reduce their
activity,
grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they
大学英语教案

have
for
thousands
of
years.
It
is
biologically
reasonable
for
deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of
surviving in winter.




Not every winter is
critical
for deer of course. If the winter
has
light
snow,
survival
and
productivity
next
spring
will
be
high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for
several
weeks,
then
the
deer
must
spend
more
energy
to
move
about
,
food
will
be
harder
to
find,
and
they
must
then
depend more on their fat reserves to
pull them through
. If such
conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest
and strongest are likely to survive. That is a
fundamental rule

of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.
1. Why should people drive only when necessary?
2.

3. amusing a. funny

amuse vt. cause to laugh or smile
4. not every: not each or all members of a group


Not every student in the class passed the examination.
请看下面例子：








1. All is not lost.

大学英语教案







2. All that glitters is not gold.







3. Not all criminals can be reformed.







4. Not every President is a leader.







5. Everything is not perfect.







6. Both the universities are not ideal.

5. move about: travel around; go from one place to another
6.
pull
…
through:
survive
or
help
(sb.)
survive
a
period
of
danger or crisis

7. fundamental: adj. basic; very important
Part
Three
(10-11)

Life
depends
on
energy,
thus
the
cycle
continues.





Yes, life
—
and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and
round,
and
when
animals
die
their
bodies
become
food
for
other life forms to use by converting them into energy.




And the cycle continues.
Period 5-6 Practice

P40

英语部分否定归纳

Partial Negation

大学英语教案



英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：



一、

all
的否定式：
not
all…
（或 ：
all…not
）表示

并非
都
……
、
< br>不是所有的都
……
例如：



Not
all
men
can
be
masters.
(=
All
men
cannot
be
masters.)



Not all bamboo grows tall.



二、

both
的否定式：
not…both (
或：
both… not)
并非两
个
……
都
……
例如：



I don't want both the books.



Both (the) windows are not open.



三、

every…
的否定式：

不是每
……
都
……
例如：



Not
every
book
is
educative.
(
或：
Every
book
is
not
educative.)



Not everyone likes this book.



This flower is not seen everywhere.



四、

always
的否定式：

并非总是
（并非一直）
……
例如 ：



He is not always so sad.


五、

entirely, altogether, completely
和
quite
的否定式：

不完全
……
，

并非完全
……
例如：



The businessman is never to be entirely trusted.



He felt not altogether satisfied.



I don't agree completely.

大学英语教案



What he did was not quite proper.



六、

all
the
time
的否定式：
< br>并非一直
……
、

未必老
是
……
例如：



A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time.



七、
not…and…
的否定式，
被否定的往往是
and
后面的那
一 部分。

例如：



He did not speak clearly and correctly.



This film is not interesting andinstructive.



She cannot sing and dance.



如果将
and
换成
or
，
not
对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。



He did not speak clearly or correctly.



如
要
对
上
述的
all,
both,
every,
always,
以
及
entirely,
altogether, completely, quite
和

all the time
等词作完全否定，
那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词
,
例如：



All of them can do it.---



Both are good.---


Everybody likes it. ---


He is always late. ---



We don't trust them entirely. ---



He was here all the time. ---



英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异，
我 国学生往往会以中国人的思维方式
和习惯用法去套英语，这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。部分常见 的错误举例如下：



1
、
未经允许，
任何人不得入内。

误：
anybody can not come in without permission.
正：
Nobody can come in without permission.
任何
……
不

是汉语中常用的否定句式，< br>而在英语
大学英语教案

中与
any
构成的合成词或被
any
修饰的词语作主语时，
谓语动词不能用否定式，
因此
any ...
not
的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用

否定形式的主语< br>+
肯定形式的谓语

。但当
any
的合成词或
any< br>所修饰的词带有后置定语时，谓语可以用否定式，如：

干那
种事的人都是不诚实的。

Anyone who does that isn't honest.


2
、
听到这个消息后，
没有一个人不感到兴奋。

误：
Having heard the news, nobody did
not feel excited.
正：
Having heard the news, everybody felt excited.
汉语中常用

没有< br>+
主
语
+
不
+
谓语

这一双重否定的 结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语
连用。因此
nobody...
not
的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时，
（
1
）可把 主语
和谓语都改成肯定形式；
(2)
也可用另一结构的双重否定式：
ther e be +
否定的主语

+
否定
形式的定语从句，
如：

There was nobody who did not feel excited.
或：
There was nobody
but felt excited.


3
、这两本书都不是英国出版的。

误：
Both of the books are not published in England.
正：
Neither
of
the books
is
published
in England.
我不同意所有这些方案。

误：
I
don't
agree to all these projects.
正：
I agree to none of these projects.
或：
I don't agree to any
of these projects.
英语中的概括词
all, every, both,
以及与
every
构成的合成词，用于否定
句式时，只表示部分否定，常译 成

并非
……
都

，因此两个错误译句的含义分别为：并非两< br>本书都是英国出版的，
并非所有这些方案我都同意。
要表达全部否定意义时，
英 语须用全否
定词语，如
none neith
er, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either
等。



4
、
这台车床不能再用了，
那台也一样。

误：
This lathe can not be used any longer, and
that one can't, too.
正：
This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one cna't either.
或：
This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one.
否定句中的
< br>也

不能
译成
too,
而须用
either
， 或用
neither(nor)
的倒装句型。



5
、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。

误：
You won't have to worry about rank and pay.
正：
You won't have to worry about rank or pay.
在肯定句中用< br>and
来连接两个并列成分，
表示

和

，但在否定句中
and
应改为
or,
这时否定词对
or
的前后部分同时加以否定。



6
、这些规章制度多不完善！

误：
How not perfect the rules and regulations are!
正：
How imperfect the rules and regulations are!
汉语中的感叹句可用否定式，如：多不光彩
呀！
多不容易呀！
而英 语中的感叹句不能用否定式，
我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来
表示。



7
、我认为这不值得一试。

误：
I think this is not worth trying.
正：
I don't think this is
worth
trying.
英语中表臆想、猜测的动词
think,
believe,
fancy,
expect,
guess,
imagine,
suppose
等，
如果带有否定的宾语从句，
宾语从句中的否定词通常提前，
用来否定主句的谓< br>语动词。尤其是
think,
按习惯用法，否定词只能置于
think
前。



8
、
他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。

误：
He came here not to ask us for help.
正：
He did not come here to ask us for help.
否定状语时，英语中的否定 词一般不直接置于被
否定词语前，通常置于谓语动词前。只有当两个部分加以对比时，即

不是
……
而是

时，否
定词才可直接置于状语前。
如：他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助，
而是来给我们提供一些
信息。
He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.
即使在这一结
构中，英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。



9
、
他的设计肯定还没完成。

误：
He mustn't have completed his design.
正：
He can't
have completed his design.
对比较有把握的推测，
肯定句中用
must
，而否定句中用
can' t
，
对过去的推测，在
must
和
can't
后接完成形式

Unit 3
自学