油枯2010年12月英语四级真题阅读

2021年1月22日发(作者：波多黎各人)
2010
年
12
月选词填空

What determines the kind of person you are?


What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map?

All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you
were raised.


The
study
of
how
genes
and
environment
interact
to
influence
psychological
activity
is
known as behavioral genetics.

Behavioral genetics has made important contributions to the biological revolution,


providing information about the extent to which biology influences mind, brain and
behavior.


Any research that suggests that abilities to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is
controversial.


Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can achieve based on something
that is beyond your control, such as your genes?


It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex, race and eye color.


But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced, how smart they are, or what
career they are likely to choose?


A
concern
of
psychological
scientists
is
the
extent
to
which
all
of
these
characteristics
are
influenced by nature and nurture(
养育
), by genetic makeup and the environment.


Increasingly, science indicates that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From
this perspective,


people are born essentially like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured, but
the way it eventually appears can vary based on the development process.





However, the basic picture is there from the beginning.























2010
年
12
月阅读
1

It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try
their luck in the commercial world,


there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent,


as
people
with
families
often
feel
they
cannot
afford
the
drop
in
salary
when
moving
to
a
university job. For some industrial scientists,

however, the attractions of academia outweigh any financial considerations.


Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories
to a medical department at the University of Cambridge.


Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater
freedom to choose research questions.


Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial re
turn, and Lee’s is o
ne of them.


The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career.


Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the
University of Cambridge,


spent two years working for a pharmaceutical company before returning to university as a
post-doctoral researcher.


He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.



Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant,

the
demand
for
scientists
with
a
wealth
of
experience
in
industry
is
forcing
universities
to
make the transition to academia more attractive,


according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not,


such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts.
























They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role
that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee,

perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development.



“Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career.


So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab
has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow
research project.”

2010
年
12
月阅读
2

Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life.


Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick,


but the biggest longevity boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship.


The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers
were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.


Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life
and two to a wom
an’s.


The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.




Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate.


Linda
Waite
of
the
University
of
Chicago
has
found
that
a
married
older
man
with
heart
disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart.

Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a
divorced man who doesn’t smoke.


There’s a flip side, however, as partners are more likely
to become ill or die in the couple of
years following their spouse’s death,


and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe
problems.

Even so, the odds favour marriage.


In
a
30-year
study
of
more
than
10,000
people,
Nicholas
Christakis
of
Harvard
Medical
School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.



So
how
does
it
work?
The
effects
are
complex,
affected
by
socio-economic
factors,
health- service provision, emotional support and other more physiological mechanisms.


For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system,


leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life.


People in supportive relationships may handle stress better.


Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.