horseback地震术语英语

2021年1月22日发(作者：vss是什么意思)
Seismic
地震

abnormal
events:
Coherent events which are not reflections.
Refraction, reflected refractions, diffractions, surface waves, and
sometimes
multiple
reflections
are
included
(though
there’s
nothing ―abnormal‖ about any of these ).

异常同相轴：
相干非反射同相轴，包括折射波、反射折射
波、绕射波、面波，往往也包括多次反射波（尽管这些波本
身无任何异常）
。

absorption:
A process whereby some of the energy of seismic
wave
is
converted
into
heat
while
passing
through
a
medium.
Absorption
for
seismic
waves
is
perhaps
of
the
order
of
1/2
db/cycle. Sometimes claimed to be proportional to the frequency
squared rather than linear with frequency. See
Q
.
吸收作 用：
为地震波通过某一介质时，
其一部分能量转化为
热量的一个过程。地震波吸收衰减 约为每周期
1/2
分贝，有
时表述为吸收与频率的平方成正比，而不是与频率成简单 的
线性正比关系。见
品质因数

Q
。

acoustic:

Sonic;
pertaining
to
sound.
Usually
refers
to
compressional
P
waves, sometimes restricted to P-waves in fluids
(liquids
and
gases
),
sometimes
generalized
to
include
other
elastic wave types.
声学的，声的：
声音的，声速的；属于声 学范畴。通常指
压缩纵波，有时仅指在流体中传播的纵波（液体和气体）
，广
义上也包 括其它类型的弹性波。

acoustic impedance:
Seismic velocity multiplied by density.
Reflection
coefficient

depends
on
changes
in
acoustic
impedance.
声阻抗，波阻抗：
地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数依
赖于波阻抗的变化。

acoustic
wave:
1.

Sonic
wave.
An
elastic
wave
train,
sometimes restricted to propagation though a fluid.
2.
The wave
train
generated
and
detected
by
a
sonic- logging
sonde
（
see
acoustic log
）
. The wave train is a composite of various modes of
energy
transfer.
The
first
arrival
usually
results
from
compressional
(P-
or
longitudinal
)
waves
traveling
in
the
formation; the inverse of its velocity is measured by the
sonic log.
A second arrival is sometimes identified as shear (S-) wave travel
in
the
formation;
it
represents
a
pseudo-Rayleigh
wave
which
travels at approximately the velocity of S-waves. Compressional
waves
traveling
through
the
mud
usually
have
relatively
high
frequency content; they are sometimes called fluid waves. One or
more
modes
of
high-amplitude,
low-frequency
tube
waves
(sometimes
called
Stoneley
waves
)
are
usually
very
distinct
arrival.
3.
More generally, an elastic wave or
seismic wave.
声波，地震波：
1.
声波。有时仅指在流体中传播的弹性波
列。
2.

由声波测井电极系 产生并检测到的波列
（见声波测井）
。
该波列是由各种不同能量的波复合而成的。初至 波通常是在
岩石中传播的压缩（
P-
或纵）波；其波速的倒数是通过声波
测井 而测到的。续至波往往被看作在岩石中传播的剪切（
S-
）
波；它表现为一个以近似< br>S-
波速度传播的伪
-
瑞雷波。通过软
泥层的压缩波通常具有相对较高 的频率成分；往往被称为流
体波。一个或更多强振幅、低频率的管波（也称斯通利波）
的波至通 常特别明显。
3.
更一般的指弹性波或地震波。

air gun:
1.
A marine seismic source which injects a bubble of
highly compressed air
into the water. Oscillations of the bubble
as
it
alternately
expands
and
contracts
generate
a
sonic
wave
whose frequency depends on the amount of air in the bubble, its
pressure, and the water depth (or water pressure ). Arrays of guns
of different sizes are sometimes used so that a broader frequency
spectrum will be generated. Different from gas gun.
2.
Air guns
have
also
been
adapted
for
lowering
in
a
borehole
or
pushed
down
into
the
marsh.
The
adaptations
prevent
mud,
sand,
etc.,
from entering and fouling the air gun.
3.
Air guns are also used in
small tanks of water which are set on the surface of the ground as
a seismic source on land.
空气枪
：
1.

通过向水中排放高压气泡的一种海上地 震震源。
气泡交替收缩和膨胀的振动可产生声波，该声波的频率取决
于气泡中空气量、压力和水 深（或水压）
。通常使用大小不同
的空气枪阵列来得到更宽的频谱。它不同于单个气枪震源。< br>2.

空气枪通过改进后，可适用于钻孔和沼泽地区。这种改进
可阻止泥浆、沙 等进入和阻塞空气枪。
3.
空气枪也可以放在
地表小型水池中作为陆上地震震源。

air
wave:
Energy from the shot which travels in the air at the
velocity of sound:

1051(1+0.00218
F
)
1/2
≈
1051+1.1
F

ft/sec,
where
F
=

F
ahrenheit
temperature,
or
331.51(1+0.00366
C)
1/2
≈
331.5+0.607
C
m/sec,
where C=Centigrade temperature.

空
气
波
：
爆
炸
产
生
的
能
量
在
空
气
中
以
声
速
传
播
：
1051(1+0.00218
F
)
1/2
≈
1051+1.1
F
英尺
/
秒，
其中
F
为华氏温度，
或331.51(1+0.00366 C)
1/2
≈
331.5+0.607 C
米
/
秒，
其中
C
为摄
氏温度。

angle
of
incidence:

The
acute
angle
which
a
raypath
makes
with
the
normal
to
an
interface.
This
is
the
same
angle
as
an
approaching
wavefront
makes
with
an
interface
in
an
isotropic
medium.
The
angle
between
the
raypath
and
the
normal
is
the
angle
of
incidence
in
the
anisotropic
case,
the
raypath
not
necessarily being perpendicular to the wavefront in this case. The
angle of incidence may be complex for electromagnetic waves.
入射角
：射线路径与界面法线所成的锐角。 在各向同性介质
中它等于波阵面与分界面的的夹角。在各向异性介质中，射
线路径与界面法线的 夹角为入射角，而此时射线路径与波阵
面不一定是正交的。对于电磁波来说它的入射角为复角。

apparent velocity:
1.
The velocity which a wavefront appears
to
have
along
a
line
of
geophones.
If
the
wavefront
makes
the
angle
θ
with the spread and the true velocity of the wavefront if
V
, then the apparent velocity is
V
/cos
θ
.
2.
The inverse of the
slope of a refraction
time-distance curve.
视速度
：把波阵面看作沿地面测线传播时的速度。如果波阵
面与检波器排列的夹角为
θ
，< br>设真速度为
V
，
则视速度为
V
/cos
θ
。
2.
折射波时距曲线斜率的倒数。

apparent
wavelength:

The
distance
between
corresponding
points on successive cycles of a wave train as seen by a geophone
spread. Differs from actual wavelength if the wave train direction
makes an angle with the spread.
视波长：
在检波器排列方向上，波列 两相邻周期相应的波峰
或波谷之间的距离。如果波传播方向与检波器排列方向有一
夹角，则与真 实波长不同。

arrival:

An
event;
a
lineup
of
coherent
energy
signifying
the
arrival of a new wavetrain.

波至
：波至；表示一个新的波列到达的一组相关能量。

arrival time:
1.
The time from shot or other energy release to
the
time
which
is
picked
for
an
event,
making
allowance
for
static and dynamic corrections.
2.
The time of an event without
corrections.

波至时间
：
1.
从爆炸或其它能量释放后，
到拾取到第一个波至之间的时间，它可用于静校正和动校正。
2.
未经校正的波
至到达时间。

attenuation:

1.

A
reduction
in
amplitude
or
energy,
such
as
might be produced by passage through a filter.
2.
A reduction in
the amplitude of seismic waves, such as produced by divergence,
reflection
and
scattering,
and
absorption.

3.

That
portion
of
the
decrease
in
seismic
or
sonar
signal
strength
with
distance
not
dependent
on
geometrical
spreading.
This
decrease
depends
on
the physical characteristics of the transmitting media,

involving
reflection,
scattering,
and
absorption.
4.
If
the
amplitude
of
a
plane
wave
is
reduced
by
the
factor
e
-
α
(
f
)
x


in
traveling
a
distance
of
x
meters,
then
the
attenuation
factor
is
α
(
f
)
.
Often
thought
to
be
linear
with
frequency,
sometimes
thought
to
be
quadratic
with
frequency.
5.

Regarding
the
rapid
attenuation
of
electromagnetic waves in the earth, see
skin depth
.
衰减：
1.

振幅或能量的减少，
例如信号通过滤波器后就有可
能发生衰减。
2.

地震波振幅的减少，由地震波的扩散、反射
和散射、及吸收等所致。
3.
< br>地震或声纳信号强度随传播距离
的增大而产生的部分减弱，与信号的几何分布无关，主要依
赖于传播介质的物理性质，包括反射、散射和吸收。
4.

如果
α
(
f
)
x

，
则
衰
减
因
子
为

α
一 个平面波传播
x
米所产生的衰减为
e
-
(
f
)
。通常认为衰减与频率成正比，也有人认为与频率的二次
方成正比。
5.

关于电磁波在地下迅速衰减，见
趋肤深度
。

average velocity:
The distance traversed by a seismic wavelet
divided by the time required, both often corrected to a reference
datum
plane.
For
reflections,
often
refers
to
a
ray
reflected
at
normal incidence.
平均速度
：一个地震子波传播 距离与所需时间的比值，其中
距离和时间通常都被校正到一个参考基准面上。对于反射波
来说， 常指法线反射路径。

azimuth:
The horizontal angle usually specified clockwise from
true north.
方位角
：通常指由真北按顺时针方向指定的水平角。

binary
gain:

A
gain-control
system
in
which
amplification
is
changed only in discrete steps by factors of 2. The times at which
the
gain
steps
occur
is
recorded
so
that
the
amplitude
can
be
recovered later.
二进制增益
：放大倍数按
2
的 阶次离散变化的增益控制系
统。在增益阶处的时间被记录下来以便以后进行振幅恢复。

blind zone:
1.
A layer which cannot be detected by refraction
methods, also called hidden layer. The blind zone (a) may have a
velocity lower than that of shallower refractors, in which case it
will lead to an overestimate of the depth of deeper refractors, or it
(b)
may
have
a
velocity
intermediate
between
those
of
layers
above
and
below
but
not
have
sufficient
velocity
difference
or
thickness to produce first-arrivals; in this case it is apt to cause an
underestimate
at
the
depth
of
deeper
refractors.
2.
A
zone
from
which reflections do not occur; a shadow zone.
3.
A zone from
which no drill cuttings are returned to the surface.
4.
A portion of
a formation in which a logging tool response is too low. A blind
zone
occurs
because
of
the
finite
size
or
configuration
of
the
logging tool. For the lateral curve a blind zone (abnormally low
reading)
is
recorded
when
a
bed
which
is
highly
resistive
compared to the overlying and underlying formations is present
between
current
and
measuring
electrodes.

5.
A
layer
which
cannot be detected by electrical methods because its resistivity is
not
sufficiently
different
from
the
resistivity
of
other
layers
or
because it is too thin.
盲区
：
1.
用折射波法无法检测到的区，也称隐蔽层。盲区中

(a)
速度低于更浅的折射层速度，
这将会导致对更深折射层的
深度估计偏大，或者

(b)
盲区中速度介于其上面和下面的折
射层之间，
但二者之间没有足够的 厚度或速度差来产生初至，
这种情况下容易对更深折射层的深度估计偏小。
2.

不产生反
射的区域；阴影带。
3.

无钻井岩屑返回地表的区域。
4.

测井
仪响应很低的岩层。这种盲 区的出现主要与测井仪的大小和
结构有关。对于梯度电极系测井曲线，当供电电极和测量电
极之 间出现比其上和其下岩层具有较高阻抗的地层时，该盲
区（曲线上反常的低读数）就被记录下来。
5.

用电法无法检
测到的层，这是因为它的电阻率与其它层之间没有明显的差异或者是因为它太薄。

body waves:
P- and S-waves which travel through the body of
a medium, as opposed to surface waves. See
P-wave
and
S-wave
.
体波
：在介质体中传播的
P-
波和

S-
波，是相对于面波而言
的。参见
P-
波和

S-
波。

break:
Onset of an event, especially the first break. A burst of
energy
indicating
the
arrival
of
new
energy.
see
time
break
and
uphole time.
波跳
：波列的前端，尤其指初至。能量的突然增大意味着 新
的能量的到达。参见起爆时间和〔初至波到达〕井口时间

buried
focus
effect:

A
situation
where
the
concave
upward
curvature
of
a
reflector
is
large
enough
that
the
energy
focuses
before
it
reaches
the
recording
plane.
A
buried
focus
situation
causes
several
branches
(usually
three)
of
a
reflection
to
be
observable
from
the
same
surface
location
(i.e.,
the
law
of
reflection is satisfied for several points on the reflector from the
same
surface
location).
The
portion
which
passes
through
the
focus
is
called
the
reverse
branch.
For
zero
offset
and
constant
velocity,
a
buried
focus
occurs
if
the
center
of
curvature
lies
beneath
the
recording
plane.
Less
curvature
is
required
to
produce the buried-focus effect for offset traces than for traces at
normal incidence. Hence buried-focus effects are more likely on
long
offset
traces
as
well
as
more
likely
deeper
in
the
section.
velocity
gradients
and
curvature
of
isovelocity
surfaces
(which
are
opt
to
occur
in
structural
areas)
also
affect
buried-focus
effects. Curvature of the reflector out of the plane of the seismic
line
can
also
cause
multiple
branches.
There
is
a
quarter-wave
phase shift in the reverse branch.
地下焦点效应
：当向上凹的反射界面曲率足够大时，使反
射能量在到 达记录平面之前而聚焦的一种情况。在这种情况
下，可观测到来自同一界面位置反射的多个分支（通常三 条）
（也就是说，反射定律满足同一反射面上多个反射点）
。通过
焦点的部分称之为回 转波。对于零偏移和常速度情况，如果
曲率中心位于记录面之下，则会形成地下焦点。非零偏移距
记录道产生地下焦点效应比法线入射记录道所需的曲率要
小。因此偏移距越大地下聚焦效应表现在剖面 上越深。速度
梯度和等速面曲率对地下焦点效应也有影响。地震测线平面
外弯曲的反射界面也会 造成反射的多分支现象。在回转波中
存在四分之一个相移。

cable:
1.
The assembly of electrical conductors used to connect
the
geophone
or
hydrophone
groups
to
the
recording
truck.
See
also
streamer
.
2.

The
assembly
of
electrical
connectors
and
tensile
members
used
to
support
a
logging
sonde
or
well
geophone or bird.
电缆
：
1.

用来连接地震检波器或水听器组和记录车的导电体组合。见
等浮电缆
。
2.

用来支持测井电极系或井中检波器或
水鸟的导电体和抗拉张体组合。

chirp:

A
Vibroseis
signal;
a
sinusoidal
signal
of
continuously
varying
frequency.
often
implies
a
linear
change
of
frequency
with time.
线性调频脉冲
:

一种可控震源信号；
一组频率随时间连续线
性变化的正弦信号。

coefficient
of
anisotropy:
See
anisotropy
.
V
ariation
of
a
physical
property
depending
on
the
direction
in
which
it
is
measured.
各向异性系数
：见
各向异性
。 物理性质随着被测量的方向
而变化。

coherence:
l.
The property of two wave trains being in-phase.
2.
A
measure
of
the
similarity
of
two
functions
or
portions
of
functions.
If
the
functions
have
power
spectra
P
ii

and
P
jj

and
cross-power spectra P
ij
(which may complex), their coherence is
P
ij
/( P
ii
P
jj
)
1/2

Also
called
coefficient
of
coherence.
Coherence
is
the
frequency-domain
concept
which
is
analogous
to
correlation
in
the time domain.

相干性
：
1.
两波列相位之间的属性。
2.

两 函数或它们的一
部分之间的相似性。如果两函数的功率谱分别为
P
ii

和

P
jj
，
它们的互功率谱为
P
ij< br>（可能是复数）
，则相关性为

P
ij
/( P
ii
P
jj
)
1/2

也称之为相关系数。这里的相关性是频率域中的概念，它与
时间域相关类似。

coherent:

Having
a
fixed-phase
relationship
with
respect
to
each other. A set of wave forms is coherent if the phase change
from one to the next has a well-defined relationship. For example,
seismic reflection events are coherent in a linear way with respect
to
dip,
coherent
in
a
hyperbolic
way
with
respect
to
normal
moveout,
coherent
with
respect
to
weathering
variations
in
a
nonanalytic
though
systematic
way
with
respect
to
geophone
locations. The principal evidence for a separate seismic event is
coherence among the members of a set of seismic traces over a
short
time
interval
of
the
order
of
1-1
/2
or
so
cycles
of
the
dominant
frequency
compared
with
less
coherence
elsewhere.
Coherence
is
often
measured
in
a
qualitative
way
in
record
picking
but
quantitative
measures
of
coherence
are
used
in
automatic picking scheme; see
semblance
. Coherence is used in
connection
with
various
types
of
wave
trains,
including
electromagnetic and seismic waves.
相关的
：两者之间存在着固定的相位关系。一组波形如果相
位从一种形式变成另一种形式且有明确的关系，则说 明这组
波形是相关的。例如，地震波反射同相轴与倾角线性相关，
与正常时差双曲相关，与风化 层变化非解析相关，与检波器
位置系统相关。一地震波组中单个地震波相位与该组波相关
的主要 依据是与其它相关性差的地方相比它们之间有一很短
的时间间隔约为
1-1 /2
个主 频周期。
相关性在记录拾取中是定
性测量的，而在自动拾取中是定量测量的；见
相似性
。相关
性常用于把各种不同类型的波联系起来，包括电磁波和地震
波。

common-depth-point:

l.

The
situation
where
the
same
portion of the subsurface is involved in producing reflections at
different
offset
distances
on
several
profiles.
2.

Common-depth-point
shooting
produces
redundant
reflection
data
from
which
a
common-depth-point
stack
can
be
made.
Different shotpoint-geophone combinations are used to record the
same
reflection
from
the
same
subsurface.
Also
call
roll-along.
Abbreviated CDP and CRP.

共深度点
：
1.
在几条测线上以不同偏移距产生反射的地下同
一点。
2.
共深度点爆炸产生冗余的反射数据从而可进行共深
度点叠加。不同的炮点检波器 组合用来记录来地下自同一反
射面的同一反射波。也称
逐点爆炸法
。缩写为
C DP
和

CRP
。

common-depth- point
stack:

A
sum
of
traces
which
correspond to the same subsurface reflection point but which are
from
different
profiles
and
have
different
offset
distances.
The
traces
are
corrected
for
statics
and
normal
moveout
before
summing
(or
stacking).
The
objective
is
to
attenuate
random
effects and events whose dependence on offset is different from
that
of
normal
moveout
for
primary
reflections.
Hence
multiple
reflections
which
show
a
different
NMO,
surface
waves,
refractions,
diffractions,
etc.,
will
be
attenuated
relative
to
primary
reflections.
Also
called
roll-along
and
horizontal
stacking. Petty Geophysical Engineering Company patent.
共深度点叠加
：相应于对地下同一反射点的地震道的相加，
但它们来自不同测线且具有不同偏移距。这些道在叠加之前
都已经过静校正和正常时差校正。其 目的就是衰减随机影响
和那些与一次反射波随偏移距的正常时差不同的波至。
因此，
正 常时差不同的多次反射波、面波、折射波、绕射波等相对
于一次反射波来说都会被削弱。也称逐点爆炸和 水平叠加。
佩蒂地球物理工程公司专利。

common-offset
gather:
A
side-by-side
display
of
traces
which have the same shot-to- geophone distance (offset).
共偏移距道集
：具有相同炮检距的道显示。

common-offset stack:
A stack of traces which have the same
offset and which are located within a limited range of depth-point
locations.
共炮检距叠加（同距叠 加）
：
限定的深度点位置范围内的
且炮检距相同的地震道的叠加。

common-range gather:
Common-offset gather.
共炮检距道集（选排）
：同偏移距道集（选排）
。

Common reflection point:
Common-depth-point.
共反射点
：共深度点。

compressional wave:
An elastic body wave in which particle
motion
is
in
the
direction
of
propagation;
the
type
of
seismic
wave
assumed
in
conventional
seismic
exploration.
Also
call
P-wave, dilatational wave, and longitudinal wave.
压缩波
：质点运动方向与波传播方向相同的 一种弹性体波；
常规地震勘探中一种假设的地震波类型。也称为
P-
波、膨胀
波和纵波。

configuration:

Arrangement
(as
of
geophones
in
a
group);
array.
排列形式
：排列（检波器组合）
；阵列。

converted wave:
Seismic energy which has traveled partly as
a
P-wave
(longitudinal
wave)
and
partly
as
an
S-wave
(shear
wave),
being
converted
from
one
form
to
the
other
upon
reflection or refraction at oblique incidence on an interface. Since
mode
conversion
is
small
for
small
incident
angles,
converted
waves become more prominent as offset increases.
转换波
：部分以
P-
波（纵波）和
S-
波（剪切波）形式传播的
地 震波倾斜入射到某一界面上经反射或折射，从一种形式转
换成另一种形式。在小入射角情况下转换能量小 ，随着炮检
距的增加，转换波变得更为显著。

critical
angle:

Angle
of
incidence
θ
c

for
which
the
refracted
ray
grazes
the
surface
of
contact
between
two
media
(of
velocities V
1
and V
2
):
sin
θ
c
= V
1
/ V
2
.
临界角
：
当折射线与两介质的分界面
（界面速度分 别为
V
1

和

V
2
）相切时，所需的入射角
θ
c
：
sin
θ
c
= V
1
/ V
2
.
critical reflection:
A reflection at the critical angle. Amplitude
may be exceptionally large in this vicinity.
临界反射
：入射角为临界角时的反射。这时的反射波振幅最
大。

curved
path:

A
seismic
raypath
which
is
curved
because
refraction changes the direction of the ray as the velocity changes
with
depth.
Increase
in
velocity
with
depth
makes
the
raypath
concave upward.
弯曲射线路径
：由于速度随深度的变化使得折射方 向也随
之改变，从而得到一个弯曲的地震射线路径。速度随深度增
加，使得射线路径向上弯曲。

deconvolution:

The
process
of
undoing
the
effect
of
another
filter. Usually an inverse filter is designed and convolved with the
signal, the objective being to nullify an objectionable effect of an
earlier filter action.
反褶积
：解除一个滤 波器所带来的影响的过程。通常是设计
一个逆滤波器，然后与信号进行褶积，目的是使以前的滤波
器对信号的影响变为零。

deep seismic sounding:
DSS.
深地震测深：
DSS

diffraction:
1.

A
phenomenon
common
to
all
waves(light
waves,
radio
waves,
seismic
waves,
surface
water
waves,
etc.).
See
Huygens
principle.
2.

Scattered
seismic
energy
which
emanates from an abrupt discontinuity of rock type, particularly
common where faults cut reflecting interfaces.
绕射
：
1.

一 切波（光波、无线电波、地震波、水面波等）都
会出现的一种现象。参见惠更斯原理。
2.
来自岩性突变处，
尤其是来自断层反射面处的散射地震能量。

diffraction
stack:

A
weighted
stack
of
all
the
elements
of
reflected energy along a diffraction curve which yields a migrated
section
(to
the
extent
that
the
data
were
two-dimensional).
A
method of automatically migrating reflection seismic data. < br>绕射叠加
：
沿绕射曲线所有反射能量的加权叠加从而得到一
个偏移剖面（如果数 据是二维的）
。是一种自动偏移反射地震
资料的方法。

dilatational wave:
P-wave.
膨胀波
：
P-
波。

dispersion:

1.
Distortion of the shape of a wave train because
of
the
variation
of
velocity
with
frequency.
The
peaks
and
troughs
may
advance
toward
(or
recede
from)
the
beginning
of
the wave as it travels. Leads to the separation of group velocity
u

from phase velocity
v
. Where λ = wavelength
and
f
= frequency,
v
=
f
/(1 /λ)

u =
df
/d (1 /λ).

The dispersion of seismic body waves is very small under most
circumstances,
but
surface
waves
may
show
appreciable
dispersion in the presence of near-surface velocity layering. The
dispersion of electromagnetic body waves is large in most earth
materials.
2.
A
statistical
term
for
the
amount
of
deviation
of
a
value from the norm.
扩散，
频散
：
由于速 度随频率的变化使得波列形态发生畸变。
在传播过程中波峰和波谷相对于波端可能超前或后退。从而导致群速度
u
与相速度
v
彼此分开。
v
=
f
/(1 /λ)
，
u =
df
/d (1 /λ).

其中
λ
为波长，
f
为频率。
多数情况下 ，
地震体波频散非常小，
但是面波在近地表速度层的频散是非常明显的。电磁体波在
多 数土质材料中扩散是非常大的。
2.
计算偏离标准值程度的
一个统计学术语。

display:
A graphic representation of data, especially of seismic
data.
The
historic
display
mode
for
seismic
records
graphs
amplitude as a function of time for each geophone group output,
giving wiggle trace or squiggle or conventional display. Variable
area
display
in
which
the
area
under
the
wiggle
trace
is
shaded
(often involving a bias and trace clipping) has the advantage that
coherent events are more evident. Variable density has also been
used but requires very careful processing to retain a full spectrum
of gray shades. Superimposed modes or combined model which
involve the use of both wiggle trace and variable area or variable
density simultaneously retain many of the good features of each
type display. Other display modes are also used.
显示
：数据资料特别是地震资料的图形显示。以前的地震记
录 图形显示方式是把每一组检波器的输出振幅作为时间的函
数，给出波形道或波形曲线或常规显示。变面积 显示是把波
形道下的区域涂上阴影（通常加斜线和修饰线）
，这样就使相
干同相轴显得 更突出。变密度显示也是常被用到的，但它需
要细心的处理来保留一个完整的灰色阴影频谱。叠加或组合
的显示方式就是综合使用波形曲线和变面积或变密度两种方
法，使得显示同时保留各种方式各自 的优点。另外还有一些
其它的显示方式。

diving
waves:

Refraction
in
a
strong
velocity-gradient
zone
may
reverse
the
component
of
seismic
rays
in
the
downward
direction
and
return
them
to
the
surface,
where
they
may
be
observed (at offset ) as refraction arrivals even though they have
no appreciable path through a distinctive refractor. If there are no
velocity
reversals,
diving
waves
may
be
used
to
derive
the
velocity distribution by means of the Wiechert-Herglotz intergral.
弓形射线 波
：强速度
-
梯度带中的折射波，使得向下传播的
地震射线分量方向发生逆转 并返回地表，且可能被看作折射
波波至，尽管它们不是来自一个明显的折射层也没有明显的
折射 路径。如果没有速度逆转弓形射线波可以通维歇特
-
赫格
劳兹积分求出速度分布。
Dix
formula:
For reflections from a sequence of flat, parallel
layers, the velocity in the
n
th layer
v
n
(interval velocity) is given
by

2
v
n
?
(
v
n
2
t
n
?
v
n
2
?
1
t
n
?
1
)
(
t
n
?
t
n
?
1
)

where
v
n
?
1

and
v
n

are
the
average
velocities
from
the
datum
to
reflectors
above
and
below
the
layer
and
t
n-1

and
t
n

are
reflection
arrival
times.
This
formula,
is
sometimes
misused
to
calculate
interval
velocities
in
situations
which
do
not
satisfy
Dix's assumptions.

Dix
公式
：对于来自水平层状介质的反射波 ，第
n
层的速度
v
n
（层速度）由式：

2
v
n
?
(
v
n
2
t
n
?
v
n
2
?
1
t
n
?
1
)
(
t
n
?
t
n
?
1
)

给出，其中
v
n
?
1

和

v< br>n
为从基准面到反射层的上一层和下一
层的平均速度，
t
n-1

和

t
n
是反射波到达时间。这一公式有时
在不满足迪 克斯
（
Dix
）
假设的情况下常被误用来计算层速度。

DSS:

Deep
seismic
sounding;
a
long
explosion
seismic
profile
(usually refraction) which has the objective of studying the crust,
Moho, and upper mantle.
深地震测深
：
深层地震测深，
一个很长的爆炸 地震剖面
（通
常是折射剖面）
，其目的是为了研究地壳、莫霍面和上地幔。

dynamic
corrections:

Normal- moveout
correction
or
corrections which depend on record time.
动校正
：正常时差校正或根据记录时间所进行的校正。

earthquake:

Sudden
movement
of
the
earth
resulting
from
faulting
or
volcanism.
An
earthquake
is
classified
according
to
the
depth
of
its
focus
or
hypocenter:
shallow
<
60
km,
intermediate < 300 km, deep > 300 km (sometimes > 450 km).
The seismicity of an area is its likelihood of having earthquakes.
Some
of
the
energy
released
in
an
earthquake
is
radiated
as
seismic energy.
天然地震
：地球的突然震动，其结 果是导致断裂运动或火山
活动。天然地震根据震中或震源的深度进行分类：浅层
<
60
km
，中层
< 300 km
，深层
> 300 km (
有时

> 450 km)
。某一地
区的地震活动性就是该 地区将要发生地震的可能性。天然地
震所释放的部分能量也可被人工地震所利用。

earthquake
seismology:
Study
of
earthquakes
and
their
resulting seismic waves as a means of understanding the structure
of the earth. A schematic seismic record showing several of the
wave
arrivals
from
an
earthquake
is
shown
in
Figure
65.
The
scheme for identifying different arrivals is discussed under wave
notation.
Different
types
of
waves
may
be
detected
at
different
distances.
The
time
intervals
between
different
arrivals
depends
on the distance from the earthquake hypocenter to the observing
station. Intensity is a measure of the ground motion at a specific
locality;
magnitude
is
a
measure
of
the
energy
released
in
the
earthquake.
天然地震测震学
：对天然地震和其地震波进行研究从而进< br>一步了解地球的内部结构。
地震记录示意图如图
65
所示它可
得到几个 不同的波至。图中采用不同的震波符号来标识不同
的波至。在不同的位置上可检测到不同类型的波。不同 波至
间的时间间隔取决于从震中到观测站之间的距离。地震烈度
是某一区域地面运动的量度，地 震震级则是地震所释放能量
大小的量度。

elastic:

Returning
to
its
original
shape
after
removal
of
distorting
stress.
The
return
of
shape
is
complete
and
almost
instantaneous rather than gradual.
弹性的
：在去除应力后，物体还能恢复原状的一种性质。物
体形状的恢复是完全的而且 几乎是瞬时的，而不是逐渐恢复
原状。

elastic
constants:

Elasticity
deals
with
deformations
that
vanish
entirely
upon
removal
of
the
stresses
which
cause
them.
The
passage
of
a
seismic
wave
is
an
example.
The
general
elasticity
tensor
relating
stress
and
strain
in
anisotropic
media
possesses
21
independent
constants.
In
transversely
isotropic
media
in
which
properties
are
the
same
measured
in
two
orthogonal directions, these reduce to five independent constants.
Isotropic media (properties the same measured in any direction)
have
only
two
independent
elastic
constants.
For
small
deformations,
Hooke's
law
holds
and
strain
is
proportional
to
stress.
The
elastic
properties
of
isotropic
materials
which
obey
Hooke's
law
are
specified
by
elastic
moduli.
These
include
the
following:

a.

Bulk
modulus
k:
The
stress-strain
ratio
under
simple hydrostatic pressure:
k
?
?
p

?
v
v
where
Δ
P

=
pressure
change,
V

=
volume,
and
Δ
V
=
change
in
vol
ume.
Δ
V
/
V

is
called
the
dilation.
The
bulk
modulus
can
be
expressed in terms of other moduli as:
k = E/3(l -
2σ) = λ + 2μ/3.

b.

Shear
modulus,
rigidity
modulus,
or
L
ame’s
constant

μ
;
the
stress-strain ratio for simple shear:
?
?
?
F
/
A

?
L
/
L
where
Δ
F

=
the
tangential
force,
A

=
cross-sectional
area,
L

=
distance between shear planes, and Δ
L
= shear displacement. The
shear modu1us can also be expressed in terms of other moduli as:
μ
=
1/2
E
/(1 +σ).

c
.
Young's
modulus
or
stretch
modulus
E
:
the
stress-strain
ratio
when a rod is pulled or compressed:
E
?
?
F
/
A

?
L
/
L
where
Δ
F
/
A
= stress force per unit area,
L
=original length, and
Δ
L
=change in length. Also,
E
?
?
(
3
?
?< br>2
?
)
9
k
?

?
?
?< br>?
3
k
?
?
1/
E

is

sometimes called compliance.
d.
Lame
’
s
λ
constant:
?
?
k
?
2
?
/
3
?
?
E
(
1
?
?
)(
1
?
2
?
)
.
For a Poisson solid,
λ =
μ
.
e.
Poisson's ratio
σ: The ratio of transverse strain to
longitudunal
strain. When a rod of length 1 is pulled it is elongated by At and
also its width
W
s contracted
by Δ
W

?
?
?
?
W
/
W
.
?
L
/
L
Poisson's ratio varies from
0 to 1/2 (for liquids). Poisson's ratio
can also be expressed in terms of elastic moduli:
?
?
?
2
(
?
?
?)
?
3
k
?
2
?
E
?
?1

6
k
?
2
?
2
?
Poisson's ratio has the value 1/4 for a Poisson solid
f.
V
elocities
of P- and S-waves
Vp
and
V
s: Expressed in terms of the moduli
and the density

ρ
:
V
p
= [
(λ + 2
μ
)/

ρ
]
1/2

= [E (l-
σ)/

ρ
(l -
2σ )(
l
+σ) ]
1/2
,
V
s
= (
μ
/

ρ
)]
1/2
= [E /2

ρ
(l
+σ) ]
1/2
,and
V
p
/
V
s
= [(0.5 -
σ)/(l
-
σ) ]
1/2
.
弹性常数
：
在去除应力后并使得由应力产生的形变完全 消失
时的弹性性质。以地震波所通过介质为例，在各向异性介质
中与应力和应变有关的弹性张量 具有
21
个独立的弹性常量。
在横向各向同性介质中，
在两个相互垂直的方向 上性质相同，
此时独立的弹性常量个数减少至
5
。
而各向同性介质
（ 在各个
方向上测量的结果相同）只有
2
个独立的弹性常量。小形变
情况下，虎 克定律成立，应变与应力成正比。各向同性介质
满足虎克定律，其弹性性质可用弹性模量来表示。它们包 括
a.
体变模量
k
：受单位流体静压力时应力
-
应变的比值：

k
?
?
p

?
v
v
其中
Δ
P

为压力的变化量，
V

为体积，
Δ
V

体积变化量
. Δ
V
/
V

称为膨胀度。体积模量也可由其它模量来表示：

k = E/3(l -
2σ) = λ + 2μ/3

b.
剪切模量，刚性模量，或拉梅常数< br>μ
；简单剪切时应力
-
应
变比：

?
?
?
F
/
A

?
L
/
L
其中
Δ
F

为切向力，
A
为截面面积，
L
为剪切面间的距离，
Δ
L
为剪切 位移。剪切模量也可用其它模量表示：

μ
=
1/2
E
/(1 +σ)

c.
杨氏模量或拉伸模量
E
:
当一个杆被拉伸或压缩时应力
-
应
变之比：

E
?
?
F
/
A

?
L
/
L
其中
Δ
F
/
A

为单位面积上的应力，
L

杆的原长，
Δ
L
长度的改
变量，同样，

E
?
?
(
3
?
?
2
?
)
9
k
?

?
?
?
?
3
k
?
?
1/
E

有时也被称为柔量。

d.

拉梅常数
λ
：

?
?
k
?
2?
/
3
?
?
E
(
1
?
?)(
1
?
2
?
)

对于泊松体来说，

λ =
μ
。

e.

泊松比
σ:
物体侧应变和线应变之比。当长度为
L

的杆被
拉长
Δ
L
，而其宽度
W

的收缩量为
Δ
W
，则：

?
?
?
?
W
/
W

?
L
/
L
泊松比的变化范围为
0
到

1/2
(
液体
)
。泊松比也可用弹性模
量表示：

?
?
?
2
(
?
?
?
)
?
3
k
?
2
?
E
?
?
1

6
k
?
2
?
2
?
泊松体的泊松比为
1/4
。


f.
P-
波和
S-
波的速度
Vp

和

V
s:
可用模量和密度
ρ
来表示：

V
p
= [
(λ + 2
μ
)/

ρ
]
1/2

= [E (l-
σ)/

ρ
(l -
2σ )(
l
+σ) ]
1/2

V
s
= (
μ
/

ρ
)]
1/2
= [E /2

ρ
(l
+σ) ]
1/2
和

V
p
/
V
s
= [(0.5 -
σ)/(
l-
σ) ]
1/2

elastic
impedance:

Seismic
velocity
multiplied
by
density.
Reflection coefficient depends on changes in elastic impedance.
Also called acoustic impedance.
弹性阻抗
：地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数随 波阻抗变
化而变化。也称为声阻抗。

elastic wave:
An acoustic wave, seismic wave, or sonic wave.
弹性波
：一种声波或地震波。

electrodynamic geophone:
Moving-coil geophone.
电动检波器
：动圈式检波器。

epicenter:
The location on the earth's surface below which the
first motion in an earthquake occurs. Compare
hypocenter
.
震中
：地球表面上某一位置处，当地震发生时其下 面首先开
始震动。参照
震源
。

event:
A lineup on a number of traces which indicates the arrival
of
new
seismic
energy,
denoted
by
a
systematic
phase
or
amplitude change on a seismic record arrival. May be a reflection,
refraction, diffraction, or any other type of wavefront.
同 相轴
：新的地震能量到达的多道记录线组成的排列。它由
地震记录波至的系统相位或振幅变化来 表示。
可能是反射波、
折射波、绕射波，或其它类型的波阵面。

expanding
spread:
1.

A
spread
moved
to
greater
offsets
for
successive shots from the same location so that the equivalent of
many
geophone
groups
is
obtained
from
a
single
shot.
used
in
refraction
work,
in
noise
analysis,
and
in
velocity
analysis.

2.
Depth probe.
3.
A Dix-type expanding spread is used in the field
with the X
2
-- T
2
velocity determination.

扩展排列
：
1. < br>在同一位置逐次放炮同时使炮检距逐渐变大的
排列。因此，等价于单炮激发，多检波器接收。常用 于折射
波勘探、噪声分析和速度分析。
2.
测深。
3.
迪克斯型扩展排
列用于野外
X
2
-- T
2
速度测定。

extended spread:
In- line-offset spread.
纵排列
：纵测线偏移排列。

fathometer:

A
device
for
measuring
water
depth
by
timing
sonic reflections from the water bottom; an echo sounder.
水深计
：通过计算声波从水底返回时间来测量水深的一种仪
器；回声测深仪。

Fermat’s
principle:

The
raypath
which
seismic
energy
will
follow
between
two
points
is
that
for
which
the
first
order
variation
with
all
neighboring
paths
is
zero.
It
is
sometimes
phrased as that path for which the traveltime is a minimum (or, in
certain
cases,
a
stationary
value
or
a
maximum)
compared
with
all
neighboring
paths.
If
the
intervening
medium
contains
parts
having different speeds, the path will not be straight, but will be
such
that
the
over-all
traveltime
is
minimized
(usually).The
resulting
raypath
will
be
the
least-time
path
or
brachistochrone.
Snell's law follows from Fermat's principle.

费马原理
：两点之间地震波传播的射线 路径，它与相邻路径
的一阶差分为零。有时也可描述为与周围其它路径相比旅行
时间最短（或特 定情况，定值，或最大）的那条路径。如果
两点之间的介质具有不同的速度，射线路径就不是直的，但< br>尽管如此，仍使总的旅行时间最小的（一般来说）
。其结果将
是最小时间路径或最小时程 。斯奈尔定律遵从费马原理。

first arrival:
First break.
初至
：初至波。

first
break:

The
first
recorded
signal
attributable
to
seismic- wave
travel
from
a
known
source.
First
breaks
on
reflection records are used for information about the weathering.
Much
refraction
work
is
based
principally
on
first
breaks,
although secondary (later) refraction arrivals are also used. Also
ca1led first arrival.
初至波
：属于来自已知震源的地震波 的第一个记录信号。反
射波记录上的初至可用来获知岩层的风化信息。在折射波勘
探中，虽然也 用续至波，但多数主要还是使用初至波。

floating
datum
:
A
reference
surface
used
in
areas
of
rough
topography.

浮动基准面
：在起伏地形区使用的一个参考面。

flute:

Mute
.
槽
：切除。

focus:

The
location
of
the
first
rupture
in
an
earthquake;
the
hypocenter.

震源
：天然地震中首先破裂的地方；
（地震）震源

fold:
Common-depth-point
multiplicity.
Where
the
same
CDP
point
is
sampled
at
12
offset
distances,
e.g.,
it
is
referred
to
as

folding
. < br>覆盖次数
：
共深度点多次覆盖
。例如同一个
CDP
点以
12
个
不同的炮检距进行采样，
这就是所谓的
12
次覆盖。
见
folding
叠加
。

format:

The
arrangement
of
data
(as
on
a
magnetic
tape)
involving the placement of bits of different significance, number
of
bits
per
byte
and
bytes
per
word,
parity,
multiplexing
arrangement,
timing
and
gain
information,
record
identification
and
other
auxiliary
data,
gaps,
start-stop
codes,
etc.
Standard
formats
have
been
specified
by
the
SEG.
Specific
computer
systems may use their own format for processing so that the first
step with new data may be to reformat it.
数据格式
：数据（在磁带上）的排放形式，包括有效数字位
置、每字节的位数和每字的字节数、 奇偶校验位、多路编排、
同步和增益信息、记录标识和其它辅助数据、间隔、起止位
等等。勘探 地球物理学家协会（
SEG
.
）已给出了一个标准的
数据格式。特定的计算机 系统在处理数据时可能使用系统本
身的数据格式，因此对于一组新的数据，第一步工作就是进
行 数据重排。

Gardner
method:

A
refraction
interpretation
method
which
involves
separating
intercept
time
into
constituent
delay
time
associated
with
the
shot
end
and
the
geophone
end
of
the
trajectory. The separation is not unique unless some assumptions
are
made.
Gardner's
concept
of
delay
time
is
central
to
other
refraction methods.

加德纳法
：一种折射地震的解释方法，其原理是将截距时间
分解成与曲线轨迹的炮点尾端和检波器尾端有关的延 迟时
间。除非是在某一假设的前提下，否则分解的方法不是唯一
的。

加德纳延迟时间原理是其它折射波法的核心。

gather:

A
display
of
the
input
data
to
a
stacking
process
rearranged
so
that
all
the
seismic
traces
corresponding
to
some
criterion
are
displayed
side
by
side.
Used
for
checking
corrections
and
evaluating
the
components
of
the
stack.
A CDP
gather displays data for the same reflecting point after correction
for normal moveout and statics. A common-range gather displays
data for the same offset but a number of nearby reflection points. < br>道集
：叠加处理输入数据的重新排列，以便使所有地震道按
某一标准并排排列。用于核对 校正和计算叠加分量。共深度
点道集显示的是正常时差校正和静校正后的同一反射点的数
据。而 同偏移距道集是对炮检距相同的相邻几个反射点的数
据进行重排。

geophone:

The
instrument
used
to
transform
seismic
energy
into an electrical voltage; a seismometer, a jug, or pickup. Most
land geophones are of the moving-coil type. A coil is suspended
by springs in a magnetic field (the magnet often is integral with
the case of the instrument). A seismic wave moves the case and
the magnet but
the coil remains relatively stationary because of
its
inertia.
The
movement
of
magnetic
field
with
respect
to
the
coil generates a voltage across the coil which is proportional to
the
difference
between
the
velocity
of
the
coil
and
the
magnet.
Thus
over
a
region
which
is
above
the
natural
frequency,
the
voltage output is proportional to the velocity of the seismic wave
motion
and
relatively
insensitive
to
frequency.
At
frequencies
below
the
natural
frequency
of
the
geophone,
the
output
(for
input
of
constant
velocity
of
magnet
motion)
is
proportional
to
frequency and hence to the acceleration involved in the seismic
wave.
地震检波器
：把地震能量转换为电信号的一种仪器；
地震计、
检波器或拾音器。大多数陆上检波器都是动 圈式检波器，线
圈通过弹簧悬挂在磁场中（磁铁通常是和仪器外壳连在一起
的）
。外壳和磁铁随地震波而运动但线圈由于其本身的惯性仍
保持相对静止。
磁场相对于线圈的运 动将在线圈内产生电压，
该电压正比于线圈和磁铁的相对速度。因此在地震波频率大
于检波器自 然频率时，输出电压正比于地震波速度，和其频
率关系不大。当频率低于检波器的固有频率时，输出（磁 铁
运动速度为常数）正比于地震波频率和其加速度。

geophone
interval:

1.

The
distance
between
adjacent
geophones within a group.
2.
Sometimes used for group interval,
the separation between the centers of adjacent geophone groups.
检波距
：
1.
一组检波器中相邻检波器之间的距离。
2.
有时
用于组合检波距，相邻检波器组合中心之间的间隔。

ground roll:
Surface-wave energy which travels along or near
the surface of the ground. Usually characterized by relatively low
velocity and low frequency but high amplitude. Ground roll tends
to
mask
desired
signals;
shot
and
geophone
patterns,
filtering,
and stacking are used to discriminate against it. Rayleigh waves
are usually the main source and ground roll is sometimes called
pseudo-Rayleigh wave.
地滚波
：沿地表或近地表传播的面波。通常具有低速低频强
振幅等特征。地滚波酷似有用信号；常用炮 点检波点组合、
滤波和叠加等方法对它进行区分。地滚波的主要成分是瑞雷
波，有时也称伪瑞雷 波。

group interval:
The horizontal distance between the centers of
adjacent geophone groups.

组合间距
：相邻检波器组合中心之间的水平距离。

group velocity:
The velocity with which the energy in a wave
train
travels.
In
dispersive
media
where
velocity
varies
with
frequency, the wave train changes shape as it progresses so that
individual wave crests appear to travel at a different velocity (the
phase
velocity)
than
does
the
envelope
of
the
wave
train.
The
velocity of the envelope is the group velocity.

群速 度
：一组波列中能量的传播速度。在扩散介质中速度随
频率变化而变化，随着波列向前推进其波 形也发生变化，因
此单个波峰的传播速度（相速度）与波列包络的速度不同。
这里包络速度就是 群速度。

guided
wave:

l.

An
interface
wave
or
surface
wave.
2.
A
channel wave.
导波
：
l.
界面波或面波。
2.
槽波。

hammer:

A
hammer
striking
a
steel
plate
is
used
as
seismic
source
for
shallow
refraction
measurements.
The
hammer
incorporates
a
switch
which
starts
a
timer
when
the
hammer
strikes; the timer is stopped when energy received by a geophone
reaches some threshold value.
冲击锤
：浅层折射 法中用于锤击钢板来作为震源的锤。冲击
锤装有一计时触发开关，当锤落下开始计时，当检波器接收到的能量达到某一阈值时计时停止。

head
wave:

A
refraction
wave
or
Mintrop
wave;
a
wave
characterized by entering and leaving the high-velocity
medium
at
the
critical
angle.
Particularly
the
wave
which
gives
a
refraction first break.
首波
：
折射波或敏车普波；
以临界角进入和离开高速层的波，
尤其是产生第一个折 射波初至的波。

hodograph:
The figure described by the terminus of a moving
vector.

矢端线
：由变矢量端点所绘制的图形。

Hooke's
law:

Stress
is
proportional
to
strain.
See
elastic
constants
.
虎克定律
：应力和应变成正比。见
弹性常数
。

horizontal stacking:
Common-depth-point stacking.
水平叠加
：共深度点叠加。

Huygens
principle:

The
concept
that
every
point
on
an
advancing
wavefront
can
be
regarded
as
the
source
of
a
secondary
wave
and
that
a
later
wovefront
is
the
envelope
tangent to all the secondary waves.
惠更斯原理< br>：
波前面上的每一点都可看作一个二次扰动的点
震源，下一个波前面就是所有子波波前的 包络。

impedance:

l.
The apparent resistance to the flow of alternating
current,
analagous
to
actual
resistance
in
a
dc
circuit.
The
impedance is (in general) complex, of magnitude |
Z
| with a phase
angle
θ
. These can be expressed in terms of the resistance
R
(in
ohms),
the
inductive
reactance
X
i

=
2
π
fL

and
the
capacitive
reactance
X
c
= 1 /2
π
fC

Z = [
R
2
+ (
X
i

－
X
c
)
2
]
1/2
ohms
?
?
tan
?
1
?
?
X
i
?
X
c
?
?

R
?
?
f

is
frequency
in
hertz,
L

is
inductance
in
henrys,
and
C

is
capacitance
in
farads.
2.

See
acoustic
impedance.

3.

In
magnetotelluric exploration, if
E
x
is the electric-field component
in
an
arbitrary
horizontal
direction
and
H
y

is
the
magnetic-field
associated
with
it
(in
the
orthogonal
horizontal
direction),
the
wave impedance (or field impedance or surface impedance)
Z
s
is:
Z
s
=
E
x
/
H
y

The
surface
impedance
is
a
complex
number
because
of
phase
differences
between
Ex
and
Hy.
Measurements
of
surface
impedance
versus
frequency
can
be
interpreted
in
terms
of
the
electrical properties of the subsurface.
阻抗
：
l.
交流电的视电阻，与直流电的真实电阻类似。阻抗
（一 般来说）
是复数，
大小为
|
Z
|
，
相位角为
θ
。
它可电阻
R
（欧
姆）
、感抗
X
i< br> = 2
π
fL
和容抗
X
c
= 1 /2
π
fC
来表达：

Z = [
R
2
+ (
X
i

－
X
c
)
2
]
1/2

欧

?
X
i
?
Xc
?
?
tan
?
R
?
?
1
?
?

?
其中频率
f
为赫兹，电感
L
为亨利 ，电容
C
为法拉。
2.

参见
声阻抗。
3.

在大地电磁勘探中，如果
E
x
为任意水平方向的电
场分量，
H
y
为与它相应的（水平正交方向）磁 场分量，波阻
抗
（或场阻抗，
或表面阻抗）
Z
s
为：
Z
s
=
E
x
/
H
y
。
因为
Ex
和

Hy
的相位不同，所以表面阻抗为复数。表面阻抗相对频率的变
化可用来表述地下电性。

incident
angle:

The
angle
which
a
raypath
makes
with
a
perpendicular to an interface, which is the same as that which a
wavefront makes with the interface in isotropic media.
入射角
：射线和分界面的垂线所成的角，在均匀介质中， 与
波阵面和分界面所成的角相等。

interval
velocity:

Seismic-wave
velocity
measured
over
a
depth interval.
1.
In sonic log determinations the interval may be
1
to
3
ft,
in
well
shooting
it
may
be
1000
ft
or
more.
Usually
refers
to
compressional
velocity
and
usually
implies
measurements
perpendicular
to
the
bedding.
2.

Often
used
for
velocity calculated by the Dix Formula from velocities measured
from normal moveout.
层速度
：
在一定的深度间隔上测得的地震波速度。
1.

声 波测
井的测定间隔为
1
到
3
英尺，
地震测井的间隔则为1000
英尺
或更大。通常指纵波速度和特指垂直于层方向测得的速度。
2.
通常用于速度计算，先由正常时差进行速度测定，然后再
经
Dix
公式 进行计算。

Kirchoff
diffraction
equation:
An expression of the wave
amplitude
at
a
point
P

which
is
several
wavelengths
λ

from
a
diffracting
aperture
in
the
plane
B
.
If
α

and
β

are
the
angles
between
the
normal
to
B

and
the
rays
from
Q

and
P
to
B
,
the
lengths of the rays being
r
and
s
, then the wave amplitude
u
at
P

can be expressed as an integral over the aperture area,
dσ
:
u
?
?
i
2
?
??
1
i
(
r
?
s
)
/
?
e
(cos
?
?
cos
?
)
d
?

rs
基尔霍夫绕射方程
：波在某点
P< br>的振幅表达式，
P
点到平
面
B
上的绕射孔的距离为多个波长< br>λ
。如果
α

和

β
分别是
Q

和

P
到平面
B< br>的射线与
B
的法线的夹角，
两射线的长度分别
为
r

和

s
，
则波在
P
点的振幅
u
可 由对绕射孔面积
dσ
的积分
来表示：

u
?
?i
2
?
??
1
i
(
r
?
s< br>)
/
?
e
(cos
?
?
cos
?< br>)
d
?

rs
law of reflection:
The angle of reflection = angle of incidence,
for the same wave mode in an isotropic medium. This is a special
case of Snell's law. The more general form of Snell's law must be
used for the wave generated by mode conversion upon reflection.
If
i
p

is
the
incident
angle
for
an
incident
P-wave
(or
is
for
an
incident S-wave), then the angles of the reflected P-wave will be
r
p
and the angle of the reflected S-wave will be r
s
:

sin
i
p< br>V
p
sin
i
s
sin
r
p
sin
r
s

?
?
?
V
s
V
p
V
s
where
V
p
is the P-wave velocity and
V
s
is the S-wave velocity.
反射定律
：在均匀介质中，同一波的反射角等于入射角。它
是斯 奈尔定律一种特殊情况。斯奈尔定律更一般的形式满足
由反射波波型转换产生的转换波。如果一个入射< br>P-
波（或
S-
波）的入射角为
i
p
，则反射
P-
波的反射角为
r
p
，反射
S-
波的
反射角为
r
s
：

sin
i
p
V
p
?
sin
i
s
sin
r
p
sin
rs

?
?
V
s
V
p
V
s其中
V
p
为
P-
波速度，
V
s
为S-
波速度。

law of refraction:
The sine of the angle of incidence is to the
sine of the angle of refraction as the velocity of the incident wave
is to the velocity of the refracted wave. Usually called Snell's law.
< br>透射定律
：
入射角的正弦和透射角的正弦之比等于入射波和
透射波速度之比。通 常也称为斯奈尔定律。

least-time path:
The path between two points which takes the
least
time
to
traverse
(subject
to
certain
constraints).
The
path
which
a
seismic
ray
takes
according
to
Fermat's
principle.
Also
called
minimum-time
path
or
brachistochrone.
The
raypath
will
generally be curved or bent because of velocity variations. Also
applicable to light rays, etc.
最短时程
：通过两点之间所需时间最短的那条路径（服从 一
定的约束条件）
。满足费马原理的地震射线路径。也称为最小
时程或最速路径。由于 速度发生变化，射线路径一般都是弯
曲的。同样适用与光射线等。

Lg-wave:

and Love waves.
Lg-
波
：
“长”面波，包括瑞雷波和勒夫波。

longitudinal wave:
P-wave or compressional wave.
纵波
：
P-
波或压缩波。

long- path multiple:
A seismic reflection whose travel path is
much
longer
than
required
for
a
primary
reflection
from
the
deepest interface reached. A long-path multiple tends to appear as
a separate event rather than blending into the tail of the primary.
For example, the energy might be reflected by a deep reflecting
interface,
then
at
or
near
the
surface,
and
again
by
the
same
or
another deep interface. See multiple.
全程多次反射波
：传播路径比来自最深 界面的一次反射波
路径长得多的地震反射波。长程多次波常以单独波至的形式
出现而不是掺混在 一次波的尾部。例如，来自某一深层反射
界面的反射波在地表或近地表被反射回去，而在同一个或另一深层反射界面又一次被反射回来。参见多次波。

long wave:
Surface wave.
长波
：面波。

love
wave:

A
surface
seismic
wave
associated
with
layering,
characterized by horizontal motion perpendicular to the direction
of
propagation
with
no
vertical
motion.
Designated
Q-wave,
L
Q
-wave, G-wave, or SH-wave. Love waves may also be thought
of
as
channel
waves
with
the
earth's
surface
the
upper
channel
boundary. Total reflection occurs at the boundaries of the channel
so
that
the
waves
represent
energy
traveling
by
multiple
reflection.
The
energy
builds
up
because
of
interference.
Different
interference
modes
are
designated
by
the
number
of
nodal
planes
within
the
layer
but
usually
only
zero
mode
is
observed. The dispersion of Love waves can be used to calculate
the thickness of the surface layer. Earthquake Love waves have
velocities up to 4.5 km/sec, faster than Rayleigh waves.

勒夫波
：与层状介质 有关的一种地震面波，其特征为质点水
平运动且与波传播方向垂直，不发生垂向运动。被命名为
Q-
波、
L
Q
-
波、
G-
波或
SH-波。勒夫波也可看作是地表上部通道
边界的槽波。所有反射都发生在孔道边界上，所以能量以多次反射的形式传播。由于干涉现象而使能量聚集。不同的干
涉类型取决于层内的节面数，通常只能观 测到零型干涉。勒
夫波的频散可用来计算表层厚度。天然地震勒夫波的速度在
4.5
千 米
/
秒以上，大于瑞雷波速度。

low-velocity layer:

1.
Weathering; a near-surface belt of very
low-velocity
material.
2.

A
layer
of
velocity
lower
than
that
of
shallower refractors. See blind zone.
3.
The B-layer in the upper
mantle

from
60
to
250
km
deep,
where
velocities
are
about
6
percent
lower
than
in
the
outermost
mantle.

4.

The
region
just
inside the earth's core.
低速层
：
1.

风化层；近地表低速带。
2.

速度低于其上面折
射层的地层。
参见盲区。
3.

上地幔中 从
60
到
250
千米深度的
B-
层，它的速度比最外面的地 幔低
6%
。
4.

地核内部的区域。

marker
bed:

1.

A
bed
or
sequence
of
beds
which
yields
characteristic reflections over a more-or-less extensive area.
2.
A
bed
which
accounts
for
a
characteristic
segment
of
a
refraction
time-distance curve and which can be followed over a reasonably
extensive
area.
3.

A
bed
with
distinctive
magnetic
or
electrical
effects.
标准层
：在一个较大的范围内产生特征反射的一层或一组
层。
2.

用来解释折射波时距曲线的特征段并且在更广范围也
适用的层。
3.

具有明显磁效应或电效应的层。

migration:
1.
Plotting of dipping reflections in their true spatial
positions rather than directly beneath the point midway between
the shotpoint and center of the geophone spread. Some automatic
migration
schemes
utilize
the
complementary
properties
of
wavefront
curves
and
diffraction
curves
(curves
of
maximum
convexity). An unmigrated event is tangent to a diffraction curve
(which
defines
the
particular
diffraction
curve)
and
its
arrival
time defines the wavefront. The migrated event lies at the other
intersection of these two curves and is tangent to the wavefront
curve.
Migration
often
is
limited
to
the
plane
of
the
section,
although,
properly,
three-dimensional
positions
should
be
considered.
2.

Where
the
velocity
varies
laterally,
data
will
migrate
differently
and
ray
tracing
is
used
to
determine
the
migrated positions.
3.
Movement of ions in a solution because of
electric-field gradient.
偏移，
运移
：倾斜反 射点实际空间位置的展绘，而不是直接
将炮点和检波器排列中心位置的中点下方作为反射点位置。
一些自动偏移方法是利用波前曲线和绕射曲线（最大凸度曲
线）的互补性质来实现的。偏移前的反射波 同相轴与绕射曲
线相切（由此可确定绕射曲线）
，而它的波至时间可确定波前
面。偏移后的同相轴在两曲线的另一个交点上与波前面相切。
偏移通常限制在剖面所在的二维平面内，然 而，为了更准确，
就应该考虑三维空间位置。
2.

速度发生横向变化会使偏 移位
置不同，通常采用射线追踪的方法来确定偏移位置。
3.

由于
电场梯度的存在而使离子在溶液中发生运动。

minimum- phase:

1.

A
two-term
wavelet
or
couplet
(
a
,
b
)
is
minimum-phase if |
a
| >|
b
|. Same as minimum-delay. Any wavelet
may be represented as the convolution of couplets; the wavelet is
minimum-phase
if
all
the
couplets
of
which
it
is
composed
are
minimum- phase.
For
examp1e,
the
z-transform
of
a
wavelet
might
be
6+z-z
2

which
can
be
expressed
as
(3-z)(2+z),
each
of
which
is
minimum-phase
and
hence
the
wavelet
is
minimum- phase.
Minimum-phase
is
sometimes
expressed
as
having all roots outside the unit circle in the z-plane or as having
no zeros in the right half of the Laplace transform S-p1ane.
2.
A
multichannel
matrix
of
vectors
is
minimum-phase
if
its
determinant
(which
can
also
be
expressed
as
the
product
of
couplets) is minimum-phase. A multichannel response produced
by impulsive inputs might be:
input





input
channel 1


channel 2
output
channel

l
(
2
?
z
)
(
z
)

output
channel

2
(
1
)
(
6
?
z
)
which has the determinant 12 + 7z + z
2
= (3 + z)(4+ z) which is
minimum-phase;
hence
the
multi-channel
response
is
minimum- phase. The principal feature of minimum-phase is that
the
energy
arrives
in
a
burst
which
is
not
followed
by
a
larger
burst.
3.
A minimum-phase filler is that one of the set of possible
filters with identical amplitude response, which delays the energy
the least; it also is called the minimum-delay filter. If the input to
a minimum-phase filter is itself minimum-phase, then the output
will
also
be
minimum-phase.
Many
of
the
filtering
actions
to
which
seismic
signals
are
subjected
are
minimum-phase
and
much
of
the
filtering
done
in
digital
processing
is
minimum-phase. A minimum-phase wavelet is sometimes called
front-loaded because its energy is concentrated in the front end of
the
pulse.
Maximum-phase
or
maximum- delay
is
the
other
extreme, and mixed-phase is intermediate.

最小相位
：一个二项子波或双根子波
(
a
,
b
)
，如果有
|
a
| >|
b
，