assurance乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照

2021年1月21日发(作者：adjourn)
外文
文
献

RURAL

TOURISM

AND
SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT


INTRODUCTION

Rural
tourism

is
a
segment
of
the
total
tourist
industry
which

is
particularly
important
in Hungary, in a
country
with no
spectacular

natural

attractions,
without

seaside,

high
mountains,

rainforest

or
herds
of
exotic

animals.

However,

its
attractive

cultural

landscapes

with

small

villages,

thermal
springs,
rivers
and lakes,

combined
with the
traditional

hospitality,
are able to offer
pleasant

experiences
to

the
kind
of

tourist

who
is
looking
for
relaxation and
recreation

in a
calm
setting.

On
one
hand,
rural
tourism

development

can
play
an
important

role
in
the

diversification

of
the
Hungarian

tourist

supply
and
in
the
creation

of
a
more
complex
and colourful country
image.
On the
other
hand, rural
tourism
is not only
the
end, but
the
means
to
stimulate

economic
growth,
to
increase

the
viability
of
underdeveloped

regions, and

to

improve

the

living

standards
of
local

populations.

If rural tourism is to fulfil all
these
roles, it has to be
developed
in a way
that

ensures
the long-term
sustainability

of
the
resources

and
that
of
the
development

progress
itself.
But
what
is
a
sustainable

way
of
development

in
rural
tourism

?
How
can
sustainability

be
monitored

and
promoted

in
rural
destinations

?
This

paper
attempts

to
answer

these

questions
by
presenting

the
current

situation

of

Hungarian

rural
tourism
through
indicators

that

are
considered

to
be
relevant

for

this
type

of

tourism.


SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

The
concept

of
sustainable

development

was
introduced

by
the
World

Commission
on
Environment
and
Development
in the
Brundtland
Report in 1987,
defining

sustainable

development

as


that
meets
the
needs
of
the
present without
compromising
the
ability
of future
generations
to
meet
their own

needs

Tourism
is one of the
foremost

economic

activities
around the world,
having
transported
more than 617
million
people
internationally
and
generated
448
billion

USD
in
receipts

in
1997
(WTO,
1998).
It
is
a
major
economic

force,
having

generated

in
1996
an
estimated

3,153.3
billion

USD
in
gross
output,
creating

employment

for
app.
255
million

people,

producing

app.
10.7
per
cent
of
world

gross
domestic

product,

investing

app.
766
billion

USD
in
new
facilities
and
equipment

annually,
and
contributing
more than app. 653.3
billion
USD to global

tax
revenue

(WTTC,

1996).

The volume and
significance
of
tourism

clearly
shows that it is not enough to

develop
new forms of


tourism
in order to
minimise
the
negative
and

maximise
the
positive

impacts
of tourism
development.
The whole
sector
must be

developed

and
managed

in
a
way
that
it
does
not
damage

the
natural

and
socio-

cultural

environment

and
this
is
the
responsibility

of
the
world-wide
tourism

industry.

Though the
Brundtland
report
made
no
special

reference
to
tourism,
since its
publication,
the role of tourism in the
process
of
continuously

misusing
the
Earth's

resources has

been
analysed
and

the

concept
of
sustainable tourism

appeared.

S
ustainable

tourism
has
several

-
often
seriously

debated

-
definitions.
According

to
the
definition

of
the
Federation

of
Nature
and
National

Parks,
sustainable

tourism
is
development,

management
and
activity

that
maintain

the
environmental,

social

and
economic

integrity

and
well-being

of
natural,
built and
cultural

resources
in
perpetuity
(FNNP, 1993). A
publication
by
the
Tourism
Concern

and
the
World
Wide

Fund
for
Nature
defines
sustainable
tourism
as
tourism

which


within

natural

capacities

for
the
regeneration
and future
productivity
of
natural resources;

recognises
the
contribution

that

people

and
communities,
customs and lifestyles,
make
to the tourism
experience;

accepts
that these people must have an
equitable
share in the
economic

benefits
of tourism;

and
is
guided
by
the
wishes
of
local
people

and
communities

in
the
host
areas
(Tourism

Concern &
WWF,

1992).

Though
the
existing

definitions

usually

differ
in
their

focus
or
level
of
elaborateness,

the
main

message

of
the
Brundtland
Report seems
to be
more
and

more
accepted
by the tourism
industry

all
over the
world.

However,
the notion of
sustainability

is
a
very
complex

one
and
it
has
many
ramifications

(Mowforth

&
Munt,
1998).

Ecological

sustainability,

which
means

that
tourism

development

does
not

cause
irreversible

changes

in
a
given
destination's

ecosystem,

is
the
most
commonly
accepted

dimension,
since there is an obvious need all over the
world
to

protect

natural

resources

from
the
negative

impacts

of
tourism

activities.
The

general

growth
of
environment- awareness

has
significantly

contributed

to
this

trend. Social
sustainability
refers to the
ability
of a
community
to absorb tourism

(both
the
industry

and
the
tourists

themselves)

without
the
creation

of
social

disharmony.

Cultural

sustainability
in the
context
of tourism
assumes
that a
given
community
is
able
to
retain
or adapt their own
distinctive

cultural
traits
against
the

pressure
of
both
the
so-called



culture

and
the


culture

of
the
visitors
(Jafari, 1987).
Economic

sustainability
refers to a
level
of
economic

gain
from
tourism
that
is
sufficient

to
provide
an
appropriate

income

for
the
local

community

(compared
to the
inconvenience

caused
by the
activities
of the
tourism
sector)
and to cover all the costs of any
special

measure
taken
to
satisfy
the
tourists

(thus a
precondition
of
economic

sustainability
is the
attractiveness
of an area and
the
perceived

high
quality

of
its
tourist
supply:
without

being
in
a
competitive
position
in the

world

market,
no

destination
can be
economically
sustainable).

The
different
aspects

of
sustainability

do
not
compete,

but
must

be
seen
as
equally

important.
High level of
economic

profitability
must
not be
considered
as a

tool to
cover
over the
damage
done to
social
or
natural

resources,
but the
relative

fragile

nature
of
these
latter
must
not
create

a
planning

environment

where
economic

considerations

are
not
being
taken
(properly).

Sustainable

tourism

development

has to be
economically

viable
and
naturally
and
culturally

sensitive
at

the
same

time.

As
we
could
see,
inappropriate

tourism

development

results

in
increasing
stress
on
destinations

and
consequently

in
negative

changes

in
the
destinations'
physical,

economic

and
social-cultural

characteristics.

In
order
to
avoid
or
minimise
unfavourable
impacts,

decision-makers

must be
aware
of all the
factors

that
play
a
role
in
the
development

process.

In
the
measurement

of
the
progress

that an
individual

destination
is
making

towards

sustainable
tourism
development,
sustainability

indicators
are

commonly
accepted
as
one set

of

useful
tools.


INDICATORS

OF
SUSTAINABILITY


measure
information
with which
decision- makers
may
reduce
the
chances

of
unknowingly

taking
poor
decisions

(WTO,
1996).
In
other
words,
indicators

are
a
set
of
useful
measures

of
those
factors

that
are
important

to
the
decision- makers

(the
relative

significance

of
these

factors
depend

on
their

relevance

to
the
development

objectives

of
a
given
destination,

and
on
their

importance

to
tourists).

are
both
a
tool
for
management

today

and
an

investment

in
the
future,
since

they
reduce
the
risk
of
inadvertent

damage

to
the

resource base
on which

the

[tourist]

industry

depends
1996).

Based

on
different

guidelines

and
recommendations

(Tourism
Concern
&

WWF, 1992; McCool & Watson, 1994; Murphy, 1994; Howie, 1996; Swarbrooke,

1996;
WTO,

1996;
Mowforth
&
Munt,
1998),
the
indicators

suggested

for
the

purpose

of

this

study
are

the

following

(Table
1):

Table
1
-
Indicators
of
Sustainability
in Rural
Tourism


Indicator

1.
Stress

2.
Social
stress

3.
Attractiveness

ng process

Measure

-
Number

of
visitors/tourists

(per
annum/season)

-
Ratio

of
visitor/tourist

numbers

to
local
population

(perannum/season)

- List

of
natural

and
cultural
resources

-
Rate
of

attractiveness

of
natural

and
cultural resources

-
Existence
of

local/regional
plan for

development

m

planning
-
Existence
of

local/regional
plan for
tourism development

process

6. Area
protection

-
Category
of
protection

-
Percentage
of

protected
area

compared
to

the
whole
territory

of

the
destination

involvement

-
Ratio
of the number of
locally
owned
tourist

businesses
to

the

total

number of tourist
businesses

8.
Local control

-
Existence

of
formal

measures
(public
hearing,

community

meeting,

local

referendum)

to
ensure
local

control
over
evelopment

planning and

implementation

9.
Employment

-
Number

of jobs
created

in
tourism
(full-time
equivalent)



-
Ratio

of
local

employee

number
to
the
number
of
guest

workers

-
Proportion
of total

tax

income generated by

tourism only

m

local
economy

ic

diversity



consumption



management

training

contribution

to
the

-
Share
of
different

economic

activities

in
the
total
tax

income

-
Ratio
of
renewable
energy
sources
to
non-renewable
energy

sources
(consumption)

-
Percentage
of

households
with
proper sewage system

-
Percentage
of

waste receiving

treatment

professional
training
and
education

-
Distribution
of tourism

employees

by

education

-
Percentage
of

tourism

employees

(and
local

people)

participating
in
on-the-job
training

in

a
given

time period


satisfaction

-
Overall perception
of
tourism's impacts
in
local

community

t

satisfaction

-
Overall

satisfaction

of
tourists

concerning

the
quality

and

the
value/price

ratio of the
complex
tourist

product

-
Percentage/change

of
repeat
visits
compared

to
first- time

visits


14.
Education

and

-
Percentage
of

local

people involved
in tourism
with

THE

CONCEPT

OF RURAL

TOURISM

Rural
tourism
is an old and a new
phenomenon
at the
same

time.

Interest
in

countryside

recreation

started
to grew
already
in the 19.
century
as a
reaction
to the

stress
of
the
increasing

urbanization

and
industrialisation.

The
rural
scene
was

admired

by
poets
and
artists.
The
new
railway

companies

transported

more
and

more
tourists
to the
countryside.

However,
the rural tourism of our era is
different:
the
number
of
tourists

involved

has
increased

significantly

and
tourism

has

developed

in
all
types
of
countryside

instead

of
being
limited

to
areas
of
exceptional
scenic
beauty.

Though
it
seems
to
be
simple

to
define

rural
tourism
as


that
takes

place

in
the
countryside

this

definition

does
not
include
the
complexity

of
the

activity

and
the
different
forms
and
meanings

developed

in
different

countries.
According

to
a
broader
definition,


tourism
includes

a
range
of
activities,

services

and
amenities

provided
by
farmers

and
rural
people

to
attract
tourists
to

their

area
in order to
generate
extra
income
for their
businesses
(Gannon, 1988, in
te
Kloeze,
1994). If
this

broader

concept
is
accepted,
rural
tourism

covers
not
only
farm
tourism
or
agritourism
(which is
generally

what
rural tourism
means
for most
people),

but
also

special

interest

nature
holidays,

touring

in
rural
areas

and

residential

tourism,

and
the
services

include

-
besides

accommodation

-
events,

festivities,
outdoor
recreation,

production

and
sale

of
handicrafts

and
agricultural
products,
etc.

The
term


tourism

has
different

meanings

in
different
countries.

In
Finland,
for
example,
it
usually
means
renting
out
cottages
to visitors or providing

catering

services

in
the
countryside.

In
Hungary,
a
special

term

of

tourism

exists,

indicating

that
only
activities
and
services
provided in
villages
are
included

in
this
kind

of
tourism
(as
we
will
see
later,
village

tourism

typically

covers
low-priced

accommodation,

involvement

in
agricultural

or
other
local
activities
is not
common).
In
Slovenia,
the most
important
form of rural
tourism
is
tourism
on
family

farms,
where

guests

stay
either

with
the
farmer
family

or
in a
guest
house,

but
visiting

farms

to
have
a
meal

and
explore

the
farmyard

is
also

popular
(Verbole,

1995).
In
the
Netherlands,

the
rural
tourist
product
means

especially

camping

on
the
farm,
with

most
farm
services

being

linked
to
route-

bound
activities
as
cycling,

walking
or
horse- riding

(Peters
et al, 1994). In
Greece,
the
main

provision

of
rural
tourism

product
is
bed
and
breakfast

with

accommodation

in
traditionally

furnished
rooms

and
with
traditional

breakfasts
often based on
home- made

products.

Complementary

activities
-
currently

still
on
a
limited
scale -
include

restaurants
and
refreshment
facilities

or the
organisation
of
cultural

and
recreational

activities

(Turner,
1993).

Rural
tourism

is
one
of
the
main
priorities

of
tourism
development
in
many

European

countries,

including
Hungary. The
market
for rural
holidays
is growing

at the same time as the future of many rural
regions
is
uncertain,
due to
changes
in