分开《英汉对比研究》笔记

2021年1月20日发(作者：landmark)
《英汉对比研究》

笔记


综合语与分析语

聚集与流散

形合与意合

繁复与简短

物称与人称

被动与主动

静态与动态

抽象与具体

间接与直接

替换与重复





第一章
德语及古英语。

综合语与分析语

综合语为
“运用形态变化来表达语法关系”
，如拉丁语、
分析语为“用词序及虚词来表达语法关系”
，如汉语。

英语 为
“综合
-
分析语”
，
表现为
1.
形态变化；2.
固定的词
序及丰富的虚词；英语为拼音文字，有语调（
intonation
）
；

汉字为形声字，有声调（
tone
）

表达语法意义的三大手段：形态变化、词序和虚词。


（一）形态变化，即词的形式变化。

1.

构词形态，
词 缀变化
（
affixation
）
,
包括前缀
（
p refix
）
和后缀（
suffix
）
。英语有，汉语没有，所以英 汉互译
时，要改变词性、转换词类。

2.

构形形态，即词形变化，包括人称代词，名词单复数
和时态。

New factories are being built all over the country.

全国到处都在兴建新工厂。


（二）词序

形态变化越多的语言，词序越灵活，反之亦然。

英语 词序比汉语灵活的一个表现就是英语中的倒装句。
原因就是
“形态变化”
和
“ 连接词”
；
而中文缺乏形态变化，
少用或不用连接词，词序较固定。

形态变化规则要求句中词语之间保持语法关系一致，只
要词语之间前后呼应，就容易灵活安排；汉语无 这种一致的
关系，只能按照表意的需要排序词序。

a)

He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been
deprived of his power.

他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。

b)

a very important question

a question of great importance

一个很重要的问题

c)

at an unprecedented speed

at a speed unprecedented

以空前的速度

d)

There is no inconsistence in what he said.

There is nothing inconsistent in what he said.

他说的话并没有前后矛盾之处。

e)

Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement.

The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.

她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。

f)

Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the
roadside and men and women at work in the fields.

至今仍保存着许多速写，
画的是坐在路旁的农民和田
里劳动的男男女女。
< br>英语中数个描写性词语连用时，多作定语，少作谓语；在汉
语里则多作谓语，少作定语。


（三）虚词

虚词即非实词，起辅助和连接的作用。

a
.
英文有而中文没有的包括冠词和从属连接词，所以是
中英理解和翻译中的一个重要点 。

Out of question
毫无问题；
out of the question
不可能

A hundred and one
许许多多；
one hundred and one
一百
零一

翻译记得加入中文的语气助词，比如：

What a fine day!
多好的天儿啊！

You can’t ride a bike? Well, learn to.
你不会骑车就学呗。


You must be feeling rather tired.

你一定觉得有点儿累。

你一定觉得有点儿累了。
（较肯定的语气）

你一定觉得有点儿累了吧。
（半信半疑的语气）

因此，英语被称为“语调语言”
（
intonation language
）
，
汉语被称为“声调语言”
（
tone language
）

b
.
英语的介词很常用，汉语则少用介词。英 译汉时，英
语的介词常译为汉语的动词。

He is a man above vulgar interests.

他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。

It looks as if we are in for a storm.

看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了。

c
.
英语中的并列和从属关系的连接词也很常用，使用率
比汉语高。

This was the period when Einstein began the research which
resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.

就在这期间，爱因斯坦开始进行了一项研究。经过这项
研究，他创立了著名的相对论。

He
spoke
so
well
that
everybody
was
convinced
of
his
innocence.

他说的那么好听，谁都相信他是无辜的了。

Practically all substances expand when heated and contract
when cooled.

几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。


无事不登三宝殿

I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you.


The nature of man = man’s nature

形态代替了虚词，同时改变语序

Tell him the news = tell the news to him

借助虚词改变语序


英语的语音表意手段有语调
（
intonation
）
和 重音
（
stress
）

我想起来了。

I’ll get up.

我想起来了。
I’ve thought it out.

汉语的语音手段主要是声调
（
tone
）
、
重轻音和音节匀 称。

翻译要把汉语的均衡美和节奏美表现出来！
！



第二章


聚集与流散

The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during
the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and
“losers”.

谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，让人难以分辨出“胜
者”或是“输家”
。

Never was night so still; never was a sky so deeply blue, nor
stars so bright and serene.

夜从无如此沉寂，
天从无如此深蓝，
星亦无从如此明亮。


英语句子复杂而不流散的原因：一致性。

1.

语法一致（人称、数、性的一致）

2.

意义一致

Two
thousand
dollars
is
more
than
he
can
afford.
两千美金他可付不起。

3.

就近原则

Either you or I am going.
要么你去，要么我
去。

这种句子成分协调一致的原则，句子结构受到形态的 约束，
句子严谨、规范、刻板，缺乏弹性。


凤姐还欲问时，只听二门上传出云板，连扣四下，将凤
姐惊醒。

Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by
four blows on the chamber at the second gate.

如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几< br>钱银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。

There is no way out but to set you to work looking after our
neighbour’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and
you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.


汉语的歧义

烤羊肉


roast mutton; to roast mutton


英语的语法歧义少于汉语，而主要见于表意形式 含糊的
结构，尤其是模棱两可的修饰关系。

John saw Mary with the binoculars.

约翰用望远镜看到了玛丽。

约翰看见玛丽带着一个望远镜。

He loves the dog more than his wife.

他爱这只狗胜过他的妻子。

他比他妻子更爱这只狗。


“现代汉语的书面语同口语基本上是一致的，它 是在口
语的基础上产生和发展起来的。口语是书面语的源泉，对书
面语始终起着决定性的作用。
”


英语重形合，造句注重形式接应，要求结构完整，句子
以形寓 意，以法摄神，因而严密规范，采用的是焦点句法。

汉语重意合，造句注重意念连贯，不求结 构齐整，句子
以意役形，以神统法，因而流泻铺排，采用的是散点句法。

“西洋语是法治的，中国语是人治的。
”



第三章


形合与意合

英语用连接词、语、分句或从句， 注重显性接应，注重
句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显意。

1.

关系词和连接词：

关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词

Who whom whose that which what when where why how

And or but yet so however, as well as, (n)either…(n)or…
when while as since until so…that unless lest


All was cleared up some time later when news came from
a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the
little copper ball fell.

过了一些时 候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的
当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many
Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it
seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes
much deeper that the other.

为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。


2.

介词。

With
to
in
of
about
between
through
inside
onto
upon
within without throughout, according to, along with, apart
from, because of, in front of, on behalf of, with regard to


There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has
gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guests
so
interested
in
talking
politics
or
business
with
her
husband that he fails to notice the flavors of the coffee,
the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house,
which may be her chief interest and pride.

最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心 神、费用来招待
客人，
可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政
治、
谈生 意，
却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，
松软的糕点，
或房间内讲究的陈设，
而这些却 可能是她感到兴趣并
引以自豪的主要所在。


Even in its blasted condition, with boards and sackings in
most of the windows, with its thick dust and its bare room,
with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs, the hotel
had
been
a
new
world,
a
breadth
and
dignity,
full
of
adventure possibilities.

这家旅馆一片败坏景象，窗户大多钉上了木板、堆上
了沙包，到处都是厚厚的尘土，房间空荡荡，墙上的
石灰也裂了，屋顶也坏了，可总是一个宽阔庄严的新
天地，值得去探索和发现。


“汉人平常说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的 虚词，
只是把事情或意思排列起来，
让人去了解这两个事情
或两个意思之间所生的关系 如何。
·
·
·
·
·
·
不过这并不
是说汉人 说话不合逻辑，因为不加虚词，我们也知道
这句话的意思。
”

汉语重意合而 不重形合，
词语之间的关系常在不言之
中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。

1.

语序

2.

反复、排比、对偶、对照，句式整齐、均匀

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

As you sow, so will you reap.

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？

If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can
you know the sweetness of honey?

3.

紧缩句

狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。

However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good
hunter.

狼披羊皮还是狼。

A
wolf
remains
a
wolf
even
though
it
is
in
sheep’s
clothing.

4.

四字格

四字格往往历经锤炼，
言简意赅，
常常是意合法的
佳作。

不进则退

He who does not advance falls backward.

酒醉智昏

When wine is in, wit is out.


“西洋语的结构好象连环，
虽则环与环都联络起 来，
毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好象无缝天衣，
只是一块一块的硬凑，
凑起来还 不让它有痕迹。
西
洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富
于弹性的。
”

“英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和
意合的不同。
”


从其交友知其为人。

Tell me whom you associate with and I’ll tell you who
you are.

我过 去所受的那些委屈和刺激，
比起他来，
也只是
小巫见大巫，算不得什么。

What little pain and adversity I’ve experienced so far
are
simply
nothing
compared
to
what
he’s
gone
through.



古代汉语至今仍为汉语意合句的重要组成部分
（成语、
谚语）
；
< br>现代文庄重文体、科技文体和论述文体较多采用形合句，以
表达清晰的逻辑关系和复杂的思想内容 。


一段研究关于古代汉语的话：

“
Undoubtedly Chinese of the old style carries with it an
impressive dignity through the immediate succession of
noting
but
momentous
notions;
it
acquires
a
simple
greatness
because
it
throws
away
all
unnecessary
accessory
elements
and
thus,
as
it
were,
takes
flight
to
pure thinking.
”



意 合法在汉语里属“常态”
，在英语里属“变态”
，在
英语里常见于谚语、表达复合句内 容的简单句。

Man proposes, God disposes.

谋事在人，成事在天。

不打不相识。

No discord, no concord.



第四章
繁复与简短


英语的从属结构，
专业作者和受过教育的人写的句子
平均长度分别为
20
、
25
个词；

汉语的散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句 ，最佳
长度为
7
至
12
字。

The
English
sentence
is
extremely
plastic.
It
can
be
enlarged, combined, adjusted with almost any degree of
fineness to accommodate a writer’s thought.

西洋人做文章把语言化零为整，
中国人做文章几乎可
以说是化整为零。


In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes
and colors.

门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大
小不一。


Many man-made substance are replacing certain natural
materials
because
either
the
quantity
of
the
natural
product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or,
more
often,
because
the
physical
properties
of
the
synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-
made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized,
so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which
it is to be applied.

人造材料通称为合成材料。
许多人造材料正在替代某
些天然材料，
这或许是由于天然物产的数量不能满足
日益增长的需要，
或者往往是由 于人们选择了合成材
料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成
材料在拟用的领域中将 具有极大的用途。


老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条
丁 字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻找一家关
着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门立住了。

Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he
saw
the
cross
road
lying
distinctly
ahead
of
him.
He
walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop
in front of its closed door.


我们不知不觉的地朝公园走去。
公园 就在人行桥那边，
桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。

Somehow our path took us toward
the park, across the
footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.


顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑
儿连人带车都给冲走了。这景象，直到现在还印在我
的脑海里。

The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the
man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on
my mind.



固然，现代的思想已经不是四字短句所能表达的了。

英汉互译时应注意繁简句式与文体的这种关系。


第五章

物称与人称

The writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding
themselves behind impersonal language.


“Formal written language often goes with an impersonal
style; for example, one in which the speaker does not refer
directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns
I, you, we. Some of the common features of impersonal
language
are
passives,
sentences
beginning
with
introductory it, and abstract nouns.”


汉语注重主体思维，以“万物皆备与我”为主导。

汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在如何
使用主语和动词这两方面。


What has happened to you?

你出了什么事啦？

An idea suddenly struck me.

我突然想到了一个主意。

A strange peace came over her when she was alone.

她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。

Not a sound reached our ears.

我们没有听到任何声音。

A great elation overcame them.

他们欣喜若狂。

Alarm began to take entire possession of him.

他开始变得惊恐万状。


1.

用抽 象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语，
同时又用
本来表示人的动作或行为的动词做主语，
带有拟人
化的色彩。


Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。

The thick carpet killed the sound of my foot steps.

我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。

The
happiness
——

the
superior
advantages
of
the
young
women
round
about
her,
gave
Rebecca
inexpressible pangs of envy.

丽贝卡看见她周围的 小姐那么福气，
享受种种优越
的权利，却有说不出的眼红。

My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never
part.

我很幸运能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。


恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。

My total ignorance of the connection must plead my
apology.


2.

“it”

To represent a whole group of words which it would
not be convenient to put in the place required by the
ordinary
rules
of
word-order
without
causing
ambiguity or obscurity.

It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.

我从来也没有想到她这么不老实。

It is a good horse that never stumbles.

人有失误，马有失蹄。


The by-phrase containing the agent of a passive clause is
only required in specific cases (in fact, about four out of
five English passive clauses have no agent). The passive
is
especially
associated
with
impersonal
style
(e.g.
in
scientific and official writing), where the question of who
is the agent is unimportant and often irrelevant.


看树看果实，看人看作为。

A tree is known by its fruit, and a man is known by his
actions.

只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。

The
resistance
can
be
determined
provided
that
the
voltage and current are known.



第六章


被动与主动

Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines
which separate them into long, thin strings, call “fibres”,
and these fibres can be made into cloth.

有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，
这种
纤维可以用来织布。


被动语态显得啰嗦、间接、无力、隐晦、故弄玄虚而
深不可测，使交际者之间隔着一 层被动的烟幕。



She dresses beautifully.

她穿得很漂亮。

His astonishment (=he was astonished)
他感到惊讶

The
imprisonment
of
the
murderer(=the
murderer
was
imprisoned)
凶手被监禁

Eatable(= fit to be eaten)
可吃的

Respectable(= deserving respect)
值得尊敬的


中文除了“被”字之外，让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、
蒙等也可构成被动式


My
holiday
afternoons
were
spent
in
ramble
about
the
surrounding country.

每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周边的村庄。

Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.

人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。

Air
that
is
cooled
suddenly
shrinks
as
some
of
the
moisture is squeezed out, and clouds are formed.

突然冷却的空气，由于挤出了部分水分，体积收缩，
就变成了云。

Better
my
life
should
be
ended
by
their
hate,
than
that
hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.

我宁愿死在他们的仇恨之下，
也不愿意延长这回可恨