melty外刊经贸知识选读课文(1)

2021年1月20日发(作者：微分形式)
Lesson 1

China in the Market Place(Excerpts)
（摘录）

市场经济中的中国

Barry
Coulthurst
examines
the
development
of
China’s
trade
policy
and
the
present state of the overseas links
--
巴里

库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究






The pattern of China’s foreign trade has chang
ed substantially since the founding of
the
People’s
Republic.
During
the
1950s
China
exported
agricultural
products
to
the
USSR
and
East
European
countries
in
return
for
manufactured
goods
and
the
capital
equipment
required
for
the
country’s
industrialization
programme
which
placed
emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959
initially
produced
gains
in
agricultural
and
industrial
production,
but
subsequently
resulted
in
serious
economic
imbalances.
Economic
problems
were
exacerbated
by
three bad harvests (1959-1961) with the result that national income and the volume of
foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.




自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。
20
世纪
50
年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工< br>业发展所必须的工业化项目。
1958~1959
年的
“
大跃进
”
最初在工农业生产上带来收益，
但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害
( 1959-1961)
加剧了经济问题，造成
1960-1962
年间的国民收入和对 外贸易额的减少。






The
withdrawal
of
Soviet
economic
and
technical
aid
in
the
early-1960s
caused
trade to shift away from the USSR and its COMECON
（经互会，
经济互助委员会
Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance
）

partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent
theme
of
China’s
foreign
trade
policies
has
been
the
strong
emphasis
which
has
been
placed on d
eveloping trade relations with the Third World countries.




20
世纪
60
年代，苏联经济和 技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的
贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。
中国对 外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国
家发展贸易关系。






The
growth
of
foreign
trade
was
disrupted
again
during
the
Cultural
Revolution
(1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation
constraints
限制

became more serious.





“
文化大革命
”
期间 （
1966-1976
）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，
中国对外贸易 的增长再次中断。






Foreign trade, which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme, has
grown
rapidly
over
the
past
few
years.
A
major
trade
agreement
with
Japan,
under
which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was
signed in February 1978 . China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the EEC in
1978
while
trade
with
the
USA
has
increased
rapidly
in
the
wake
of
继什么之后
the
normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979. The Sino-USA agreement
on trade relations, which came into force
（解释：施行）
in February 1980, accords
授予

China most-favoured nation treatment.
（最惠国待遇）





在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。
1978
年
2
月于
日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，
根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备< br>和技术。
1978
年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，
继
1979
年初与美国的外交关系
正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照
1980
年
1
月
25
日生效的中美贸易关系协
定给与中国最惠国待遇。




Breakdown
分类





A commodity breakd
own of China’s trade shows that fuels
（燃料）
accounted for 24
per cent of total exports in 1982, food products for 13 per cent, textile fibres and mineral
ores for 7 per cent and manufactured goods (the most important products were textil
es,
chemicals and machinery and transport equipment) for 55 per cent. Since the founding
of
the
People’s
Republic
，

strong
emphasis
has
been
placed
on
importing
capital
equipment
in
ord
er
to
strengthen
the
industrial
sector.
But
the
leading
categories
of
imports
in
1982
were
food,
which
accounted
for
22
per
cent
of
the
total,
light
manufactured items with a share of 20 per cent and machinery and transport equipment
with 17 per cent.




中国的贸 易商品分类表明，
1982
年燃料占总出口的
24%
，食品占
13%
，纺织纤维
和矿砂占
7%
，制造品占
55%
（最重要的产品 是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）
。
自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备以 便加强工业部门。但是
1982
年进
口的主要是食品，占进口总额的
22%< br>，轻工业产品占
20%
，机械和运输设备占
17%
。






During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities
（权威、权力）

has
been
to
reduce
（减少）

the
proportion
（比例）

of
agricultural
exports,
while
increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety
（多样性）

of industrial
goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of
d
eveloping
countries
to
establish
projects
in
areas
such
as
agriculture,
forestry,
light
industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.




过去几年，
中 国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿
产品的出口比例。
中国现在 出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设
备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、 水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目


The Balance Shifts
收支平衡变化





The US d
ollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per
cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately
（大
约）
11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade
‘
surplus
（有形贸易顺差）

rose
sharply from US $$ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $$ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $$ 3.7 billion in
1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the
strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic plan
ners, but also because a
number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official
（官方）

recognition
（承
认）

that foreign technol
ogy could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese economy
had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the
national
economy.
Grain
imports have
fallen sharply
over
the
past few
years
----
China
became
a
net
grain
exporter
in
1984
----
and
in
1983
the
country
started
to
export
soybeans and cotton.




1978-1983
年建，中国 出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近
18%
，每年进口额
增长率约是
11%
。
因此有形贸易顺差从
1981
年的
14
亿美元猛增到1982
年的
44
亿美
元，
1983
年是
37
美元。
同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策
者十分重视出口， 还因为许多工业项目推迟到了
1979
年。官方认识到，在中国经济走
向现代化的过程 中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致
1978
年进口增长
50%
以上，< br>给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少
—
1984
年中 国成为粮
食净出口国
---1983
年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。






The
pattern
of
foreign
trade
growth
was
reversed
in
1984:
the
value
of
exports
increased by 10 per cent, but imports jumped 38 per cent with the result that the visibl
e
trade account was in d
eficit by US $$ 1.1 billion. The strong increase in imports last year is
attributed
to
buoyant
上升的

economic
activity
as
well
as
to
the
success
of
the
Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.





1984
年外贸发展模式出现反向发展，出口值增长
10%，进口值急剧上升到
38%
，
结果有形贸易支出出现逆差，达
11
亿美元。去年进口的大幅度上升归因于政府的贸易
政策和对外贸易政策的成功以及区域升温的经济活动 。


Direction of Trad
e
贸易方向





Hong Kong is C
hina’s major export market accounting for approximately
（大约）

26
per cent of total exports in 1983 (though much is re-exported to other destinations from
there). Other important markets include Japan, with a share of 20 per cent in 1983, and
the USA with app
roximately 8 per cent. The EEC’s share of China’s exports has generally
been around 11-12 per cent over the past few years (the leading export markets within
the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom), while the
proportion
d
estined
指定

for the COMECON countries declined from almost 15 per cent in 1978 to 6
per cent in 1983. The non-oil d
eveloping countries (excluding Hong Kong) accounted for
23 per cent of China’s total exports in 1983.





香港是中国 的主要出口市场，
1983
年约占总出口的
26%
（尽管许多出口商品从那< br>里再出口到其他地方）
。
其他重要的出口市场包括日本，
1983
年占
20%
；还有美国，占
总出口近
8%
。过去几年欧共体展中国出口额 大约
11-12%
（欧共体内主要的出口市场
是德国和英国）
，出口到经互会 国家的比例从
1978
年的约
15%
下降到
6%
。
1983
年非
石油国家（不包括香港）占中国出口总额的
23%
。






In sharp contrast
（
鲜明对比）
the developing countries provided l
ess than 15 per cent
of China’s imports in 1983. The most imp
ortant suppliers among the industrial countries
were Japan, with a share of 26 per cent, and the USA with 13 per cent. The EEC’s share in
1983 was 15 per cent and that of COMECON 8.2 per cent.




1983
年发展中国家给中国提供的进口不到
15%
， 与发达国家形成鲜明对比。工业
国家中对中国来说最大的供应国是日本，占
26%
；其 次是美国，占
13%
。
1983
年欧共
体国家占
15%，经互会国家占
8.2%
。






The successful outcome to negotiations
（
谈判）

between Britain and China about the
future
（
未来）

of Hong Kong will strengthen
（
加强）

Sino-British relations and is expected
to
boost
（推动）

trade
between
the
two
countries.
A
large
British
economic
and
trade
d
elegation
（
代表团）
, headed by Lord Young, Minister without Portfolio
（
不管大臣）
, visited
China in March. The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which rose rapidly between 1977
and
1980,
d
eclined
in
1981-1982,
but
recovered
strongly
in
1983;
imports
from
the
United Kingd
om followed a similar pattern
（相似的样式）
. The most important Chinese
exports
to
Britain
in
1983
were
clothing,
textile
fibres
（纺织品纤维）
,
tea
and
food
products while the leading British exports included iron and steel
（铁和钢）
, machinery
and transport equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres.




中英关于香港未来谈判的成功将会加强中英关系并有望促进两国贸易。
有不管大臣
杨勋爵率领的一个大型英国经济和贸易代表团
3
月份访问了中国。
中国出口到英国的总
值在
1977-1980
期间迅速增长。
198 1-1982
年间下滑，但
1983
年恢复很快；从英国的
进口基本上也是一 样。
1983
年中国出口到英国的最重要的物品是服装、纺织纤维、茶
叶和食品；英国 的主要出口商品包括钢铁、机械及运输设备、科学仪器、化工产品和纺
织纤维。


Chinese officials stress
（着重）
the importance of introducing advanced technology to
d
omestic industry
（国内的工业）
, but the need is for technology of varying
（不同的）

d
egrees
of
sophistication,
not
necessarily
for
advanced
technology
as
that
term
is
und
erstood in the West.
中国政府重视向国内的工业引进 先进的的技术，
但是需要的是各种各样的高精尖技
术，
，而不一定是西方人所理解的先 进技术。