都很好英文翻译——采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数英文翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：view)
采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

江西城市职业学院

毕业论文（设计）



题



目：


红外线自动计数器的设计





分




院：




机电工程学院

















班




级：




08
应用电子技术（
1
）班










学




号：





















学生姓名：






张




博

























起讫日期：




2010
年
11
月
15
日












指导教师：




石怿



职称：


助教










教研室主任：



石怿

























审核日期：







































1
采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数



















Moving Object Counting with an Infrared

Sensor Network


By Chi-Keung Ki


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采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

ABSTRACT
Wireless
Sensor
Network
(WSN)
has
become
a
hot
research
topic

benefit
can
be
gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications,covering the domains of
commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks
people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving a system
can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based
on
our
self-made
cost-effective
Infrared
Sensing
Module
board
which
co-operates
with
a

design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication,
system
architecture
and

conduct
a
series
of
experiments
to
evaluate
the
system
performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.

KEYWORDS


Infrared radiation;Wireless Sensor Node
1 Wireless Sensor Network
1.1 Introduction to Infrared

Infrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying
between
visible
light
and
radio
ed
have
be
widely
used
nowadays
including
data communications,night vision,object tracking and so commonly use infrared
in
data
communication,since
it
is
easily
generated
and
only
suffers
little
from
electromagnetic

the
TV
remote
control
as
an
example,which
can
be
found in everyone's infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting
diodes (LEDs) to
send out
an
IR (infrared) signal
when the button is
pushed.A different
pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of
multiple
appliances
such
as
a
TV
,VCR,and
cable
box,without
interference,systems
generally
have
a
preamble
and
an
address
to
synchronize
the
receiver
and
identify
the
source and location of the infrared encode the data, systems generally vary the
width of the pulses (pulse- width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses
(pulse space modulation).Another popular system,bi-phase encoding,uses signal transitions
to convey pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A 'high'
means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR
is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment

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采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, some quasi-standards do exist. These
include RC-5, RC-6, and addition,many manufacturers,such as NEC,have also
established their own standards.






1.2 Wireless sensor network

Wireless
sensor
network
(WSN)
is
a
wireless
network
which
consists
of
a
vast
number of autonomous
sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical
or environmental
conditions,
such
as
temperature,acoustics,vibration,pressure,motion
or
pollutants,at
different

node
in
a
sensor
network
is
typically
equipped
with
a
wireless
communications device,a small microcontroller, one or more sensors,and an energy source,
usually a size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be
as
small
as
the
size
of
a
grain
of
dust,depending
on
different

cost
of
sensor
nodes
is
similarly
variable,ranging
from
hundreds
of
dollars
to
a
few
cents,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
sensor
network
and
the
complexity
requirement
of
the
individual sensor size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes,therefore,have
result
in
corresponding
limitations
on
available
inputs
such
as
energy,memory,
computational speed and development of wireless sensor networks (WSN)
was
originally
motivated
by
military
applications
such
as
battlefield

to
the
advancement
in
micro-electronic
mechanical
system
technology
(MEMS),embedded
microprocessors,and
wireless
networking,the
WSN
can
be
benefited
in
many
civilian
application
areas,including
habitat
monitoring,healthcare
applications,and
home
automation.


1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor Networks


Wireless
sensor
network
nodes
are
typically
less
complex
than
general-purpose
operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications
and the resource constraints in
sensor network hardware operating system
does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore,the resource constraints
in
terms
of
memory
and
memory
mapping
hardware
support
make
mechanisms
such
as
virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to OS is possibly the first
operating
system
specifically
designed
for
wireless
sensor

most
other

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采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

operating
systems,Tiny
OS
is
based
on
an
event-driven
programming
model
instead
of
OS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to
an external event occurs,such as an incoming data packet or a
sensor reading,TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the TinyOS
and programs are both written in a special programming language called NesC which is an
extension
to
the
C
programming

is
designed
to
detect
race
conditions
between
tasks
and
event
handlers.
There
are
also
operating
systems
that
allow
programming
in
C.
Examples
of
such
operating
systems
include
Contiki
,and
MANTIS.
Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and

run- time loading of
standard ELF Contiki kernel is event-driven,like TinyOS, but the system supports
multithreading
on
a
per- application
basis.
Unlike
the
event-driven
Contiki
kernel,the
MANTIS
kernel
is
based
on
preemptive

preemptive
multithreading,
applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.

1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Node

A sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is
capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with
other
connected
nodes
in
the

node
should
be
in
small
size,consuming
extremely
low
energy,autonomous
and
operating
unattended,and
adaptive
to
the
wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be
equipped
with
a
limited
power

main
components
of
a
sensor
node
include
sensors,microcontroller,transceiver,and
power
s
are
hardware
devices
that
can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density
and
sound

continuous
analog
signal
collected
by
the
sensors
is
digitized
by
Analog-to-Digital

digitized
signal
is
then
passed
to
controllers
for
further
of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional
e and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating
the
environment
with
active
probing,while
no
notion
of
“direction”is
involved
in
these
ly
people
deploy
sensor
for
detecting
heat
(e.g.
thermal
sensor),
light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g.

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采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

magnetic
sensor).In
practice,a
sensor
node
can
equip
with
more
than
one
sensor.
Micro-controller
performs
tasks,processes
data
and
controls
the
operations
of
other
components
in
the
sensor

sensor
node
is
responsible
for
the
signal
processing
upon
the
detection
of
the
physical
events
as
needed
or
on

handles
the
interruption
from
the

addition,
it
deals
with
the
internal
behavior,
such
as
application-specific computation.
The
function
of
both
transmitter
and
receiver
are
combined
into
a
single
device
known as transceivers that
are used in
sensor eivers allow a sensor node to
exchange
information
between
the
neighboring
sensors
and
the
sink
node
(a
central
receiver).The
operational
states
of
a
transceiver
are
Transmit,Receive,Idle
and
Sleep.
Power
is
stored
either
in
the
batteries
or
the
ies
are
the
main
source
of
power
supplying
for
the
sensor

types
of
batteries
used
are
chargeable
and
non- rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for
electrode
such
as
Nickel-cadmium,Nickel- zinc,Nickel
metal
hydride,and
Lithium- Ion.
Current sensors are developed which are able to renew their energy from solar to vibration

major
power
saving
policies
used
are
Dynamic
Power
Management
and
Dynamic V
oltage Scaling. DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are
not
currently
used
or

scheme
varies
the
power
levels
depending
on
the
non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible
to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.

1.5 Challenges

The major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network
are mainly the energy limitation,
hardware limitation and the area of is
the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSN
nodes
are
meant
to
be
deployed
in
large
numbers
in
various
environments,
including
remote and hostile regions,with ad-hoc communications as this reason, algorithms
and
protocols
need
to
be
lifetime
maximization,robustness
and
fault
tolerance
and
challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes.
With respect to these objectives,current sensor nodes usually have limited computational

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采用红外传感器网络对移动目标的计数

capability
and
memory
space.
Consequently,the
application
software
and
algorithms
in
WSN
should
be
well-optimized
and

order
to
maximize
the
coverage
area
with
a
high
stability
and
robustness
of
each
signal
node,
multi-hop
communication
with
low power consumption is rmore,to deal with the large network size, the
designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.

1.6 Research Issues

Researchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include
the
design,
implementation
and

include
hardware,software
and
middle- ware,which means primitives between the software and the the WSNs
are
generally
deployed
in
the
resources- constrained
environments
with
battery
operated
nodes,the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas
improvement,errors
reduction,sensor
network
application,data
security,sensor
node
mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the literature, a large group
of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the focused in various areas,
including
physical
property,sensor
training,security
through
intelligent
node
cooperation,
medium access,sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating
and
tracking,
sensor
location
determination,addressing,energy
efficient
broadcasting
and
active
scheduling,energy
conserved
routing,connectivity,data
dissemination
and
gathering,sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.






REFERENCE

[1]
G .
5 . Cheung
, J . Y .
M
, Azzi
,
0 .
Intelligenc
in
building
:
the
prtential
advanced
modelling
Loveday . D . L . Virk . Automation in Construction . 1997:447-461.


[2] Kirill Yelizarov v . home security System . Microchip Technology InC .1998:44-48.

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