发布会英文医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：吵架英文)
医学英语教程
-
生物医学

Unit 6 Reading A

The Kidney and Its Working Unit

肾及其工作单位

For
many
diners,
eating
tender,
pale
green
shoots
of
asparagus
is
a
pleasurable
springtime
event,
but
the
gastronomic
experience
has
a peculiar
sequel
：
The next
time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic
scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is
filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually,
the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply
marvels
at
processing
body
fluids
and
filtering
out
the
urea;
the
sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions and the glucose, water ,and other materials that
need
to be
excreted.
The
key to
a
kidney's
rapid functioning
lies
in
its complicated
internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.

对许多用餐者来说，
吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，
但享用完这种
美食后会有一个奇特的后续：
即使饭后仅
20
分钟
,< br>人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿
液中有芦笋特殊的气味。芦笋中的某种化学物质以万分惊人的速度穿 过肠子
,
进
入循环的血液
,
并被肾脏过滤出来
,
最 后出现在尿液中。
事实上，
这一化学物的作
用并不比其他化合物更快些。起到加速体液 循循环并过滤出尿素
,
钠、钾、氯离
子、
葡萄糖、
水及一切需排泄的 这些惊叹不已的作用的是肾脏。
肾脏能快捷地发
挥作用的关键就在于其复杂的内部结构，
以及它作为其中一部分的高效率管道系
统。


The Kidneys and Other Organs of the Excretory Systerm
肾脏和排泄系统的其他器官

It is sometimes stated that urination is our most compelling bodily function. You
will probably agree if you have ever been hungry, tired ,cold ,and had a full bladder
simultaneously
and
can
recall
the
order
in
which
you
addressed
those
needs.
This
urgency has to do with the necessary waste removal role of the excretory system and
with the system's particular anatomy.

人们有时说排尿是我们身体最急迫的功能。
如果你曾经有过饥饿、
疲倦、
寒
冷及膀胱满胀等感觉并能回忆起你处理这些身体需要的顺序，
你就会同意以上那
种说法。这种急 迫感与排泄系统必要的排废作用和该系统特别的解剖结构有关。

The main organs of the excretory system are the two plump, dark red, crescent-
shaped
kidneys,
each
about
the
size
of
an
adult's
fist
and
located
high
in
the
abdominal cavity behind the stomach and the liver. For each kidney to carry out its
vital blood-filtering activities ,it must receive a large, steady flow of blood.
排泄 系统的主要器官是两个圆满的、
暗红色的、
月牙状的肾脏。
每个约有成
人拳头 大小
,
位于腹腔上部胃、肝的后面。因为肾脏担负过滤血液的重要任务，
所以必须接 收到强大持续的血流。

This
it
does
through
the
renal
arteries,
twin
branches
directly
off
the
body's
main

blood vessel, or aorta. Cleansed blood then leaves each kidney in large renal blood
vein that drains into the body's largest vein. As the kidneys filter and remove excess
water
and
waste
substances
from
the
blood,
these
materials
collect
as
a
concentrated
urine
in
a
central
cavity
in
each
kidney,
then
flow
down
a
long
tube
called
a
ureter.
The
two
ureters
dump
urine
into
a
single
storage
sac,
the
urinary
bladder, which in an adult can hold about 500 ml (a pint) of fluid. The bladder can
distend
to
hold
a
bit
more,
but
when
it
is
full,
it
causes
considerable
pressure
on
nearby
nerves
and
a
feeling
of
urgency
that
can
temporarily
eclipse
all
other
concerns. During urination ,the urine exits the body through the urethra ,the single
tube that drains the bladder.
它穿过肾动脉，肾动脉即是直接离开人体主要血 管或是主动脉的两条并行的血
管。
紧接着，
干净的血液离开每一个肾后进入一管腔大的 、
可以排入静脉血至人
体最大静脉的肾静脉。同时，两个肾过滤与清除血液中多余的水以及代谢 废物，
这些物质的收集后就成为在每一个肾的中央管内的浓缩后的尿液，
接着这些尿液
就沿着一条长长的管腔—输尿管向下流动。
这两条输尿管把尿液倾倒入一个单个
的用于储藏的囊 腔内，这个囊腔便是成年人可以装得下
500ml
（一品脱）的液体
的泌尿的膀胱。< br>膀胱可以膨胀以至于多装一些尿液，
但是当它饱满的时候，
它可
以对附近的神经 造成相当大的压力以及急尿的感觉，
这样可以暂时地使所有其他
的问题消失。在排尿期间，尿通 过尿道，从膀胱外导尿的一根导管排出体外。

The
kidney
has
three
distinct
visible
zones;
an
outer
renal
cortex
zone:
where
initial
blood
filtering
takes
place;
a
central
zone
（
renal
medulla
）
，
divided
into
a
number
of
fan-shaped
pyramid
regions
that
help
conserve
water
and
valuable
solutes; and a hollow inner compartment
（
renal pelvis
）

，
where urine collects before
it
passes
out
of
the
kidney
and
down
the
ureter.
The
functional
units
of
the
kidney,twisted tubules called nephrons, reach from the outer cortex down into the
central zone and drain into the hollow center.

肾脏 有三个明显的可见的区域；
一个是外层的肾皮质区域：
最初血液过滤发生的
位置；中心 区（肾髓质）
，分成若干个扇形的金字塔区域，有助于保存水分和有
价值的溶液；还有一个中空 的内区域（肾盂）
，是尿液流出肾脏进入输尿管之前
聚集的地方，
在它从肾脏出来和沿 着输尿管向下之前。
肾脏的功能单位，
扭曲的
小管，称为肾单位，到达浅皮质区向下进 入中央区并排入内部中空区。

Have you ever cleaned out a desk drawer - sorting,saving certain items for future u
se,discarding others,and then rechecking the drawer one last time
?If
so,
you
have
approximated
the
kidney's
general
sorting
and
cleansing
action
and
its
three
basic
processes - filtration,reabsorption,and secretion - all of which involve the nephron.

你有没有清理过抽屉——将物品 分类、
排序保存供以后使用
,
丢弃不需要的
,
最后
复查抽屉 里的物品
?

如果是这样
,
你有近似肾的一般分类和清理行动的基本过
程
,
过滤、重吸收和分泌——所有这些涉及肾元。


A human kidney contains roughly 1 million nephrons,each one a long, twisted,loopin
g tubule. The tubule has one end that is enlarged and cup-shaped like a punched bas
ketball and that lies in close contact with blood capillaries;the other end drains away
urine. If all the nephrons in an adult's kidney were straightened out and placed end t
o end, they would from a microscopically slender tube about 80km
（
50miles
）
long.

人类肾脏包含大约
100
万肾元
,
每一个 小管长期扭曲
,
构成环形。
小管一端
,
开杯形放大
,
像打篮球
,
位于密切接触血液毛细血管的地方
;
另一端排出尿液。
如果所有的肾元在一个成年
人的肾脏被拉直
,
从头拉到尾
,
它们在显 微镜下显示长约
80
公里
(50
英里
).
Nephrons are amazingly efficient at selectively removing wastes from the blood cir
culation while simultaneously conserving water,mineral ions, glucose,and other need
ed an adult human, 180 liters or more of blood - enough to fill a bathtub
- pass through the 2 million nephrons in the two kidneys each day, we do not, of cour
se,urinate 180liters a day or even the 6 or 7liters of fluid our bodieds contain,but inst
ead the much more reasonable amount of about 1.5 liters per day.
Clearly,the
nephrons must accomplish a great deal of water recycling and conservation before
they produce that smaller quantity of urine. Let us now take a close look at how a
nephron works.

肾单位可以非常有效地选择性地把废物从血液循环
,
同时节约水
,
矿物离子、
葡萄糖和其
他必要的材料。成年 人体内的
180
公升的血液——足以填满浴缸
,
每天通过这
200< br>万个肾元
到两个肾，
当然我们没有每天排
180L
的尿液，
甚 至是包含在我们体内
6
或
7
升的液体
,
而是
更为合 理的每天大约
1.5
升尿液
.
很明显
,
肾元必须完成大量的 水回收和保存之前生产小数
量的尿液。现在让我们来仔细看看肾元是如何工作的。

The
nephron's
specialized
shape
enables
it
to
carry
out
three
basic
processes
-
filtration of small molecules from the blood, reabsorption of useful molecules from
the urine back into the blood, and secretion of ions and some drugs from the blood
into the urine.
肾单位的特殊形状使其执行三个基本过程——过滤血液中的小分子
,
再吸收有用的分子
从回血液、尿液和离子的分泌和一些药物从血液进入尿液
.
Filtration
过滤







The
portion
of
the

nephron

that

filters

water

and

solutes

from

the

blood

is

the

enlarged,
cuplike
Bowman’S
capsule

in
the
kidney’s

outer

cortex.

Each

Bowman’S

capsule

surrounds
a
tight
bundle

of

capillaries

called

a

glomerulus,
much
the
way

the

fingers
of

your

right

hand

can

wrap
around
your
left
fist.

This

enclosing

capsule

of
kidney
tissue

surrounding
a
tuft
of
blood
capillaries
forms
the

closest

contact
between
the

excretory
and
circulatory

systems.

A
finely
meshed

filter

lies
between
the

blood and
the cavity of the Bowman’s
capsule

like

a

submicroscopic

colander.

As

blood moves along through the capillaries, blood pressure forces the

yellowish