owningIB Biology SL. IB生物标准课程词汇. Glossary_of_terms_for_biology_SL_

2021年1月20日发(作者：server是什么意思)
Glossary of terms for biology SL at CAIS.
The following are the definitions you will need to know during the IB biology course. Some of these
definitions correspond to the command term “define” whereas others correspond to different
command terms such as
“state”, “outline” and “distinguish” where you may need a specific definition or
concept.

1.1.1
Assessment statement
State that error bars are a graphical
representation of the variability of
data.
State that the term standard
deviation
is used to summarize the spread of
values around the mean, and that
68% of the values fall within one
standard deviation of the mean.
State that multicellular organisms
show emergent properties.
Define
diffusion
and
osmosis

Definitions
Error bars can be used to show either the range of the data or the standard
deviation.
For normally distributed data, about 68% of all values lie within ±1 standard
deviation (
s
or σ) of the mean. This rises to about 95% for ±2 standard
deviations.
1.1.3
2.1.7
2.4.4
3.2.1
Distinguish between
organic
and
inorganic
compounds.
3.6.1
Define
enzyme
and
active site
.
3.6.4
Define
denaturation
.
3.7.1
4.1.2
Define
cell respiration
.
Define
gene
,
allele
and
genome
.
4.1.3
4.2.2
4.3.1
Define
gene mutation
.
Define
homologous chromosomes
.
Define
genotype
,
phenotype
,
dominant allele
,
recessive allele
,
codominant alleles
,
locus
,
homozygous
,
heterozygous
,
carrier
and
test cross
.
Emergent properties arise from the interaction of component parts: the
whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high
concentration to a region of low concentration.

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially
permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region
of higher solute concentration.
Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms (except
hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon) are regarded as
organic.

All compounds that contain no carbon are inorganic
Enzymes are globular proteins which act as a catalysts of chemical reaction
Active site is a region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind
and which catalyses a chemical reaction involving the substrates.
Denaturation is a structural change in a protein that results in the loss
(usually permanent) of its biological properties. Refer only to heat and pH as
agents.
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in
cells to form ATP.
Gene: a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic.

Allele: one specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a
few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene.

Genome: the whole of the genetic information of an organism.
Is a change to the base sequence of a gene.
Chromosomes which have the same genes as each other, in the same sequence,
but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes.
Genotype: the alleles of an organism.

Phenotype: the characteristics of an organism.

Dominant allele: an allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether
4.3.7
Define
sex linkage
.
4.4.11
Define
clone
.
5.1.1
Define
species
,
habitat
,
population
,
community
,
ecosystem
and
ecology

5.1.2
Distinguish between
autotroph
and
heterotroph
.
5.1.3
Distinguish between
consumers
,
detritivores
and
saprotrophs
.
5.1.6
Define
trophic level
.
it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.

Recessive allele: an allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when
present in the homozygous state.

Codominant alleles: pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when
present in a heterozygote.
(The terms incomplete and partial dominance are
no longer used.)

Locus: the particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene.

Homozygous: having two identical alleles of a gene.

Heterozygous: having two different alleles of a gene.

Carrier: an individual that has one copy of a recessive allele that causes a
genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for this allele.

Test cross: testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known
homozygous recessive.
Sex linkage: Is the association of a characteristic with gender, because the
gene controlling the characteristic is located on a sex chromosome.
Clone: a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells derived
from a single parent cell.
Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring.

Habitat: the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a
living organism.

Population: a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area
at the same time.

Community: a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an
area.

Ecosystem: a community and its abiotic environment.

Ecology: the study of relationships between living organisms and between
organisms and their environment.
Autotroph: an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple
inorganic substances.

Heterotroph: an organism that obtains organic molecules from other
organisms.
Consumer: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or
recently killed.

Detritivore: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter.

Saprotroph: an organism that lives on or in nonliving organic matter, secreting
digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.
The trophic level of an organism is its position in the food chain.