rip是什么意思英文细胞生物实验模版

2021年1月20日发(作者：example是什么意思)



生物系实验报告
















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实验名称



Biological Macromolecules Tests





























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LAB 5
：

Biological Macromolecules Tests
Introduction:


Carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
and
nucleic
acids
are
four
main
biological
macromolecules
which
are
essential to life. All living organisms consist of these four substances.
①
Carbohydrates are sugars which
can be simple or complex in form. They mainly serve as a source of energy in biological organisms. Simple
ones like sucrose, glucose, fructose; and complex ones
like starch and fiber. Starch can react with IKI to
turn from yellow-brown to blue, and benedict
’
s reagent reacts in the presence of reducing sugars turn from
blue-green
to
orange,
red,
and
eventually
brown.
The
result
of
starch
can
be
seen
with
microscope.
②
Lipids are usually called fat, the main functions of lipids are to serve as insulators and help the transmission
of impulses in the body, and they can be dyed by Sudan
Ⅲ
(a fat-soluble dye).
③
Proteins are necessary to
the growth and repair of body, they are composed of strands of amino acids which are the basic elements of
many
living
structures.
The
proteins
are
controlled
by
DNA.
Biuret
reagent
reacts
in
the
presence
of
proteins (
just the existence of peptide bond
) to turn from blue to purple color. Positive and negative controls
are both used in this test.
④
Nucleic acids are found in DNA, this macromolecules are the basis of DNA
(this substance will not be tested in this lab).
In this experiment, we will use kinds of chemicals to test carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. Using observe the
color changes, we can have a thorough understanding to biological macromolecules, and learn the function
of macromolecules in living organisms, and also the usages of Benedict
’
s reagent ,IKI, and Sudan
Ⅲ
. How
to use microscope will also be reviewed.

Materials and methods:

Materials:


part1-1
: vortex mixer, marker pen, pipet, 10 test tubes in test tube rack, test tube clamp, water
bath, benedict
’
s solution, dH
2
O, 1%glucose solution, 1%maltose solution, 1%lactose solution, 1%surcose
solution, 1%fructose solution, 1%starch solution, orange juice, soda water, sugar free soda water.
Part1-2
:
marker
pen,
glass
slides,
cover
slip,
compound
microscope
(Nikon
Eclipse
E100),
dropper
bottle
of
IKI
indicator,
stock
bottles
of
water,
potato,
onion.
part2-
:
marker
pen,
dropper
bottles
of
Sudan
Ⅲ
,

filter
paper, aluminum foil, dH
2
O, oil, onion juice, soda water.
part3-
: vortex mixer, marker pen, 5 test tubes in
test tube rack; Biuret reagent, dH
2
O, 1%starch solution, 1%glucose solution, egg albumin, soda drink.
Methods:
Part1-1
: a) Prepare a data table T-1, and give information what we know.
b) Prepare a hot water bath with 100
℃
, number the test tubes 1-10 with marker pen.
c) Pipet 0.5ml solutions to be measured into tubes as shown in table T-1. Add 2ml respectively of
Benedict
’
s reagent to each test tube, shake, and then record the initial color in table T-1.
d)
Heat
the
tubes
in
water
bath
for
20
minus,
record
the
color
after
heating,
and
give
the
conclusions whether there are reducing sugar or not.




生物系实验报告















e)
Pour
the
test
tubes
contents
to
waste
recycling
bottles,
flush
with
water,
and
then
wash
with
soap, rinse them with dH
2
O, dry at last.
Table
T-1:
Tube


Contents


Predicted
Benedict
’
s Results


Results
Initial color

Color
after
heating




1
dH
2
O
Blue

Blue

Blue solution




2



Glucose
Brown/Yellow
Blue
Pink
solution
and sediment.
3



Maltose
Brown/Yellow
Blue
Light
blue
solution
and
pink sediment.
4



Lactose
Brown/Yellow
Blue
Light
green
solution
pink
sediment.
5



Sucrose
Blue

Blue
Dark
blue
solution
and
brick- red
sediment.
6



Starch


Blue

Blue
Blue
solution
and
pink
sediment.
7



Fructose
Brown/Yellow
Blue
Pink
solution
and sediment.
8


Orange Juice
Brown/Yellow
Dark green
Dark red.
9



Soda Water
Brown/Yellow
Blue
Dark red.
10
SF Soda water


Blue

Blue
Blue.

Part1-2
: a) Hypothesis: a potato has the most starch.







b) Prepare wet mount slides of potato and onion.







c) Place the slide of potato under compound microscope and observe record what is seen in table
T-2. Identify the cell, the cell wall, and the grains of starch.







d) Leave the cover slip, and add 1-2 drops of IKI stain to dye the whole cell. Observe the slide
under compound microscope, record the observation in table T-2.







e) Repeat the steps b) through d) forward, also record what happened.






Table
T-2

Substance (10
×
10or 10
×
40)
Before being dyed
After being dyed
Potato slide
As
shown
in
Figure
2-1.1,
we
can
As
we
can
see
in
Figure
2-1.2,
clearly
see
the
cell
wall
in
view,
the purple grains are the grains of
and there are many grains.
starch.
Onion slide
As
shown
in
Figure
2-2.1,
it
is
As
we
can
see
in
Figure
2-2.2,
vacant inside the onion cell; we can
there
is
nearly
no
change,
only
see the obvious cell wall.
appear some green dots.





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Part2-
: a) Prepare a data table as table T-3; deal with the things following the table.






b) Place a filter paper onto the piece of aluminum foil to prevent staining
the work desk. Use the
pipet to add 4 separate drops of Sudan
Ⅲ

onto different areas of the filter paper, wait to dry.






c) Use a pencil to trace an online around each of the dried Sudan
Ⅲ

drops.






d)
Use
a
separate
pipet
to
draw
up
a
small
amount
of
dH
2
O,
oil,
onion
juice,
and
soda
water,
respectively. Only 1 drop is needed to add to each of the Sudan
Ⅲ

circles.






e) Wait for a few minutes, and then record the results in the table.








See if the stain dissolves in the substance and moves outside the pencil line.
Table T-3
:
Macromolecule
being
Hypothesis:
Results
from
test(as
shown
in
tested
contain lipid or not
Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2)
dH
2
O
The
stain
doesn
’
t
dissolve
and
no
still
gather
tighter.
So,
there
is
no lipid.
Vegetable oil
The
stain
dissolves
and
some
yes
moves outside the pencil line.
It
suggests
that
there
are
lipids.
Onion juice
The
phenomenon
is
similar
to
yes
dH
2
O, there is no lipid.
Soda water
It’s
resembled

to
dH
2
O,
Soda
no
water has no lipids.

Part 3-
: a) Prepare a data table T-4, and give hypothesis.







b) Number the test tube 1-5 by marker pen, then pipet 0.5 ml of the correct stock solution, into the
test tubes as shown in table T-4.







c) Add 2ml of Biuret reagent to each test tube, shake to mix the solution.







d) Waite 2 minutes and then record the color change, infer the conclusion about whether there is
protein or not.
Table T-4
:
Macromolecule
Proper hypothesis
Color reaction

Conclusion
(according
Being tested
to
what
changes
take
place).
dH
2
O
No protein
Colorless to light blue
There
is
no
protein
in
dH
2
O,
so
it
is
the
color
of Biuret reagent.
Starch

No protein
Dull color to light blue
The
adding
of
reagent
does
n’
t
change
the
color, there is no protein
Egg albumin

Has protein
Dull color to purple
It
’
s
the
typical
color
change
for
Biuret
reagent;
it
suggests
that
egg albumin has protein.
Glucose

No protein
Colorless to light blue
Similar
to
starch,
no




生物系实验报告
Soda water

No protein















protein.
Colorless to light orange
It is supposed to have no
protein,
but
the
change
of
color
shows
the
fact
that
there
are
other
substance
reacting
with
Biuret.

Results:


Part 1-1 and part 1-2
: As we can see in the table T-1, Figure 1-1and 1-2, because of the reaction:

RCHO(or ketone) + 2 Cu(OH)2 + NaOH ---
△
-
→

Cu2O
↓

+RCOONa(compared to ketone)+ 3
H2O.

Cu
2
O is a brick-red sediment, and the different color may be because the different concentration of it.
According
to
Figure
2-1.1
and
2-1.2,
2-2.1
and
2-2-2,
table
T-2
included.
Compare
the
phenomena,
it
’
s
suggested that a potato contains more starch then an onion. As we can see, only the cell walls of dyed onion
cells are able to
be seen, besides some green dots
(may be a few
starches).
There are plentiful
grains
of
starch in the wet mount slide.


Part 2-
: As we can see from table T-3 and Figure 3-1, 3-2, only in the circle of oil, the stain dissolves and
some even moves outside the pencil line. So we can conclude that there are lipids in vegetable oil; dH
2
O,
onion juice and soda water don
’
t contain lipids. Sudan
Ⅲ

can stain lipids to orange.


Part
3-
:
According
to
what
is
shown
in
table
T-4,
Figure4-1
and
4-2,
the
tubes
1,
2,
4
have
no
sever
changes
as
expected.
And
because
of
the
color
reaction
between
Biuret
reagent
and
peptide
bond
which
represents the existence of protein, the color of tube 3 is purple. And as what we know, there is supposed to
have
no
protein
in
soda
water,
but
tube
5
has
an
apparent
color
change.
So
soda
water
may
contain
something can also react with Biuret reagent, or it just has protein.

Discussions:

1.

What can be concluded from this experiment (
part 1-1
)?
Glucose,
maltose,
lactose,
sucrose,
fructose
are
just
reducing
sugar
(carbohydrate),
orange
juice
and
soda water contain reducing sugar. dH
2
O, starch, and sugar free soda water have no reducibility.
2.

Which vegetable has the most starch (
part 1-2
)?
According to the results of
part 1-2
, potato has more starches than onion.
3.

What can be concluded from this experiment (
part 2-
)?
As the results show in experiment (
part 2- ),
vegetable oil contains lipids. According to what internet
says, oil was composed of Higher Fatty Acid Glycerides, the later one is lipid, so the result of tube 2 is
reasonable. The whole results also tell us that there is no lipid in dH
2
O, onion juice and soda water.
4.

What can be concluded from this experiment (
part 3-
)?
According to what we have known and source in internet, the protein consists of amino acids, and it will
generate peptide bond between basic amino acids to found polypeptides. The Biuret reagent can reacts
with peptide bond and change color. Egg albumin apparently contains proteins, because that the solution