吉隆坡英文高中生物中英文

2021年1月20日发(作者：不要妄自菲薄)
一、最主要的区别是消化系统


牙齿
:
草食动物一般牙齿 扁平
,
适于切断食物
,
并有磨牙，磨碎食物。


肉食动物牙齿尖锐，适于撕裂动物皮肉。


肠：草食动物的肠一般较短，消化快。


肉食动物肠一般很长，消化充分，慢。


二、爪


草食动物一般为蹄，适于奔跑跳跃。


肉食动物一般为爪，能抓、撕食物。

食肉动物消化道短
.
如果你有 机会去解剖的话，
你会发现吃草的动物的消化道比吃肉的发达。
主要是因为植物所含的纤维多， 必须反复消化

Digestive systems


explain
the
relationship
between
the
length
and
overall
complexity
of
digestive
systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore with respect to:
the chemical composition of their diet
the functions of the structures involved

Key Terms
Digestion: the physical or chemical process of breaking down complex insoluble food
into small soluble substances that are suitable for the body to absorb
Digestive
system:
The
system
of
organs
responsible
for
digestion.
The
digestive
system includes salivary glands, tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and reectum.

Herbivores: Organisms that consume plants only

Carnivores:
Organisms
that
consume
other
animals.
They
are
also
known
as
meat-eaters.
Microbial
fermentation
微生物发酵
:
the
breakdown
of
food
which
involves
the
action of bacteria
Fore-gut
fermentation:
microbial
fermentation
which
occurs
in
the
stomach.
This
causes cellulose to digest before the food reaches the intestines
Hindgut fermentation
后肠发酵
: microbial fermentation which occurs in the caecum
盲肠
. Cellulose
纤维素

is digested in this organ which is located at the end of the
small intestine.
Ruminant
fore-gut
fermenters:
animals
that
regurgitate
回流

the
food
in
the
first
part of their stomachs and re-chew it so that food particles may be further reduced
in size.
Egestion
排泄
: the removal of undigested food from an organism
What do herbivores eat?
*Plants are the main diet of herbivores.
*They
are
high
in
fibre
and
starch
which
provides
the
main
energy
source
in
their
diet.
*Since some parts of plant materials such as cellulose and cell wall thickenings are
hard
to
digest
and that cellulose does not
provide
enough
energy unless
microbes
are
present,
the
digestive
tract
of
herbivores
are
adapted,
so
that
food
may
be
digested properly.


A
herbivorous
diet
would
contain
more
carbohydrate,
particularly
cellulose.

A
carnivorous
diet
would
contain
more
fat
and
complete
protein
(ie
protein with all 20 amino acids).
The Digestive tracts
地带

of herbivores
*Many large herbivores need microbes
细菌

in their guts to help them in digesting
cellulose
*They have long and complex digestive tract to allow microbial fermentation to occur
*The
digestibility
of
food
is
closely
related
to
the
complexity
and
the
length
of
the
guts.

Digestive Tracts are long because...
*They provide adequate space to hold and store large amount of food which must be
eaten
*Allow maximum opportunity for microbial fermentation to occur
* Allow time for the absorption of nutrients

Digestive tracts are complex becau
se…

* The high-fibre diets they eat are difficult to digest

Small
herbivores
such
as
fruit
eaters
and
nectar
feeders
have
shorter
and
simpler
digestive tracts because…

*Plant tissues in their diets are easier to digest compared to that of large herbivores
*Their diets contain large quantities of sugar and little or no fibre

Fore-gut
内脏

Fermentation
发酵

*Microbial fermentation which occurs in the stomach.

*Cellulose is digested before the food reaches the intestines.
*Microbes provide energy by releasing short chain fatty acids

*Some microbes digested by the host as a source of amino acids

*The stomachs of ruminant fore-gut fermenters (e.g. cattle) are very complex and are
composed of 4 parts

-2 chambers where microbial fermentation occurs

-1 part for storage

-1 part functions as a true stomach

*Microbes have plenty of time to digest cellulose as food is stored in the microbial
fermentation chambers for a long time



Carnivores
What do they eat?

*other animals
*animal matter is more easy to digest as animals cells do not have cell walls
*animal matter is low in fibre but high in protein
*has a high energy content (higher than plants)
*the
muscles,
skin
and
internal
organs
of
the
prey provide
fat
and
protein
in their
diet
*the cartilage and bones provide small amount of fibre

The digestive tracts of carnivores
*short
and
unspecialised
gut
as
their
diet
is
easy
to
digest
compared
to
plant
materials
*simple stomach
*little undigested food is egested as they do not consume much fibre

*small caecum or no caecum


Compare the digestive system
The
diet
of
the
honey
possum
is
a
mix
of
nectar
and
pollen
which
provides
the
energy rich food needed
to maintain its high metabolic rate.

Nectar
花蜜

feeding animals
The diet of the honey possum is a mix of nectar and pollen which provides the energy
rich food needed
to maintain its high metabolic rate.
Nectar
is
essentially
a
sugary
solution
containing
sucrose,
glucose,
fructose,
produced by plants to reward
pollinators.
Banksia
nectar
has
high
concentrations
of
these
carbohydrates,
sometimes in similar proportions,
with
an
average
sugar
concentration
of
25%
w/w
sucrose
equivalents
but
low
concentrations of protein,
vitamins and minerals.

Pollen, on the other hand, is essentially the male gametes of
a plant. The food reserves
of pollen cells contain protein, carbohydrate and fat.
Banksia pollen is special. It is high in protein (36-42%) and the pollen from only a few
“flowers”

(inflorescences) would be needed to satisfy the protein requirements of the honey
possum.

Most pollen grains
contain only about 20% protein, with 37% carbohydrate, 4% lipid and 3% minerals.

Pollen is an ideal
supplement to the sugar rich nectar, and pollen and nectar always go together.
Honey
possums
visit
plants
that
produce
the
nectar
they
require
(Banksias,
bottlebrushes,

Hakeas and
Dryandras).

In
testing
for
feeding
preference,
honey
possums
prefer
sucrose
to
fructose, and both sucrose
and
fructose
to
glucose,
but
there
is
no
evidence
that
they
can
tell
differences
in
concentrations of these
three sugars in combinations.
The honey possum is a nectar and honey specialist, and unlike its close relatives it
almost never eats insects.
Several features of the honey possum are correlated with this diet.
·

The
head
is
sharply
tapered,
delicately
constructed
and
has
only
a
few,
minute
teeth.

The mandible (lower
jaw)
is
reduced
to
a
thin
flexible
rod
and
is
not
suitable
for
the
insertion
of
strong
musculature
or
deeprooted
teeth.

The
incisors
and
canines
are
pointed
but
the
cheek teeth are flattened pegs with rounded
tips and do not resemble the normal structure of mammalian teeth.
·

The tongue is long and stiffened by a keratinised keel (keratin is what hair and nails
are made of) and over
the surface of the tongue are finger-like projections (long filiform papillae at the tip of
the tongue and
shorter
compound
papillae
over
most
of
the
dorsal
surface).

The
long
tongue
is
used to collect nectar and
pollen
from
flowers,
particularly
of
Banksia
spp.

As
the
tongue
is
withdrawn
into
the mouth the pollen is
scraped from the finger-like projections by a series of transverse ridges on the roof of
the mouth and the
pollen falls back into the mouth and is swallowed.

How a named technological advance?
Endoscope

Endoscopy
means
looking
inside
and
typically
refers
to
looking
inside
the
body
for
medical reasons using an endoscope, an instrument used to examine the interior of a
hollow
organ
or
cavity
of
the
body.

Unlike
most
other
medical
imaging
devices,
endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ. Endoscope can also refer to using a
borescope in technical situations where direct line of-sight observation is not feasible.

一、胃肠道疾病的检查

（
1
）食道：慢性食道炎、食道静脉曲张、 食管道孔疝、食道平滑肌瘤、食道癌
及贲门癌等。

（
2
）胃及十二 指肠：慢性胃炎、胃溃疡、胃良性肿瘤、胃癌十二指肠溃疡、十
二指肠肿瘤。

（
3
）小肠：小肠肿瘤、平滑肌肿瘤、肉瘤、息肉、淋巴瘤、炎症等。
（
4
）大肠：非特异性溃疡性结肠炎、
Crohn
病、慢性结肠炎、结肠 息肉、大肠
癌等。

二、胰腺、胆道疾病的检查：胰腺癌、胆管炎、胆管癌等。

三、腹腔镜检查：肝脏疾病、胆系疾病等。

四、呼吸道疾病的检查：肺癌、经支气管镜的肺活检及刷检、选择性支气管造影
等。

五、泌尿道检查：膀胱炎、膀胱结合、膀胱肿瘤、肾结核、肾结石、肾肿瘤、输
尿管先天性畸形 、输尿管结石、输尿管肿瘤等。

The gastrointestinal
胃肠道

tract (GI tract):
oesophagus, stomach and duodenum (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
small intestine (enteroscopy)
large intestine/colon (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy)
Magnification endoscopy
bile duct
endoscopic
retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP),
duodenoscope-assisted
cholangiopancreatoscopy, intraoperative cholangioscopy
rectum (rectoscopy) and anus (anoscopy), both also referred to as (proctoscopy)
Endoscopy
is
a
nonsurgical
procedure
used
to
examine
a
person's
digestive
tract.
Using
an
endoscope,
a
flexible
tube
with
a
light
and
camera
attached
to
it,
your
doctor can view pictures of your digestive tract on a color TV monitor.

During an upper endoscopy, an endoscope is easily passed through the mouth and
throat and into the esophagus allowing the doctor to view the esophagus, stomach,
and upper part of the small intestine.

Similarly,
endoscopes
can
be
passed
into
the
large
intestine
(colon)
through the rectum to examine this area of the intestine. This procedure