戴尔英语城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

2021年1月20日发(作者：逃)



中英文对照外文翻译文献


(
文档含英文原文和中文翻译
)

Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic Park












How do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be
passing through thesite in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain
the
surrounding
wetlands,
knowing
that
man-made
wet
woodland
is
very
rare
and
transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable
and sustainable in the long-term? Atkins
’
engineers of the wetlands and river edges on
the
London
2012
Olympic
Park
were
tasked
with
fi
nding
answers
to
all
of
these
questions.
Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, London
’
s
new
Olympic
Park
for
the
London
2012
Olympic
and
Paralympic
Games
is
one
of

Europe
’
s biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands are at the heart of
the
vision
for
the
new
park,
which
lies
in
east
London
’
s
Lower
Lee
Valley.
Th
e
landscape
that
’
s
now
emerging
will
provide
a
backdrop
for
the
main
action
of
theLondon 2012 Games.
As river edge and wetland engineers for the project, Atkins has played a critical
role in turning the vision into reality. Atkins
’

remit includes design of the soft river
edges and wetlands, including riverbank restoration and bioengineering.
The
transformation
is
unprecedented.
More
than
8km
of
riverbanks
have
been
restored as part of the project; in tandem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds
have been created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodland(Fig.01).
The challenge was about getting people both visual and physical access down to
the river- to actually make the rivers more accessible and more open, and therefore the
centerpiece of the Park.
Mike
Vaughan
heads
up
Atkins'
multidisciplinary
design
team,
which
includes
river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists.
“
The idea was to open up the river
corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att er,
”

explains Mike.
“
By
dropping the slopes, we
’
ve brought the river into the park and made it much more
accessible-people can get close to the river and see what
’
s going on there.
”

Gett ing the riverbank geometry just right was a delicate balancing act. Too steep,
and the banks would need costly artifi cial reinforcement; too shallow, and they would
start
to
eat
into
valuable
space
on
the
site.
An
optimum
slope
of
1
in
2.5-about
22
degrees- was chosen. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the need to
convey
fl
oodwater
and
the
location
of
terrestrial
landscape
and
infrastructure.
As
such,
the
banks
were
over- steepened
using
two
approaches.
Firstly,
where
possible,
the
riverbanks
were
terraced
using
coir
rolls
and
timber
stakes.
In
other
locations,
where
only
a
70
degree
bank
was
possible,
a
reinforced
detail
was
used,
providing
layers of geo- grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.
Today, with the new landscape rapidly taking shape, it
’
s easy to forget how the
Lee
Valley
used
to
look.
Until
the
Olympic
Delivery
Authority
(ODA)
took
possession of the site in 2006, many of the river channels that criss-cross the site were

clogged
with
invasive
weeds,
along
with
the
predictable
detritus
of
urban
decay:
abandoned shopping trolleys and car tires.
Th e Lee Valley
’
s neglected river network wasn
’
t only an eyesore, but also an
obstacle-a
gulf
separating
Hackney
and
Tower
Hamlets
in
the
west
from
Waltham
Forest and Newham in the east.
Now,
the
revitalized
waterways-and
the
new
crossings
spanning
them-will
be
vital not only during the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an integral part of the
legacy solution, stitching the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east
London.
1 Bringing Habitats back to Life
Making the most of the site
’
s rivers and natural features to create sustainable
habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority
’
s vision for the Olympic
Park.
But
the
process
of
transforming
the
park
’
s
rivers
from
weed
and
rubbish- infested gulches into pristine watercourses has been long and tough.
For Atkins, that process started with developing an intimate understanding of the
labyrinth of waterways and channels that wind their way through the site. Flows and
velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to
construct
a
detailed
hydraulic
model
to
predict
flood
risk.
That
’
s
of
critical
importance,
because
Atkins
had
responsibility
for
everything
up
to
a
contour
of
4
meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.
A full flood risk assessment was undertaken at environmental impact assessment
stage. Atkins undertook analyses of the risk of fl ooding caused by frequent rainfall,
taking into account the automated regulation of water levels in the impounded reaches
and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeling exercise was made considerably more
complicated
by
the
impoundment
of
the
river
system
during
the
course
of
2008;
in
effect, this eliminated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its indirect infl
uence is still felt.
“
When the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing
out of the River Lee,
”

explains Mike Vaughan.
“
So the river levels fl uctuate by an
average of 400mm a day.
”


Atkins
’

modeling
calculations
correctly
predicted
this
phenomenon,
and
also
the
increased
risk
of
flooding.
“
These
discoveries
led
to
some
changes
in
the
landscaping profile,
”

says Mike.
“
The riverside paths have been raised by up to a
meter
and
the
profile
of
the
wetlands
was
also
raised,
as
maintaining
correct
water
levels is critical to their survival.
”

Sustainable
drainage
techniques
have
also
been
used
across
the
Park.
In
the
landscape areas, porous strips have been used in the concourse, feeding into bioswales
which drain
down into the riverside ponds. Surface conveyance, underground pipes
and storage features have also been utilized(Fig.02).
The first step in the river restoration process was to
“
lay back
”

the banks, many
of which were precipitously steep. This re- profiling was necessary because much of
the surrounding land was
“
made
”

ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had
raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials
on
the
banks
included
rubble,
glass,
animal
bones
and,
more
recently,
wartime
demolition materials from London
’
s east end.
Another challenge facing the Atkins team was the prevalence of invasive weeds.
These
included
Himalayan
balsam,
Japanese
knotweed
and
giant
hogweed.
All
are
fast-growing
non-native
plants
introduced
to
Britain
in
the
19th
century
as
gardencuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garden wall.
Invasive
species
are
bad
news
for
riverbanks.
They
reproduce
and
grow
with
prodigious
speed,
driving
out
native
plant
species.
And
they
’
re
highly
resilient.
Knotweed
can
force
its
way
through
solid
concrete,
while
giant
hogweed
contains
furocoumarins, sun-activated toxins that can cause skin ulceration. Elimination was a
priority
–

soil
was
treated
throughout
the
site
and
the
banks
stripped
of
all
remaining vegetation.
In addition, Atkins was responsible for ensuring the protection of the existing fl
ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were undertaken as part of the
environmental impact assessment in 2006, including bird and fi sh surveys. A major
translocation
of
species
was
undertaken
to
suitable
receptor
sites
including
a
specially- created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atkins translocated 330 common

lizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth newts.
In order to protect the flora on the site,
Atkins
maintained
a
‘
permit
to
clear
’

system
for
contractors,
and
specifi
ed
safeguarded
habitat
areas
that
were
not
to
be
touched
including
areas
of
sycamore
trees.
2 Choosing Plants to Plant
Atkins
is
responsible
for
the
final
look
of
the
riverbanks
and
wetlands-and
deciding what to re- plant presented a challenge. With banks now bare, new planting
would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic demands-they
’
d be expected
to be in bloom for the Olympic Games- but engineering imperatives too.
The Atkins design team chose bioengineering techniques, rather than culverting
and
hard
engineering,
for
the
project.
That
means
protecting
and
consolidating
riverbanks by using vegetation and natural products instead of concrete. Choosing the
right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from
erosion.
An added challenge was that the river network is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise
and fall of around 400mm had the potential to play havoc with new planting, and the
river
’
s high sediment loads threatened to smother anything planted from seed or plugs.
“
We don
’
t actually have a natural river system,
”

notes Mike.
“
Plants don
’
t cop
well in those conditions.
”

To
fi
nd
out
which
plants
would
fare
best-and
to
establish
the
most
eff
ective
planting
methods
-Atkins
conducted
a
unique
riverbank
planting
trial
along
a
50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.
“
We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques.
These
were
monitored
over
a
year,
”

says
Ian
Morrissey,
senior
environmental
scientist with Atkins.
“
That
’
s really helped to inform exactly what species we should
plant and where.
”

The
trial
revealed
that
plug
plants
would
be
just
too
vulnerable.
But
plants
pre-grown
in
coir
-coconut
fibre
matting-resisted
being
washed
away
or
swamped.
Coir
has
other
benefi
ts
too-it
’
s
easy
and
quick
to
install
in
rolls
and
pallets
two

meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).
“
Th
e
mat
itself
acts
like
a
mulch,
so
you
prevent
any
weeds
growing
up
through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when
the
banks
become
inundated,
you
get
fine
sediment
trapped
within
the
coir.
Th
at
helps to bind the roots and feed the plants,
”

says Ian.
3 Banking on Tomorrow
’
s Seedlings
Creating
a
sustainable
riverbank
ecosystem
means
using
native
species.
So
before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic
species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed
was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed
by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what
’
s believed to be
one of Britain
’
s biggest-ever nursery contracts.
The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced
in June 2009, as plants
must be a
year old and well established in their coir pallets
before encountering the tough riverbank environment.
Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000
pots at Salix
’
s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the
company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here,
more
than
300,000
plants
representing
some
28
different
species,
including
sedges,
common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a
thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.
During
the
summer
of
2010,
the
18,000
square
metres
of
planting
were
then
pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it
easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one
went
in
exactly
the
right
space
so
as
to
avoid
cutting
and
trimming
the
roots
and
rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this
didn
’
t happen.
4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from Scratch
While the riverbanks of the
“
Old River Lee
”

occupied much of the attention of