naivete英国文学史刘炳善版重点整理

2021年1月20日发(作者：precisely)
Part 1. Early and Medieval English Literature

Epic
Folk literature
Ballad
Beowulf
贝奥武甫
(the national epic of the English people)

striking feature: alliteration
头韵
, metaphors
暗喻

and understatements
低调陈述
.
The Robin Hood Ballads
罗宾汉民谣

长诗：翻译法语
The Romaunt of the Rose
玫瑰传奇
;
改编意大利
Troilus and Criseyde
特罗勒斯与克丽西德

小说：
The Canterbury Tales
坎特伯雷故事集
(
英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作
)one of the monumental works in
EL
TCT is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stands of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men
and women
’
s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.

As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man
’
s energy, intellect, quick of wit and love of life. His tales expose and
satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge and so on. With especially
formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church.
Chaucer
’
s English, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures.
Chaucer
’
s contribution to English poetry: uced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter
(the heroic couplet). the first great poet who wrote in the English language.
make the dialect of London the
standard for the modern English speech.
杰弗里·乔叟

1340-1400
The Messenger of
Humanism, the first
Realistic writer, the
founder of English
poetry and master of
English Language
他是最早有人文主义
思想的作家，
现实主义
文学的奠基人

Geoffrey Chaucer
Part 2. The English Renaissance
托马斯·莫尔

The greatest of the
English humanists and
the one of the
forerunner of modern
socialist thought
Thomas More
Utopia
乌托帮


Greek words
“
no place
”


ideal commonwealth

conversation between More and voyager Hythloday
Book one: contemporary England


labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury, ruler eager for war
Book two: ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no poverty

From
everyone
according
to
his
capacities,
to
everyone
according
to
his
need;
separation
of
town
and
country;
the
importance of labour for every member.
The Faerie Queene
仙后

dedicated to Queen Elizabeth
The Shepherd
’s Calend
ar
牧羊人日记
mark the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England
Morden English. Spencer was the first master to make the language the natural music of his poetic effusions.
Founder
of
modern
science
in
England:
Advancement
of
Learning
学术的进展
;
New
Instrument
新工具


Inductive
Method of reasoning
First
English
essayist:
Essay
subjects:
love,
truth,
friendship,
parents
&children,
beauty,
studies,
riches,
youth
&age,
garden, death
…

Precision
准确
, clearness
清晰
, brevity
简洁
, force
力度

Tamburlaine
帖木耳
(ambition); The Jew of Malta
马耳他的犹太人
(wealth);

Doctor Faustus
浮士德博士
(knowledge)

humanist colour

insatiable thirst for knowledge
剧作意义：
the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable
appetite
for
power.

:praise
individuality
freed
from
the
restraints
of
medieval
dogmas
and
law,
and
the
convictions
of
the
boundless
possibility
of
human
efforts
in
conquering
the
universe.


heroes
are
merely
individualists. their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.
He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the
principle instrument of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of Shakespeare
The Comedy of Errors
错误的喜剧
;






















Hamlet
哈姆雷特
/
王子复仇记
;
The Taming of the Shrew
驯悍记


























Measure for Measure
一报还一报
/
请君入瓮

Love
’
s Labour
’
s Lost
爱的徒劳
;

























Othello
奥塞罗
;
Romeo and Juliet
罗密欧与朱丽叶
tragi-comedy












King Lear
李尔王
;





















































Macbeth
麦克白
;
A Midsummer Night
’
s Dream
仲夏夜之梦
;

















Antony and Cleopatra
安东尼与克利欧佩特拉
;
The Merchant of Venice
威尼斯商人























Timon of Athens
雅典的泰门
;
Much Ado about Nothing
无事生非
;
The Mercy Wives of Windsor
温莎的风流娘们儿
;












Pericles
佩里克尔斯

Julius Caesar
朱利亚斯·凯撒；



























Cymbeline
辛白林
;
As You Like It
皆大欢喜
;
































The Winter
’
s Tale
冬天的故事
;
Twelfth Night
第十二夜
;

































The Tempest
暴风雨
;
The Sonnets
十四行诗

⑴
His drama relies not so much on characters as on witty speech and situation. His plays are poetical dramas. A great
number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry.
⑵
This period is S
’
s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold
pursuit of people in real life. There is a great lift in characterization.

Heroines
⑶
The third period is mainly the period of
“
great tragedies
”
and
“
dark comedies
”
(give somber pictures of the world) .
The tragic note is aggravated.
⑷
The fourth period is the period of romantic drama.


Henry
Ⅷ


Global Theatre
The Great Comedies:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
仲夏夜之梦
;The Merchant of Venice
威尼斯商人
;As You Like It
皆大欢喜
;Twelfth Night
第十二夜

The general spirit is optimism. Young people just freed from feudal fetters/youth love and ideal of happiness/humanist
ideal/fight against destiny/mould their own fate.

The Great Tragedies:

Hamlet
哈姆雷特
a man genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit.

st/free from medieval prejudices and superstitions/cherish a profound reverence for man/firm belief in man
’
s
power and destiny.

of man.

ectual genius is outstanding/a close observer of man and manners.
Melancholy: character/penetrating habit of mind/impossible ideal/personal wrong& fate of the country/active energy

Othello
奥塞罗
new man of the R/integrity, sincerity, loftiness of mind/falsehood truth/evil good/tragedy of humanism
King Lear
李尔王
national unity and royal responsibility, divide up /insincere flattery/genuine love/betray trust/condemn
Macbeth
麦克白
complicated contradictory/courageous clever/pray of ambition/tyrants oppressors/doom to defeat
1
Edmond Spenser
埃德蒙·斯宾塞

The Poet
’
s Poet
培根

1561-1626
The founder of English
materialist philosophy

克里斯托夫·马洛

The most gifted of the
“
university w
its”

The greatest of the
pioneers of English
drama

Francis Bacon
Christopher
Marlowe
莎士比亚

1564-1616
is one of the
founders of realism in
world literature.
dramatic creation
often used the method
of adaptation.
long experience
with the stage and his
intimate knowledge of
dramatic art thus
acquired make him a
master hand for
playwriting.
was skilled in
many poetic forms: the
song, the sonnet, the
couplet, and the
dramatic
blank verse
.
was a great master
of the EL. Shakespeare
and the Authorized
Version of the English
Bible are the two great
treasuries of the EL.

The popularity of S is a
worldwide phenomenon

William
Shakespeare
Part 3. The English Bourgeois Revolution Period


John Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
1608-1674
John Bunyan
班扬

1628-1688
John Donne
约翰·多恩

John Dryden
约翰·德莱顿

Father of E criticism
Paradise Lost
失乐园
(greatest epic in English Literature); Paradise Regained
复乐园
; Samson Agonistes
力士参孙

表面
:to justify the way God to man/to advocate submission to the Almighty


实际
:a revolt against God
’
s authority
Adam& Eve: Milton
’
s belief in the power of man/craving for knowledge
Satan: real hero of the poem/a conquered and banished giant/obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell
Political in life and art;


wrote greatest epic/influence is omnipresent;


master of blank verse;


stylist/grand style;
sublimity of thought and majesty of expression
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
天路历程
(religious allegory)
1678
出狱后







Vanity Fair
名利场

Bunyan cherish deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and
judges. His prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of
Bible.
Songs and Sonnets



Devotions upon emergent Occasions
(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)
All for Love
一切为了爱


An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
论戏剧诗（
most famous prose composition
）

Restoration period/Model on literature of France/classicism prevailing/reason, law and order
He was the forerunner of the English classic school of literature in the next century. Heroic couplet/ principle verse form
Part 4. The Eighteenth Century
Joseph Addison
约瑟夫·艾迪生

Richard Steele
理查德·斯梯尔

Alexander Pope
蒲柏



Jonathan Swift
斯威夫特

1667-1745
Danniel Defoe
丹尼尔·迪福
1660-1731

Samuel Richardson
理查逊

The Tatler
闲话者报





The Spectator
旁观者报

贡献
: writing afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18
th
century.
English easy had completely established itself as a literary genre.
Satire!! An Essay on Criticism
论批评
; The Rape of the Lock
卷发遇劫记
; The Dunciad
愚人记

Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest poet of the classical school in the first half the 18
th
century.
Pope was a diligent reader. His style depends upon his great patience in elaborating his art. Most important representative


Gulliver
’
s Travels
格列佛游记


gives an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age.
He hated all kinds of oppression-political, economical and religious. But he cherished a great love for the people.
Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous./ he seems to have no
difficulty in finding words to express exactly the impression he wish to convey. In simple, direct and precise prose, he is
almost unsurpassed in EL./ he is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly.
Robinson Crusoe
鲁宾孙飘流记

one of the forerunners of the English realistic novels
Attach great importance to the moulding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment/ is
representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of development/ does not condemn Negro-slavery
Defoe was a kind of jack-of-trades. Journalism &authorship/ pure naked English: smooth, easy, colloquial, never coarse.
Pamela
帕米拉（
Virtue Rewarded
贞洁回报）

first English psycho-analytical novel
心理分析小说

discarded the
“
impossible and marvellous
”
accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life
and love of ordinary people.

intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction
道德说教
.

described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.
Richardson
“
had enlarged the knowledge of human nature
”
/ his technique to show character as personalities
Joseph Andrew
约瑟·安德鲁


disgusted with the excessive sentimentality and poor ethics of Pamela
Jonathan Wild
大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传

satirical novel/exposes the English bourgeois society and mock political syst
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
汤姆·琼斯

portrays the real life of men without disguise/ expose the hypocrisy
and depravity of the ruling class, and pictures the poverty of the working masses who are driven by want to crime.

现实主义小说：
The basis of Fielding
’
s work is the exact observation and study of real life. The centre of Fielding
’
s work
philosophy is MAN, common earthly man with his earthly interests, needs and passions.
小说的特点：
1.
展开方式
told directly by the author/full, free, clear and straightforward, give personal explanation

无处不在，两种：
humorous satire which is mean to be instructive and corrective/grim satire which is used to lash
the
cardinal
evils
of
the
corrupt
ruling
classes.




believed
in
the
educational
function
of
the
novel(moral
teaching).


is a master of style/easy unlaboured and familiar/sentence logical and musical rhythm.
Use the form of Picaresque novels
流浪汉小说
, the novel of travels and adventures
被
Dickens
效仿
—
Pickwick Papers
匹克威克外传

The School for Scandal
造谣学校
a great comedy of manners/gives a brilliant portrayal and biting satire of E high society

The Rivals
对手


He was the most important English playwright of the 18
th
century.
Songs of Innocence
天真之歌
; Songs of Experience
经验之歌
; The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
天堂与地狱的婚姻

whole temper of his genius was essentially opposed to the classical(=formalism) tradition of that age.

revolutionary passion came near to that of Shelley.
Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19
th
century.
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
苏格兰方言诗集

名诗
:A Red, Red Rose
一朵红红的玫瑰
;Auld Lang Syne
他的诗歌
：

is
remembered
mainly
for
his
songs
written
in
the
Scottish
dialect
on
a
various
of
subjects.

us are Burn
’
s songs of love and friendship, which describes the poet
’
s own emotions with such vividness and
simplicity that they appeal directly to the reader
’
s heart.

tism


an
outspoken supporter of the French
Revolution

hy
for
the
miseries
of
the
Negro
slaves
transported
from
their
African
motherland
to
America.

ed success in the field of satire.

terized by humour and lightheartedness/optimism


His great success was also largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent mastery of the old song tradition.
His
peasant
origin
and
environment
especially
aided
him
in
mastering
the
happy
simplicity,
humour,
directness
and
optimism.
Henry Fielding
亨利·菲尔丁
1707-1754
Founder of the English
realistic novel

Father of the English
novel(established once
for all the forms of the
modern novel)
Tobias Smollett
斯摩莱特

Richard Brinsley
Sheridan
理查德·谢立丹

William Blake
布莱克

1757-1827


Robert Burns
彭斯

1759-1796
National poet of
Scotland


2