两月英国文学史-名词解释教学资料

2021年1月20日发(作者：墨菲氏滴管)




英
文
学
史
-
名
解
释
国
词

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名词解释

1
．
Romance
: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and
adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme
employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.
2
．
Renaissance
: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which
originated in Italy in the 14
th
century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two
features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities
of humanity.
3
．
Sonnet
: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
4
．
Enlightenment
: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order,
restrained emotion and accuracy.
5
．
Neoclassicism
: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek
and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
6
．
Romanticism
: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of
romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include:
subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather
then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and
worship of nature.
7
．
Byronic Heroes
: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of
character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English
Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
8
．
Realism
: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic
manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and
through the buildup of accurate detail.
9
．
Aestheticism
: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more
than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
10
．
Stream-of-Consciousness
: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts
and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a
narrative mode.
11
．
Epic
: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting
the values of the society from which it originated.
一、
The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1
、这个时期的文学作品分类：
pagan(
异教徒
) Christian(
基督徒
)
2
、代表作：
The Song of Beowulf
《贝奥武甫》
( national epic
民族史诗
)
采用
了隐喻手法
3
、
Alliteration
押头韵（写作手法）


例子：
of man was the mildest and most beloved,
To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.
二、
The Anglo- Norman period (1066-1350)
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Canto
诗章

1
、
romance
传奇文学

2
、代表作：
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (
高文爵士和绿衣骑士
)
是一首押头
韵的长诗

三、
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
杰弗里
.
乔叟

时期

1
、
the father of English poetry
英国诗歌之父

2
、
heroic couplet
英雄双韵体：
a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(
押韵
) lines in
iambic pentameter(
五步抑扬格
)
3
、代表作：
the Canterbury Tales
坎特伯雷的故事
(
英国文学史的开端
)

大致内容：
the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of
various walks of life and social groups.

朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人
,
代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体


小说特点：
each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his
own views and character.

这些叙述者以自己特色的 方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展
示了各自的性格。


小说观点：
he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see
man freed from superstitions(
迷信
) and a blind belief in fate(
盲目地相信命运
).
他希
望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。

4
、
Popular Ballads
大众民谣

：
a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth
line rhymed(
笔记
)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral
transmission(
书上
).
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歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲
,
一直保存着口头传播的方式

。代表人物：
Bishop Thomas
Percy
托马斯
.
帕希主教

代表作：
Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale
罗宾汉和阿林代尔

四、
The Renaissance (16
世纪
)
文艺复兴时期

（
Greek and Roman
）

戏剧
drama
诗章
canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman)
arts andsciences.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama
文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。

1
、
key work: humanism
人文主义：
admire human beauty and human achievement
2
、代表人物：
1)
、
Thomas More
托马斯
.
莫尔
Utopia
乌托邦
2)
、
Francis Bacon
弗朗西斯
.
培根

第一个散文家
(essayist) 3)
、
Thomas Wyatt
托马斯
.
怀亚特

引入十
四行诗的第一人

sonnet(
十四行诗
)
：
form of poetry intricately rhymed(
间隔押韵
) in 14 lines iambic
pentameter
4)
、
Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙
.
斯宾塞
poet
’
s poet(
诗人中的诗人
) The Fairy Queen
《仙后》
(epic poem
史诗
) 5)
、
Christopher Marlowe
克里斯托弗
.
马洛
blank
verse(
无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格
)
是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。

6)
、
William Shakespeare
威廉姆
.
莎士比亚

戏剧
drama

四大悲剧：
Hamlet(
哈姆雷特
)
，
Othello(
奥赛罗
)
，
King Lear(
李尔王
)
，
The
Tragedy of Macbeth(
麦克白
)
五、
the period of Revolution and Restoration (17
世纪
)
资产阶级革命与王权复辟

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prose
散文
1
、文学特点：
the Puritans(
清教徒
) believed in simplicity of life
、
disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry
、
breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇
尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。

2
、代表人物：

1)
、
John Donne
约翰
.
多恩

“
metaphysical
”
poets (
玄学派诗人
)
的代表人物

sonnet
十四行诗

《
Death be not proud
》
(
笔记
)
2)
、
John Milton
约翰
.
弥尔顿
a great poet
诗人

（
poem
诗歌
blank verse
）

《
Defense for the English People
》为英国人辩护

《
Paradise Lost
》失乐园

“
Satan
is not a villain
”撒旦不是坏人

《
Paradise Regained
》复乐园
)
、
John Bunyan
约翰
.
拜扬
a great prose writer
“
give us the only great allegory(
寓言
)
”
Pilgrim
’
s Progress
》
天路历程
prose
散文

六、
The Age of Enlightenment (18
世纪
)
启蒙运动
prose
散文

1
、
Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse
like Pope.

强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。

The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of
bourgeoisie against feudalism.
启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。

The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of
human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes
depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善 ，而
腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。

Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason
to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving
happiness and social justice.
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