考军校的条件第八章 英语写作 承上启下句型

2021年1月19日发(作者：范维纲)
第八章

承上启下句型


I
．承上阐述



上面一段提出了观点，当下面一段要来阐述这些观点时可使用本节的句型。


truth
important
examine ...
333

To understand the

point
of..., it is

necessary
to

analyze ...
nature

essential

see ...


333.1
To understand the truth of this, it is necessary to have a clear unsentimental
picture
of
the
way
the
schools
were
in
the
past.
City
schools
were
dull
and
dingy
buildings,
with
classes
of
forty
or
more
students
common.
Country
schools
were
usually one-room affairs with children of widely varying age and ability taught at the
same class. Few of the teachers had anywhere near as much education of any kind as
most
teachers
today.
The
elementary
school
curriculum
was
pretty
much
limited
to
Chinese and arithmetic.

为了解这一观点的正确性，有必要实事求是地回顾 一下学校过去的状况。当
时城出的学校都在一幢光线暗淡的楼内，
一个班级一般有四十以上的学 生。
而农
村的学校就只有一间房子组成，
不同年龄，
不同能力的孩子都在一个 班级里上课。
很少有老师受过像现在大多数老师那么多的教育。
小学的所有课只有语文和算术< br>两门。



333.2
To
understand
the
necessity
of
abolishing
the
entrance
examination,
it
is
necessary to analyze its weaknesses. Narrowly academic examinations are felt to be
heavily weighed in favor of children who have had the advantage of highly-academic
schools and academically biased families. They weigh against an individual who may
not give full play to his ability in the examination during which he doesn't feel very
well
physically
or
mentally.
Then
how
can
his
whole
future
be
determined
by
the
single examination?

为了解取消入学考试的必要性， 有必要分析其缺点。困于书本教材的考试只
有利于来自重视书本知识的学校的孩子和文化层次较高的家庭 的孩子。
而且考试
时有的孩子会感觉身体不适，
或有心理负担，
这也会影响他 们充分发挥自己的水
平。这样，一个人的将来怎能用一次考试来决定呢
?

334

To
get
sense of
a

better look at
how
...,
what

we

must
turn first to
have
have
a
bird's
eye
view
better
understanding
of
full appreciation of

to

of ...
make a close study of


334.1

To
get
a
full
appreciation
of
what
this
means
we
must
turn
first
to
the
principles of economy. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum
production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may
earn as much money as possible. The great cities have been built with no regard for us:
The
shape
and
dimensions
of
the
skyscrapers
depend
entirely
on
the
necessity
of
obtaining
the
maximum
income
per
square
meter
of
ground,
and
of
offering
to
the
tenants
offices
and
apartments
that
please
them.
This
caused
the
construction
of
gigantic
buildings
where
too
large
masses
of
human
beings
are
crowded
together.
While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling , they don't realize
that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

为了充分理解这意味着什么，我们应首 先看一下经济原则。现代工业是以用
最低的成本来获取最大产量这一原则为基础的。
这样某一个 人或某一集团就可赚
取尽可能多的钱。
大城市就是在丝毫不考虑我们的情况下兴建起来的。高楼的形
状和大小是完全根据从每一平方米的土地上获取最大利润以及向用户提供称心
的写 字楼和公寓套房的需要设计的。于是幢幢高楼便拔地而起，里面人满为患，
拥挤不堪。
当人们居 住在舒适和庸俗奢华的房子里时，
却不知他们被剥夺了生活
所必需的东西。




334.2
To
get
a
better
understanding
of
how
advertisers
persuade
us
to
buy
their
products, we'd better have a bird's eye view of human nature. Advertisers discovered
years
ago that all of us
love to
get
something
for nothing. An advertisement which
begins
with
the
magic
word
FREE
can
rarely
go
wrong.
Advertisers
not
only
offer
free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. Radio
and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions
of people in this way.


为了更好地了 解登广告的人是如何向我们宣传买他们的产品的，我们最好全
面分析一下人的本性。
登广告的人 在多年前就已发现我们所有的人都喜欢白拿东
西。
因此用免费这个迷人字眼作为广告开头的很少 会失败。
登广告的人不但免费
提供样品，
还提供免费汽车、
住房和环球旅行。
电台和电视台使得登广告的人有
可能用这种方法来吸引千百万人的注意。


consider ...
illustrate
me
ask why ...
335

To

prove
this point, let

us

look first at ...
show

develop my argument ...


335.1
To prove this point, let us look first at the national consciousness of college
degree.
It
is
the
traditional
myth
that
college
degree
is
a
passport
to
a
prosperous
future. A large segment
of our society equals
success
in life with
a college degree.
Parents begin indoctrinating their children with this myth before they are out of grade
school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were
a preparation for college rather than for life. The result of this emphasis on a college
education
is
evident:
The
pressure
is
felt
increasingly
heavy
and
the
competition
becoming increasingly fierce.

为了说明 这一点，让我们首先看看人们对大学文凭是怎么想的。有一种传统
的说法，
大学文凭就是通向光 明的将来的护照。
社会上许多人把大学文凭和事业
成功等同起来。
家长还未等孩子读完 小学就开始向他们灌输这一思想，
而高中老
师竭尽全力为孩子辅导，
好像高中教育就是 为了读大学作准备，
而不是为将来生
活打下知识基础的。
这种一味强调大学教育的结果 是很明显的：
学生感到的压力
越来越重，竞争也越来越激烈。



335.2
To illustrate how academic pressures can contribute to teenage suicide, let us
consider the competition, the preparation, and the anxiety different kinds of tests and
exams involve. As only three percent of the college population can get into university,
competition
starts
early
and
fiercely.
To
pass
the
national
college
entrance
exams,
which spread over three days, an average child has to spend more than six hours a day
studying texts of earlier exams, in addition to his regular homework.

为了说明学习上的压力是如何造成青少年自杀的，让我们看看为 应付各种测
验考试，学生之间的竞争，以及他们的准备和心理负担。由于只有
3
％的高 中毕
业生可以进入大学，
所以竞争早就开始了，
且特别激烈。
为了通过全国大 学入学
统一考试（这个考试要进行三天），一般的学生除了完成课上作业外，每天放学
后还要平 均化上六个多小时复习过去历届的试卷。


study
336

A(n)

comparison
of..., perhaps, will make this point clear.

example


336.1
A study of the influence of a teacher on children will make my point clearer.
The teacher, when teaching a subject
or discussing with
his
students,
will
IE doubt
bring into the classroom all his own habits of mind, attitudes, beliefs, values, ways of
doing things and seeing the world which he has inherited from the society in which he
was bought up. These factors will influence the children and shape their beliefs and
attitudes.

研究一下老师对孩子的影响就会使我的观点更清楚。 一个教师在他上课时或
与学生展开讨论时，
势必会把在他长大的社会中形成和接受的思维方式、
观点态
度、
价值观念和处事方法带进教室。
这些因素会影响孩子，
形 成他们的信仰和态
度。



336.2
A
common
example
of
our
daily
lives
will
make
the
point
clear.
In
one's
lifetime, he may in avoid moving from one place to another, or quitting one job and
applying
for
new
one,
or
getting
divorced
and
remarried
again.
Just
think
the
tremendous
amount
of
stress
and
pressure
these
changes
in
residence,
jobs
and
life
partners place on people as they try to adjust themselves to new people and places.

我们生活中的一个通常的例子就可说明这一点。在一个人的一生中，他不可
能 避免要迁居流动，
调换工作，
或离婚和重新结婚。
想一下吧，
这种居住的搬迁 ，
工作的调换和生活伴侣的调换给人们带来的巨大的压力和紧张，
他们不得不尽力
去使 自己适应新的地方，新的工作和新的人。


II
．深入阐述



上面一段已从一个方面对某一观点进行了阐述，当要继续深入阐述时，可用
本节句型。


But that's only part of
story
Perhaps
337

the

explanation

most

the
significant
about
remarkable
is ...

surprising

...

337.1
But that's only part of the explanation for our sleep-deficit crisis. Perhaps the
most merciless robber of sleep is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from
work, study, family mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on
his program . In our society, you're considered diligent and dynamic if you say you
only need 5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get more than 8 hours, people think you are
lazy, and lack drive and ambition.

这只是我们睡眠普遍不足的部分原因。使 我们睡眠不足的主要原因可能是生
活的复杂性。只要工作、学习、家庭一遇到压力，睡觉的时间就是最不 值钱的，
可以随时牺牲的。
在我们的社会里，
如果你说你只需睡五个小时，
人 们就认为你
非常勤奋，精力充沛。而如果你要睡八个小时以上，你就会被认为懒散，缺乏进
取心 和抱负。




337.2
But
that's
only
part
of
the
story.
The
most
remarkable
thing
about
daydreaming may be its usefulness in shaping our future lives as we want them to be.
Industrialist
Henry
J.
Kaiser
believed
that
much
of
his
success
was
due
to
the
appositive use of daydreaming. He maintained that

这只是白日做梦的部分好处。最引人注目的是它有助于按我们自己的意愿来
创造未来的生活。
工业家亨利认为他的成功相当程度上应归功于积极地利用白日
做梦。 他认为：
“
你可以想象出自己的未来。
”

role
equally
aspect
is....
Equally
important
/essential
function
is....

consideration

338

Another
important


338.1
Another
important
aspect
in
the
conflict
of
television
and
children
is
the
personal
and
emotional
isolation
fostered
by
TV.
How
does
this
affect
individual
growth and development? It must be remembered that when a child accepts the box as
a
form
of
leisure
activity
or
comfort,
he
turns
away
from
people
and
all
the
direct
experience
they
provide.
His
learning
becomes
vicarious
rather
than
first-hand,
he
substitutes something inanimate for live, direct interaction.

电视对孩子的影响的另一重要方面是电视 造成孩子减少与人的接触和感情的
交流。
这是怎样影响他们的健康成长的呢？必须记住，
当一个孩子把电视看成是
消遣娱乐，
得到快乐舒适的工具，
他就会不愿接触人、从而得不到与人接触时可
获得的直接经验。他的学习就不是第一手的，而是间接的，活生生、直接的 接触
被无生命的东西代替了。




338.2
Another equally important function of advertising is to inform. A great deal
of
the
knowledge
we
have
about
household
goods
derives
largely
from
the
advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of
the
existence
of
ones
we
already
known
about.
Suppose
you
wanted
to
buy
a
washing-machine,
it
is
more
than
likely
you
could
obtain
details
regarding
performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.

广告另一同样重要的 作用是提供信息。我们获得有关家用商品的大量信息很
大程度上就是来源于我们所读的广告。
广 告向我们介绍了新产品，
同时也提醒我
们已知道的商品。
假如你想买一台洗衣机，你很可能从广告上得到其性能、
价格
等方面的具体信息。


connected with
339

Closely

related to
this (factor) is....

associated with
paralleling


339.1
Closely
related
In
this
factor
is
another
feature
characteristic
of
contemporary
culture.
Our
wide
culture
is
based
on
the
appetite
for
buying,
on
the
idea of a mutually favorable exchange. Modern man's happiness consists in the thrill
of looking at the shop windows, and in buying all that he can afford to buy, either for
cash or on installments.

与这个因素密切相关的是另一个当代文化的特点。我们整个文化是建立在购
买的欲望之上的；< br>建立在互换互惠的观念之上的。
现代人的快乐在于那看看橱窗
里的商品所给他带来的刺激 和用现金或分期付款方式买他能够所买的东西。




339.2
Associated
with
this
is
the
growth
of
academic
journals
and
periodicals,
which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of
research and in different areas of studies, and help them keep in touch with the latest
development.

和这个有联系的是出现了大量学术刊物。这就使得学者们能及时了解不同研
究中心和不同研究领 域的情况，帮助他们掌握最新的研究动态。


be supported by ...
340

... may further

demonstrate ...
contribute to ...


340.1
The rate at which new and sometimes contradictory information comes at us
further contributes to our feelings of instability and transience. It's estimated that 90
percent of all scientists who ever lived are alive today. New scientific discoveries are
being made every day of the week, and unlike in other ages, new ideas are quickly
applied in practical ways. The influence of new technology on our lives is felt almost
immediately.

新的，有时甚至是互 相矛盾的知识层出不穷地涌现出来，其速度之快进一步
加深了我们的不安定感和短暂感。据估计，那些作 出重大发现的科学家有
90
％
还活着。一周每天都有新的科学发明产生，而且，与以往 的时代不同，新的理论
马上被运用到实践中去。人们马上就能感觉得到新技术对我们生活的影响。




340.2
The
trend
toward
early
academic
achievement
is
further
supported
by
the
publicity of newspapers and radios, which highlight the success of the children who
entered colleges and universities at the mere age of eleven or twelve.