汉堡包英文怎么说2012年11月24日托福阅读真题解析

2021年1月19日发(作者：掩埋)


最权威的国际教育服务平台



2012
年
11
月
24
日托福阅读真题解析



TOPIC
灰草原猴发声
(Vervet Monkeys Vocalization)



版本一：猴子的
vocaliz ation
。三种方式，分别是：
1
、针对
?(
忘了是什么动物)
，当听
到这种
alarm call
的时候，猴子会爬到树上去
;2
、针对
eagle
，当听到这种
alarm call
的时< br>候，猴子会先向上看天空，然后会躲到丛林里，因为
eagle
能够从树上抓到猴子，所 以猴子
是不会爬到树上来避险的
;3
、针对蛇，这种情况下，猴子们群起而攻击蛇。然 后讲科学家们
对猴子的
vocalization
的研究观察，有说即使没看到
predator
，猴子们听到
alarm call
也会
做出相应的反应 的。最后讲年轻的小猴子们是怎么学会
vocalization
的，老猴子们不会特意
去训练小猴子们。
一开始，
小猴子不会识别友善的还是敌对的动物，
比如它们可能误 以为鹰
是友善的小鸟什么的，
但是当它们发出
alarm
时，
老猴子 们一般会再巡视下周围，
确定是什
么
predator
，然后老猴子会发出正 确的
alarm
，这样，小猴子们也就慢慢学会了正确的
vocalization< br>了。



版本二：
讲
velvert(
应该是这么拼吧
) monkey，
怎么用
vocalization
传递捕食者的信息，
然后对应不同的 应对措施，
(1
。地上的什么动物
(
忘了啊。。
)
，然后它 们就躲到树上面
2
。
天上飞的老鹰，这个就不会像碰到第一种
predato r
那样躲到树顶，
3
。草地里的蛇，说如果
召唤到足够的帮手就
at tack
蛇。
)
后面还讲那些
young monkey
使用这种
vobal
不专业和它
们怎么学习这种技巧。



版本三：
bio
一种猴子
Vervet monkey
在遇到各种捕猎者时候的向同伴发出的求救信号
-
大猫
-
老鹰
-
蛇还有小猴子学习大猴子模仿
;
某种猴子会发出三种声音
,
一种 是对付大猫
,
一种
是蛇
,
一种是鹰
,
然后说了baby monkey
是怎么学会用这种
voice alarm
的。



这篇文章的主要部分与
2002
年
5
月
SAT
阅读真题内容基本一致，真题原文请见下。



Vervet Monkey Vocalizations[1]




TOPIC
古埃及战后的社会变化和外来文化的影响



版本一：
埃及在经历独立解放战争和领土扩张战争后，
社会的一些变化。< br>一是关于艺术
和宗教的变化，
外来的
god
和本地的
god< br>不同
(
有说
god
的问题比较好解决，
因为都是关于
natureforce;
还有说本地的
god
影响会变小
);
二是关于权利拥有者的变化
(temple
宗教势 力
获得了大量的战争
reward
从而财富增加，
另外士兵军事势力的增大< br>)
，
三是具有争议的，
king
是代表
god
独立行 使权利
(central)
，还是
king
需要教士、宗教势力的辅助来管理 国家
?

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版本二：
Egypt
被外来文化的影响，
什么
templ e
，
milirary
，
它们的
god
的地位的变化，，
，
云云。没怎么理解。



版本三：历史类，Egypt
的战争扩展领土后对社会的影响
;
埃及的文化以及国王
;埃及自
从别的国家扩张以来
,
各种文化艺术
power
都被影响 。




Ancient Egypt[3]


New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, and Late Period


The first king of the 18th Dynasty, Ahmose I, completed the expulsion of the Hyksos from
Egypt, which his brother Kamose had begun. Once again, the south united a fractured land,
giving rise to the New Kingdom (about 1550-
1070 bc). During Ahmose’s reign, which lasted
from about 1550 to 1525 bc, the central government was reestablished, the economy
improved, and Egypt’s borders were extended to the south and east. H
is reign set the stage for
the continuing expansionist activities of the kings who followed. During the 18th Dynasty,
Egyptians began using the term pharaoh (literally “great house,” a reference to the palace) to
refer to their king. At its zenith, Egypt under the 18th Dynasty controlled an area that extended
south into what is now Sudan and east into the Middle East. Much of this imperial expansion is
credited to Thutmose III, the dynasty’s fifth king, who extended Egyptian control farther than
had any other ruler. Thutmose III began his reign as a coregent in 1479 bc but ruled alone after
the death of Hatshepsut, his stepmother, who ruled from 1473 to 1458 bc. As a daughter of a
pharaoh (Thutmose I) and the wife of one (Thutmose II), Hatshepsut took full control of the
throne as the ruling pharaoh during her reign. The relationship between her and Thutmose III
apparently was one of mutual coexistence. However, late in his reign as sole king, Thutmose
III began removing Hatshepsut’s name and images from all
painted or carved surfaces, thus
expunging her memory for posterity.


Amenhotep III, the ninth king of the 18th Dynasty, had a long and fairly peaceful reign of
almost 40 years (1391-1353 bc). It was marked by unprecedented wealth, cultural creativity,
internal strength, and prominence in the ancient world. The king built a magnificent pleasure
palace at Thebes, constructed and decorated huge temples throughout the land, and
encouraged a flowering of the arts. The influence and power of the priesthood of Amun also
increased in Egypt at this time, but the stature of the ruler remained supreme. In fact,
Amenhotep III emphasized his own divinity with a focus on divine birth, as seen in reliefs on
the walls of Luxor Temple (portions of which he built) at Thebes and in statues bearing his
divine name.


Amenhotep IV, the son and successor of Amenhotep III, reigned for less than 20 years
(1353-1335 bc). However, his reign represented a focal point in history. He introduced the
concept of a single supreme deity, Aton (Aten), the disk of the sun, radically changing the
belief systems that had been in place in Egypt for more than 1,000 years. The somewhat
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monotheistic religion that he developed was the first yet known. In addition, there are
indications that the new religion focused even more on the divinity of the king than ever before.
Along with the religious changes came modifications in other areas, such as art, language, and
architecture. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton (“The one who is beneficial to
A
ton”). He abandoned Thebes and built a new capital at Akhetaton, between Thebes and
Memphis. The new capital had innovative plans and structures. For example, temples had no
roofs, to let the sunlight in. The art used to decorate its walls displayed a more natural style,
and texts composed there used a unique hybrid grammar. Akhenaton's revolution, sometimes
known as the Amarna period (after the site of modern excavations of Akhetaton), was
short-lived, however, and his successors quickly restored the traditional beliefs. Tutankhamun,
who some scholars think may have been the king’s son by a minor wife, married the princess
Ankhesenamun and succeeded to the throne. He is known to history not so much for
reestablishing order after this chaotic period as for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, filled
with magnificent treasures.


The last pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Horemheb, was a general under his predecessors.
He reigned from 1319 to 1307 bc and set the precedent for the military pharaohs who ruled
during the 19th Dynasty, which lasted from 1307 to 1196 bc. The ability to command troops
became critical for Egypt’s survival, since rival powers in Asia and elsewhere created
difficulties in the coming years. Ramses II, the third king of the 19th Dynasty, ruled for about 67
years, from 1290 to 1224 bc. He battled the Hittites from Asia Minor. The conflict, which at best
was a draw, resulted in the first recorded peace treaty. Ramses III, of the 20th Dynasty, was
the last of the military pharaohs. He ruled from 1194 to 1163 bc. He had to contend with
incursions by both the Libyans from the west and invaders from the Aegean region, known as
the Sea Peoples. The remaining kings of the 20th Dynasty were less able to maintain Egypt’s
place in the ancient world. During their reigns, as well as those of the kings of the 21st Dynasty,
Egypt’s position was eclipsed.



During this period of decline, internal problems arose in the form of a struggle for power
between the pharaoh and the priesthood. By the beginning of the 21st Dynasty in 1070 bc,
Egypt was in another period of transition, the Third Intermediate Period, which lasted until 712
bc. Rival centers were established. Smendes, the first king of the 21st Dynasty, ruled only in
the north near Memphis, while a line of high priests at Thebes controlled the south. The 22nd
Dynasty (945-712 bc), centered at Bubastis in the western delta, clearly reflected an earlier
Libyan presence in Egypt. Its first king, Sheshonk I, who ruled from 945 to 924 bc, even bore
the title of Great Chief of the Meshwesh Libyans. Sheshonk I and his successors were able to
reunite the country internally, but rival factions arose again with the 23rd Dynasty (828-725 bc).
At the same time, the kingdom of Kush in Nubia had been gaining strength, wealth, and power.
Soon it controlled much of Egypt, and the Kushites established the 25th Dynasty (770-657 bc).
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