privacy是什么意思语言学复习要点

2021年1月19日发(作者：residents)
1. Linguistics
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics,
phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.

2. design features
They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and
unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are
displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.

3. Displacement
Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real
or imagined, or in far-away places.

4. Duality
It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is
known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.
?5. Arbitrariness
It is generally the case that there is no ?natural? connection between a linguistic
form and its meaning. ? 6. Manner of articulation
It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are
articulated.

7. Place of articulation
It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.
8. articulator phonetics
The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And
the study of how speech sounds are made, or ?articulated? is articulatory phonetics.

9. Phonology
The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.

10. Assimilation
It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one
phoneme is taken or ?copied? by the other. For example, the word ?can? in the
sentence ?I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of
the following sound [g].

11. Back-formation
A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example,
the word ?donation? first came into use and then the verb ?donate? was created from it.
12. Morpheme
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word
tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.

13. Immediate Constituent
It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to
show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.

14. Syntax
The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.

ics
The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.

16. Hyponymy
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the
relationship is described as hyponymy.

17. Homonymy
It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing
different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial
institution as well.

my
It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings,
which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.
19. Pragmatics
The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.

20. Synchronic
It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences
within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
第一章

语言的起源

概念辨析

? The “bow
-
wow” theory

? The ‘’y
o-heave-
ho” theory

思考


“bow
-
wow”
理论和
“
哟哦呵
”
理 论的差异何在？

The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the
natural sounds which e
arly men and women heard around them while‘yo
-he-ho? theory
means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort
自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？

On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds
produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed
the capacity for speech. On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been
explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names? for entities.

第三章

语言的属性

概念辨析

language

Design features of language

Displacement

Arbitrariness

Duality
应用


能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。

能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统

思考

人类语言有哪些功能？

First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from
one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,
Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to
communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness,
cooperation or annoyance and pleasure. Third, it plays an important role in thinking.
Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their
thoughts aloud.
动物交流系统里存在
“
说谎
”
吗？

It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will
pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore, it is common phenomenon in animal for
survive or foods.
第五章

语音学

概念辨析


Articulatory /acoustic/auditory phonetics

manners of articulation vs. places of articulation

owels
Whether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.

phonetics vs. Phonology
Production and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and
abstract or mental aspect of it.

Whether they have allophones
理解


Speech organs

The classification and description of consonants
The classification and description of vowels
应用能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称

Vocal cords
声带

alveolar
齿龈

palate
上颚

velum
软腭


能够根据发音部位
/
方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。

发音部位

bilabial [p][b][m][w]
labiodental [f][v] dental[θ
][e] alveolar[t][d][s][z]
alveo- palatal[?][?][t?][d?][j] velar[k][g][?] glottal[h]
发音方式
Fricative [f][v][θ][e][s][z][?][?]
affricate[t?][d?]
能够描述元音

前元音
/i/ /i:/ /e/ /?/
中元音
/?/ /?/ /?:/
后元音
/u/ /u:/ /?/ /?:/ /a:/
思考


长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？

the length and tenseness in articulation.
基本元音系统在元音描述和分类中有什么用处？

With the cardinal vowel as reference, the vowel in a particular language can be
accurately described without much difficulty.
第六章

音系学

概念辨析

Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phones, Phonemes and allophones
The minimal unit in the sound system of a language is phoneme. Many different
versions of that sound-type produced in actual speech are phones. And these phones are
allophones.(from abstract to specific and the whole of the specific.)

Phonemic contrast vs. Complementary distribution
Phoneme vs allophone(like [p=] and [p])

Syllables
Must contain a vowel sound.

assimilation
理解

The relation among phones, phonemes and allophones
The different types of assimilation
Regressive, progressive and double assimilation

The different types of deletion(elision)
应用


能够分析语音学和音系学的区别


能够根据根据音位对立概念来组建和设计最小对子和最小对子组

能够根据互补分布概念来理解同一音位在不同语音环境下的发音效果


能够清楚地分析音节结构


能够根据同化现象来解释语流中的音变现象

思考

如何确定语言中的音位？

we can distinguish a phoneme in terms of meaning because each phoneme can
produce different meaning in a language, such as, [s]sound in the word ?sing? and
[θ]sound in the word ?thing?. Since the two wor
ds have different meaning, the two sound
are different phonemes.
?
开音节和闭音节有何不同？

第七章

构词法

概念辨析


Blending vs. Clipping
The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term such as ?smog?
which is from smoke and fog.
The element of reduction is called clipping such as gas which is used more
frequently than gasoline. ? Derivation vs. Back-formation
It is the most common word- formation process in the production of new words by
means of affixes. ? Prefix vs. Suffix