branch是什么意思微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释

2021年1月19日发(作者：dollars是什么意思)

微观经济名词解释

CHAPTER 1
Scarcity
：
the limited nature of society’s resources.

Economics
：
the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Efficiency
：
the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.
Equity
：
the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.
Opportunity cost
：
whatever must be given up to obtain some item.
Rational people
：
people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives.
Marginal changes
：
small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.
Incentive
：
something that induces a person to act.
Market
economy
：
an
economy
that
allocates
resources
through
the
decentralized
decisions
of
many
firms
and
households as they interact in markets for goods and services.
Property rights
：
the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.
Market failure
：
a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.
Externality
：
the impact of one person’s ac
tions on the well-being of a bystander.
Market power
：
the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on
market prices.
Productivity
：
the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s t
ime.
Inflation
：
an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.
Business cycle
：
fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.
CHAPTER 2
Circular-flow
diagram
：
a
visual
model
of
the
economy
that
shows
how
dollars
flow
through
markets
among
households and firms.
Production possibilities frontier
：
a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly
produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
Microeconomics
：
the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.
Macroeconomics
：
the
study
of
economy-wide
phenomena,
including
inflation,
unemployment,
and
economic
growth.
Positive statements
：
claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.
Normative statements
：
claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.
Chapter 3


Absolute advantage
：
the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

Opportunity cost
：
whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Comparative advantage
：
the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
Exports
：
goods produced domestically
合乎国内的
and sold abroad
Imports
：
goods produced abroad and sold domestically
CHAPTER 4
Market
：
a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service

Competitive
market
：
a
market
in
which
there
are
many
buyers
and
many
sellers
so
that
each
has
a
negligible
impact on the market price
Quantity demanded
：
the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.