laving名词解释27783

2021年1月19日发(作者：thighs)
名词解释

词
=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and
syntactic function.
词根
=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of
the word.
词缀
=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify
meaning or function.
一词多义
=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same
time.
同形异义
=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or
pronunciation)
完全同形异义
=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and
spelling, though different in meaning.
同音异形异义
=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in
spelling and meaning.
同形异音异义
=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in
sound or meaning.
同义关系
=Synonymy is a relationship of
“
sameness of meaning
”

that may hold
between two words.
反义关系
=Antonymy is a relationship of
“
meaning opposition
”

that may hold between
two words.
上下义关系
=Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The
underlying observation is that some words have a more general meaning, while others
have a more specific meaning, while referring to the same entity.
问答题

1. (1)What does onomatopoetic motivation mean?
(2)What does semantic motivation mean?
(3)Dose it contradict the statement that there is no natural connection between sound
and meaning?
Answer:
(1)Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound.
(2)Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors.
(3)Facts have proved this argument to be valid. Words that convey the same meaning
have different phonological forms in different languages
–

(for example, English meat /
mi:t /,Chinese r
ò
u. Alternatively, the same phonological forms may convey different
meanings - for example, sight, site, cite.)
2. How many kinds of meaning are there in English?
Answer: There are 8 kinds of meaning in English, including grammatical meaning,
lexical meaning, denotative meaning, associative meaning, connotative meaning, social
(stylistic) meaning, affective meaning, collocative meaning.
3. (1)What is context? (2)What role dose context play in linguistic communication?
（以下答案摘自网络，回答稍冗长，请适当精简）

Answer:
(1)Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a
given word. And there is linguistic context, refers to the words, clauses, sentences,
paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears. And extra-linguistic context, which
refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears. There also is lexical
context: the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is
affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes.
(2)Context can function as followed: eliminating ambiguity; conveying emotional
overtones; indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word.
5.
(1)What
are
the
major
types
of
synonymy?
(2)(3)Explain
those
types
with
examples.
Answer:
(1)In
general,
English
synonyms
can
be
divided
into
two
types:
complete
synon
yms
and
relative
synonyms.
(2)Absolute
synonyms
are
words
whose
meaning
is
fully
identical
in
any
context

so
that
one
can
always
be
substituted
for
the
other
without
the
slightest
change
i
n
meaning.
For
example:
（例子自己找）

(3)Relative
synonyms
refers
to
which
denote
different
shades
of
meaning
or
diff
erent
degrees
of
a
given
quality.
This
kinds
of
synonyms
are
the
same
in
some
de
gree
such
as
（例子自己找）

6.
(1)What
are
the
major
types
of
antonymy?
(2)(3)(4)(5)Explain
those
types
with
examples.
Answer:
(1)There
are
four
types
of
antonymy,
including
complementaries,
gradable
anton
yms,
relational
opposites
and
semantic
incompatibles
(2)Complementaries
refer
to
pairs
of
words
that
represent
an
either/or
relation.
（例子找书去）

(3)
Antonyms
of
this
type
are
best
viewed
in
terms
of
a
scale
running
between
two
poles
or
extremes.
The
two
opposites
are
gradable.

(4)
The
substitution
of
one
member
for
the
other
does
not
change
the
meaning

of
a
sentence
if
it
is
accompanied
by
the
change
of
subject
and
object.

(5)
The
words
in
a
group
of
semantic
incompatibles
are
in
contrast
to
the
other

members
of
the
group,
showing
a
contrastingness
relationship
between
word
and
word
（例子找书去）

7.
What
are
the
possible
causes
of
language
change?
Answer:
The
possible
causes
of
language
change
are
as
followed:
(1)
Various
social
ca
uses
(including
the
change
of
social
evolution,
social
environment,
social
level,
nati
onal
sentiment,
racial
sentiment,
gender
differences,
social
values
and
gobbledygoo
k).
The evolution of the language (including loanword, analogy and the simplifying of
words)Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 1
Part I Multiple choices.
1. The definition of a word includes ___________.
A. a minimal free form that can function alone B. a unit of meaning
C. a sound unity D. all of the above
2. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and
syntactic function.
A. a minimal free form B. a smallest meaningful unit
C. an element which can not be further analyzed D. a grammatically minimal form
3. The Indo- European language family consist of________.
A. all the languages in Europe and India
B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.
C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East
4. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always ______.
A. logical B. arbitrary C. inherent D. automatic
5. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.
A. A highly inflected language. B. A highly developed language.
C. A very difficult language. D. A language of leveled endings.
6. More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the
position in a word, are termed .
A. phonemes B. allomorphs C. morphs D. phones
7. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are
known as .
A. morphemes B. derivational morphemes
C. inflectional morphemes D. suffixes
8. is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or
derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .
A. derivation, affixation B. affixation, derivation
C. derivative, affixation D. affixation, derivative
9. Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separate
elements, for example, .
A. hot dog B. red meat C. flower pot D. fat head
10. is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so
on while belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
A. meaning, concept B. concept, meaning
C. sense, reference D. reference, sense
11. When readers come across the word
―
home
‖

in reading, they may be reminded
of
their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the
―
home
‖

has
_______.
A. collocations B. connotations
C. denotations D. perorations
12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?
A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nag B. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mare
C. policeman, constable, bobby, cop D. domicile, residence, abode, home
13. Which group of the following are perfect homonyms?
A. dear (a loved person)
—
deer (a kind of animal)
B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)
—
bow(the device used for shooting)
C. bank (the edge of the river)
—
bank (an establishment for money business)
D. right (correct)
—
write (put down on paper with a pen)
14. The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to
explain its meaning is called _______.
A. Linguistic context B. Grammatical context
C. Extra-linguistic context D. Para-linguistic context
15. means through all difficulties and troubles.
A. through high and low B. through thick and thin
C .from head to foot D. from start to finish
Part II True or false questions.
1. A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.
2. Word-formation rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain
extent.
3. Affixes like
―
-th
‖

are very productive in current English.
4. The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.
5. The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.
6. Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.
7.
―
-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence
‖
in
―
linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection,
existence
‖

can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.