眉目的比喻义马克思是怎样学习外语的 How Marx Learned Foreign Languages

2021年1月17日发(作者：闪闪红星歌词)
Lesson one. How Marx Learned Foreign Languages

一 .be born:出生,生于,后面通常由介词接表地点和时间的名词
例:He was born on May21.1958.
be from :出身于…某地人(=come from) 例:He is from Yiyang .
／bore, borne:生育
bear
＼bore, born:出生 to be born = to come into the world by
birth.

She has borne two boys.她生了两个孩子.
A son was born to him.
二.still 还,仍旧,一般用于肯定形式的句子里,但也可用于否定句,同
yet
yet 用在否定句中-- 尚,还;疑问句中—仍,仍然加强比较使用上通常用
于否定句,疑问句中,表示一种期望.
例; is still room.
isn’t yet home.
has left office yet.他已经离开办公室.
still hasn’t left his office.
三. one’s native language = mother tongue
四.some time 名词词组,表示一段时间(come period of time).(at one
time or another任何时候副词词组)
come over some time.随时来玩(副词词组)
It’ll be some time before he finishes reading the
novel.

sometime “总会”表示某人不确定的时间.“曾经”“或”将来总有一
天
I’ll see you again sometime.
= at uncertain time at some indefinite time
some times 几次
sometimes 有时,at times , now and then ,from time to you
I usually go to school on foot, but sometimes (I go) by
bus.
五.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事. 其主动结构为force sb to do
sth.
例.They were forced to work by the boss.---The boss forced them
to work.
在使用force一词时,“强迫”的意味很浓,如果是一般的“要 求”“使”则
用make sb do sth或get sb to do sth更合适.oblige sb to do sth---
feel it necessary to do sth强调“必要性”
六. by and by
before long =in 一般用于过去时或将来时,前面还可加名词或从
句
after a short (period of)time; soon 不久
a little later 不久以后; presently 立刻.马上>
其句型可转换为: it be not long before.
例.I hope to meet you～表将来. It wasn’t long before, he came
back with a basket.
= Before long of
vegetable.
long before = long time ago 一般用于过去时,过去完成时的句子中
例.He had left long before your arrived./He had left long
before you came.
七.find 发觉,发现,发现的对象可以是人也可以是物,最常用的结构
是:find +直接宾语+宾补<分词.形容词.介词词组.以及不定式to
be>
例.We find them in the laboratory last night. 昨晚我们发现
他们在实验室.
find out
phr. 发现,指经过探索和观察而发现,有查出来.搞清楚.弄明白
的意思
例.Maybe somebody took it by mistaken.---But how can I
find out who took it.
也许有人拿错了,但我如何能查出是谁拿了它.
discover
vt .发现,发现的对象是客观存在的东西或者物,以发现的人在未发
现其是不知道的如就的科学真理.领域 等.
例.A phone call to Baoding discovered that Bashi’s parents
had already searched for the “body” in 50 wells.
invent
vt.发明,创造. 发明的对象是以其没有的东西.如科学技术.工具.
手段.方法等.
例.People are inventing new sports or games all the time.
八.get to 到达.phr. 是补语动词,相当于一个及物动词,是口头用语.它< br>的适用范围很广,不管是步行还是乘车<飞机.船等>到达目的地或中
途暂停,都 可以用.
注:如果到达地点是用副词表示的,那么get后面的介词to就不用.
如:Let’s see who gets there first. 看谁先到那儿.
arrive vi.是个不及物动词,正式用语.它通常指使用某种交通工具到
达某地.

／arrive in ----大地方 如果没有表示到达地方的名词,则无
需用in或at.
＼arrive at ----小地方

reach vt.正式用语.它的宾语除了表示地点的名词外,还可以是表示人
或物的名词.
例.The letter had reached me through a third person ,an old
friend of mine.
九.begin vt.＆vi.和start vt.＆vi. 有时可以通用.两个词都表
示“开始”做什么事,或某事情“开始”不过begin是 最常用的词,它们可接
名词,不定式和动名词.
例.Let’s begin our new lesson.
The students usually start working as soon as they got there.
注:①有时begin后面接动名词与接不定式有差异.
His father began drinking two years ago.习惯性
His father poured himself a glass of wine and began to drink.一
次性
②begin后面接不定式,有时表示这不定式的动作是这一动作的结果,相
当于“才”.
After the rectification campaign he began to realize his
mistakes.整风运动后他才意识到错误.
在用法上有以下区别
㈠begin 用于某一时间的开始. The work begins at two in the
afternoon.(不能用start)
start 着重突然开始的动作,常有“开动”“发动”的意思.Wait, you
can’t start thecar.
㈡begin 一般表示从起点开始.All right, says the tortoise, and they
begin to run.
start 一般表示一整件事中断后再开始.Marx had learned some Frenc
and English.
㈢start可表示开办.创办.出发等意思;而begin没有.start a newspaper.
创办报纸
If we start at six, we’ll be there in time.
如果指长期或习惯性的动作,就接动名词.

十.SO
①so+ adj. It is so fine.
②so+ adj.+ a(n)+单数可数名词.<必须带不定冠词必须是单数名
词>
③so+ + n <必须是这几个同时后面才接名词>
例.I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
So much water.
It was so long a story that he almost fell asleep.
Such
①后接单数可数名词,后面要加不定冠词,即such + a(n) + n .
②such + (adj.) + 复数n. such (beautiful) places.
③such + (adj.) + 不可数名词 such water, such hot water .
④与one, no, many, some, several, all, only一起修饰名词时,such
应放在它们之后.
many such things.
It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home.
十一. in fact:事实上,更确切的讲.
I was obliged to leave early to catch my train.
The enemy was forced to .<撤退>
The enemy was made to fall back.
十二. praise :(speak highly of) 称赞.表扬. He was praised
because he worked well.
praise … for:因…而表扬,for表原因.
十三.
go on to do sth: next do sth, after finish doing sth 指某事已经
做完,接着做另一件事.
go on doing sth: continue doing sth 指同一件事尚未做完,而继续做
下去.
go on with sth: 指一个动作一度中止,后又继续做,后不能接doing
sth.
go on : 继续某种行为,on副词,表示继续下去的意思 (有时=last 有时
=happen)
After she had read lesson one, she went on to read lesson
two.
Go on, please!
Go on reading the book.
Let’s go on with the matter in hand .(让我们继续办手里的事)
he sure about = he sure of
He is sure to live to ninety .他一定可以活到九十岁.
He is sure of living to ninety . 他们肯定生活到九十岁.
十四.keep (on) doing: continue or go on <继续进行
> “on”可以省略,不接动词不定式.
keep (on)+ 表示动作的现在分词,如:working, walking, talking,
writing, smiling, losing.
不可接表静态的动词的现在分词,如:standing, sitting, lying,
sleeping等
它特别强调动作的固执性,反复性,顽强性.
例:The boy kept (on) talking though the teacher had asked him to
stop.
如果表连续的动作或状态,只用keep doing,不用keep ob doing.
如动作有间断,两者可互换动名词; keep doing现在分词>
十五.be sure 确信,有把握.
be sure that<从句>--变简单句be sure of sth (doing sth
)确信,有把握干…
例:I’m sure that we will win the game this time.
----I’m sure of our winning the game this time.
I’m sure that he will succeed.
----I’m sure of his success.
类似的 “be+ adj.+介词+宾语”的结构还有:
be mound of… 以…自豪,因…感到满意 be tired of …厌烦 be
worthy of…值得
be fond of …喜欢,喜爱 be short of…缺乏
be sure to do sth.一定,务必干某事(will certainly do sth, surely
do sth.)
I think he is sure to come here on time. be sure
where/what 从句
be sure about +(名,代,动名词),表自信,有把握,主语必须是人.
十六.greatly.
相当于much or very much 它用以表修饰过去分词. I was
～ moved.
much, very much修饰动词;very 修饰adj. adv.
十七.encourage :give hope or courage to sb.
这个字的结构属于:前缀en + n.—动词 又如: en + joy ---
enjoy
十八.follow
time
①接着,随着(指时间,顺序)---come next in order
Monday follows Sunday.
In the years that followed 在随后的几年里
in the days to come---in the coming days 即将到来的日子
②跟随,意同于come after
十九.master:
①n. 主人,师傅
②v. 精通,掌握
become expect in, have a command of .
move on : move to another place .
go further : 继续迁移,继续前进
grasp : understand with the mind 领会,掌握,了解<对知识等>
二十.enough (= as much as is necessary )
①作为adj. 修饰n. 可放在n.之前或之后
---We haven’t enough food for everybody.
---Have you got money enough to buy the dictionary.
②.作为adv.修饰adj. adv.时,应放在他们后面
---He is strong enough to carry two bags of rice on his back.
enough to do sth. 不定式表示肯定意义
The street is not wide enough for heavy trucks to pass through.
The bed wasn’t big enough for him to sleep on.
No bed was big enough for him to sleep on.
二十一.After
①after + 一段时间:通常用于一般过去时,指过去的某一段时间以后.
He came back after two days.
②after +时间一定点:通常用于一般将来时,在…以后
in +一段时间:通常用于一般将来时,在…以后
He will come back after two o’clock. He will come back
in two hours.
in +一段时间,在…一段时期之间 in the 1870’s
in one’s fifties (基数词的复数形式)---over ____fifty ,more
than fifty
---between 50 and 60 above
in one’s teen .在十几岁的…
二十二.动词+ it + adj.(宾补)+ 真宾
n.
动词主要是:find, make, think, feel, consider等
例: make it a rule to do sth.
I think it is important to learn English well.
I think to learn English well is important.
I think it important to learn English well.
如果不定式作宾语,且带有自己的补语时,必须用it充当形式宾语.
I found it hard to work with him.
He said that it wasn’t right for you to do so.
a book on radio 一本关于无线电的书
a book about radio 一本涉及无线电的书
二十三.advice 不可数名词, 忠告.建议.
a bit of advice. 一条意见<建议> much advice 许多意见
give… advice 提出劝告,提出意见
follow advice 接受意见,听从劝告
ask for advice 征求意见
advise : v. 劝告,建议,接不定式作宾语补足语
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人干某事 = suggest one’s doing sth
He suggested my helping his young brother with his English
= advised me to help…
二十四.must
①表示 “应该”,变否定句用 “mustn’t”意为 “不应该,不许可”.
You must take the book out of the room.
②表示 “必须”,变否定句为 “needn’t”意思是 “不必”=don’t
have to, don’t need to
You must come here for yourself.-----You needn’t come…
③表示 “推测”,变否定句为 “can’t be ”不可能
He must be in the classroom.-----He can’t be in the classroom.
It must have rained last night.---It couldn’t have…
④must be doing sth. “一定正在” “务必正在”