togo英语口语素材 雅思托福必备

2021年1月15日发(作者：柴贞)

展开话题的几种方式
1.枚举法
枚举法也叫列举法,用这种方法扩展话 题,首先提出论点,然后列举一系列论据或
原因对主题进行论证或阐述。
表示枚举的常见过渡性连接词语有:first, second, third; in the first place, in the
second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for
another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next;
beyond that; initially; eventually, finally, last but not least等。用枚举法来扩展话题,可
以迅速理清思路,同时使论述的内容层次分明,脉络清楚。
2.描述法
描述法是话题扩展的一种常用手段,语段描述一般都是描述人、地方或物品的某个特点,并且语段的主题句往往表达说话人的总体印象。
举例法
举例法亦称例证法, 它与枚举法有很多相似之处,唯一不同的是,用例证法展开话
题时,主题句中提出论点,然后通过实际事 例予以论证或阐述,而不是仅罗列一些原因
或利弊。值得注意的是,要求所选的事例能很好地支持主题句 中的论点。
表示举例的常见过渡性连接词语有:for example, for instance, as an example, as an
illustration, such as, such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say,
next, namely, that is, like, take …as an example等。举例法是通过具体的实例来阐述
论点,使该法来支持或反对某一观点。
3.比较对照法
比较对照法是阐述话题主旨的常用方法之一。比较对照法由比较和对照两部分
组成,但两者往往一起使用,以阐述两者或更多事物间的异同。比较描述的是所比对


象的相同和相似点,而对照则强调所描述对象的不同点,甚至相反之处。比较对照的
结构有多种 ,可以先集中描述甲A、甲B、甲C……;乙A、乙B、乙C……;也可以
是甲乙方同时逐点描述:甲A 、乙A;甲B、乙B……
常用的表示比较的过渡性连接词语有:similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a
similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally important,
both…and…, the same as等。常用的表示对照的过渡性连接词语有:on the one hand,
on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast,
conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, although, even though, whereas,
while, it is true…but…, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, different
from, contrary to, differ from, though等。
4.因果法
因果法经常用以阐述原因,回答为什么这类问题,分析事物发展的前因后果。因< br>果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性,通常因果模式有一因一果,一因多果、一
果多因和因果 链等,而以因果方式扩展话题时通常采用先因后果或先果后因的一因
多果或一果多因模式,其中的多因或 多果又常以枚举方式列举。
常用的表示因果关系的过渡性连接词语有:(因because, as, since, for, owing to,
because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the first reason, result from; (果thus,
so, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a
result, as a consequence, it follows that …, result in, contribute to等。
描述人物外貌的有关词汇
average looking/ plain looking长相平平;good looking长得好看;scar伤
疤;wrinkles皱纹;Bright/ sparkling/twinkling/ shining eyes 闪闪发光的双眼;High –
bridged nose 高鼻梁;bald(adj.秃顶的;crew cut平头;wavy hair波浪发;curly hair卷
发;Figure/ build身材;medium build 中等身材;overweight 超重;plump丰满;muscular
肌肉的,强壮的; slender/slim 苗条


描述人物品质的有关词汇
Honest;hardworking/ diligent;h umorous;optimistic;out-
going/sociable;generous ;reliable;patient; Intelligent 聪明的;Versatile 多才多艺
的;Knowledgeable 多识的;Modest 谦虚的;Frank 坦率的;Courteous 有礼貌的
几类基本人物及其代表特征
Colleague :be efficient in work;be ready to help others;serious attitude
Leader:be good at management;good at making decisions;modest
Friend:honesty;reliable
City Life
common crimes:
Theft 偷窃;robbery 抢劫;hijack 劫持;sexual-hassment 性骚扰;credit-card fraud 信
用卡诈骗;blackmail 敲诈;arson 纵火;bribery 行贿;child abuse 虐童;rape 强奸;domestic
violence 家暴;drunk driving gamble hit-and-run;prison break;mass murderer;juvenile
delinquency
Punishment:
capital punishment/ death penalty 死刑;life imprisonment 终生监禁;limited term of
imprisonment 有期徒刑;detain 拘留;fine 罚款
与食品有关的词汇
cabbage 包心菜;pumpkin 南瓜;cucumber 黄瓜;needle mushroom 金针菇;eggplant
茄子;lotus root 莲藕; peanut oil 花生油soy sauce 酱油;ginger 生姜;onion 洋葱;salt
盐;sugar 糖;sweet 甜;sour 酸;bitter 苦; lard 猪油;Squid 乌贼;Carp 鲤鱼;Prawn 虾;Crab
螃蟹;Shrimps 小虾米;Lobster 龙虾;Beverage饮料;mineral water 矿泉水;beer 啤


酒;white wine 白葡萄酒;red wine 红葡萄酒;cocktail 鸡尾酒;liqueur 白酒,烧酒;fry 煎;
toast 烤(面包;deep-fry炸;steam蒸;stir-fry 炒;smoke 熏;boil 煮;stew / braise 炖;bake
烤;roast 烤(肉; pepper- and-salt 椒盐;beef 牛肉;steak牛排;pork猪肉;mutton 羊肉;sea
cucumber 海参;jellyfish 海蜇;porridge 粥;fried dumplings 锅贴;wonton 馄饨;instant
noodles 方便面;steamed twisted rolls 花卷;soybean milk 豆浆; fried dumplings 锅
贴;wonton 馄饨;instant noodles 方便面;steamed twisted rolls 花卷;soybean milk 豆
浆;sausage 香肠;toast 吐司;ham 火腿;dessert 甜品;milk shake 奶昔;junk food 垃圾食
品;malnutrition 营养不良;fast food 快餐;buffet 自助餐;snack 小吃;tasty 美味的;canteen
餐厅;delicious 美味的
菜肴生熟程度
Raw 全生;Rare 一成熟;Medium Rare 三成熟;Medium 五成熟;Medium well 七成
熟;Well-down 全熟
Dumplings Traditional Chinese food Delicacy
Northern china Chinese new year Shape
Symbolize
Wealth
Reunion
Teamwork Hot pot
Traditional Chinese food
Delicacy
Winter
Northern china


Instant-boiled mutton
Soup
Seafood
Atmosphere
Bean paste
Mooncake
Traditional Chinese food
Delicacy
Longevity
Harmony
Chang’e and rabbit
Sweet bean paste
Date paste
New trend (ice-cream
mooncake
Low- sugar, fat-free
Disease
Mid-Autumn Day
the lunar calendar