毒害英语语言学各章节题目

2021年1月12日发(作者：巢庆临)

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________
A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary
A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang
3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the
barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are
free to talk about anything in any situation
A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness
4. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the
rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole
5. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics
C. Comparative linguistics D. Applied linguistics

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
6. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.
7. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any
language system can be genetically transmitted.
8. Only human beings are able to communicate.
9. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th
century, was a French linguist.
10. The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear’s
play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.
11. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

III. Fill in the blanks.
12. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.
13. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what
language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
14. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.
15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.
16. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all members of a speech community.
17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.


Explain the following terms:
syntax
anthropological linguistics
Explain Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language.


Sounds
1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice
2. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds
A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
3. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation
A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
4. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels
A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
5. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating
A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
6. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than
the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
7. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.
8. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
9. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs.
short or tense vs. lax.
10. In English, all the back vowels are rounded.
11. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.


III. Fill in the blanks.
12. According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either __________ or
__________, while all vowel sounds are __________.
13. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.
14. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two
phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.
15. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel
position to another through intervening positions.
takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements
have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.

17. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give
an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.
(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop
(2) low front vowel
(3) lateral liquid
(4) velar nasal
(5) voiced interdental fricative



1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. content words B. grammatical words
C. function words D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________
morpheme.
A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational
3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems
5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D.
back-formation
6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing
words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D.
addition
7. The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. compounding D.
blending
8. The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.
A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D.
acronymy

II. Fill in the blanks.
9. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________
class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to
__________ class.
10. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of
shortening.
11. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its
inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of
words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
12. A word formed by derivation is called a __________ , and a word formed by
compounding is called a __________ .
13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and
__________ .

Explain the following term, using examples.
Allomorph

Inflection

Bound root

1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite
3. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical
knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D.
ungrammatical
4. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that
introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator
5. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above.
6. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to
the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and
comprehend.
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating
the other.
14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of
grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized
and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary
phrase.
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually
follows the verb.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and
a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually
precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and
which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is
incorporated into the other.
Explain the term




Explain the three types of syntactic relations




Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”




37. Draw a tree diagram of the sentence:
The student wrote a letter yesterday.
















1. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol
or ________ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the
___________ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or
reference refers to concept.
2. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be
divided into meaning components.
3. The semantic component of the word _________ are +Human, +Adult, +male,
-Married.
4. ________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.
5. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as___________.