七擒孟获-北京奥运
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现代大学英语听力2答案及原文
Unit 1
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) She wanted to see St. Paul’s Cathedral.
2) She was so surprised because she saw so many Englishmen who looked alike.
3) They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats, carrying umbrellas and newspapers.
4) Because she had often read about them and seen photographs of them, who all looked as if they
were wearing a uniform.
5) No, he didn’t.
6) He used the English saying “It takes all kinds to make a world” to prove his opinion.
B.
If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea it would be! And if all the trees were one tree, what
a great tree it would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash there would be!
【原文】
Yesterday morning Gretel went to the City of London. She wanted to see St. Paul's Cathedral.
She was surprised to see so many Englishmen who looked alike. They were all wearing dark suits and
bowler hats. They were all carrying umbrellas and newspapers. When she returned home she asked
Mr clark about these strange creatures.
often read about them and seen photographs of them. They all look as if they are wearing a uniform.
Does the typical English gentleman still exist?
Mr. Clark laughed.
who work in the City of London still wear bowler hate and I suppose they are typical Englishmen.
But look at this.
as typical, perhaps. It seems as if there is no such thing as a 'typical' Englishman. Do you know the
English saying 'It takes all kinds to make a world'? That's true of all countries-including England.
“Oh, just like the poem ‘If All the Seas Were One Sea’,” Gretel began to hum happily. If
all the seas were one sea, what a great sea that would be! If all the trees were one tree, what a great
tree that would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash that would be!”
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) people were much busier
2) colder than England; minus thirty degrees; last longer
3) much more mountainous; much higher and much more rocky; more beautiful
4) tend to be more crowded
5) the houses; smaller
B.
1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F
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【原文】
John is British but has worked in Japan. Etsuko is Japanese from Osaka, but she is studying in
Britain. In the following passage you are going to hear, they are comparing life as they see it in the
two countries. But before listening to it, think of the two countries and try to answer the following
pre-listening questions.
John: I found that living in Japan, people were busier. They seem to work the whole day.
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know,
summer in Japan is just horrible. It’s very, very humid and hot, and you need to shower three times
a day.
John: So you find it cooler in England?
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.
John: Where I was living in Japan, in the North, it was much colder than England, especially in winter,
minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in England?
Etsuko: No, I don’t think so. December, January, February, March.
John: Yes. It’s a little bit shorter if anything.
Etsuko: Ever since I came here, I noticed that the countryside here in England is very beautiful.
John: It’s much flatter than in Japan.
Etsuko: Yes. Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people
in a limited flat area.
John: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The
mountains are much higher and much more rocky. I found it more beautiful than Britain, I think.
Etsuko: Yes, if you like mountains.
John: And therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.
John: Yes. So because the cities are more crowded, the houses tend to be smaller, don’t they?
Etsuko: Yes, they are very compact, and we don’t have a lot of space. In big cities we have a lot of
taller buildings now.
John: Is this a problem because there are more earthquakes in Japan?
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right and…
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) In the US, people usually dance just to enjoy themselves; they don’t invite other people to watch
them.
2) Usually eight people dance together.
3) Because people form a square in dancing with a man and a woman on each side of the square.
4) He usually makes it into a song.
5) They wear old-fashioned clothes.
B.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T
C.
1) eight people form a square; on each side of the square
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2) what they should do; makes it into a song; sings it
3) don’t have much time to think
4) old-fashioned clothes
【原文】
Rosa: Why don’t you have folk dances in the United States? Most countries have special dances that
the people have done for many years. The dancers wear clothes from the old days. Everyone
likes to watch them dance.
Steve: We have folk dances, too. A lot of people belong to folk dancing groups. But when they dance,
they usually do it just to enjoy themselves. They don’t invite other people to watch them.
Rosa: Is there a folk dancing group here?
Steve: I think so. There must be. There’s one in almost every city, and some big cities have several.
Rosa: What are the dances like?
Steve: Usually eight people dance together, four men and four women. When they start, they form a
square, with a man and a woman on each side of the square. That’s why it’s called
square dancing. Then there’s a man who tells the dancers what they should do. He
usually makes it into a song. He sings it while they dance.
Rosa: Oh, that should make the dances easy!
Steve: Yes, but they are very fast. They don’t have much time to think. I like to watch them,
though. The dancers wear old- fashioned clothes. That makes the dances pretty to watch.
Rosa: I’d like to watch a group dance.
Steve: I’ll take you sometime.
Task 4
【答案】
1) It was a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.
2) They burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck.
3) The custom said the brides must wear “something old, something new, something borrowed, and
something blue” to bring good luck.
4) Because they could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up these
things before Lent began.
5) It was a straw man made by children in Czech; it was a figure of death.
6) People brought their animals to church. And before the animals went into the church people
dressed them up in flowers and ribbons.
【原文】
1) On the evening of February 3rd, people in Japanese families took one dried bean for each year of
their age and threw the beans on the floor, shouting luck in! Evil spirits out!
known as
2) Before the Chinese Lunar New Year in the old days, many Chinese families burned the picture of
their kitchen god to bring good luck. When Lunar New Year's Day came, they put ancw picture of
the kitchen god on the wall.
3) When American women got married, they sometimes followed an old custom in choosing what to
wear on their wedding day. The custom said the bride must wear
something borrowed, and something blue
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4) Before Lent (a time on the Christian calendar), the people of Ponti, Italy ate an omelet made with
1,000 eggs. People could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up
these things before Lent began.
5) When winter ended in Czech, the children made a straw man called
death. They burned it or threw it in the river. After they destroyed it, they carried flowers home to
show the arrival of spring.
6) January 17th was St. Anthony's Day in Mexico. It was a day when people brought their animals to
church. But before the animals went into the church, the people dressed them up in flowers and
ribbons. This ceremony was to protect people's animals.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T
B.
Advantages
Lots of servants to do the work
beautiful clothes to wear
lots of tea parties
life being slower
plenty of time to talk to each other
Disadvantages
Terrible life for servants
very uncomfortable clothes
boring and formal tea parties — often no men
being invited
much more illness
children left with servants all day
very poor education
no freedom for women
【原文】
Man: Well, I think life used to be much more fun than it is now. I mean, look at the Victorians.
They had lots of servants to do all the work; they never had to do any cooking or cleaning;
they just wore those beautiful dresses and went to tea parties.
Woman: You must be joking! Their clothes were terribly uncomfortable and their tea parties were
very formal and boring. They used to wear their hats and long gloves even when they were
eating cakes and biscuits. And men were not usually invited.
Man: Really? Weren't they?
Woman: And think of the poor servants. What a terrible life — just cleaning and cooking for other
people all the time!
Man: But you hate housework!
Woman: Yes, I know, but there are lots of machines now to help you with the housework. People
don't need servants.
Man: Maybe they don't, but life then was much slower than it is now-people nowadays are always
rushing, and they never have time to stop and enjoy themselves.
Woman: Life then was fine for the rich, but it was dreadful for the poor. There was much more
illness. They didn't have the money to pay doctors, and they often used to die of illnesses
that don't exist in England now.
Man: Maybe. But people used to talk to each other, play the piano or play cards together.
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Nowadays people just sit in front of the television for hours and never talk to each other.
Woman: I agree with you about television; but what about their children? They left their Children
with the servants all day. Children hardly ever saw their parents! And the clothes they had to
wear! Horrible, tight, uncomfortable, grown-up clothes. Children have a much better life
now than they used to, and schools and education are much better too.
Man: I hate school.
Woman: And look at opportunities for women. In those days, women used to stay at home, play the
piano, change their clothes several times a day and have tea parties. What a life! They didn't
have any freedom at all. I'm very happy living now. I can work, have a career, do what I
want to.
Man: You mean you can work hard all your life like a Victorian servant.
Woman: Life isn't all tea parties, you know.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) b 2) a 3) c 4) a
B.
1) family unit; process; change; used to be; the extended; the nuclear
2) job patterns; progressed; agricultural; industrial; forced; job opportunities; split up
3) traditional; family; expanded; other living arrangements
C.
1) mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house
or nearby
2) only the parents and the children
3) previously married men and women marry again and combine the children from former
marriages into a new family
【原文】
The American family unit is in the process of change. There used to be mainly two types of
families: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family most often included mother, father,
children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as
job patterns changed and the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people were forced
to move to different parts of the country for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended
family. The nuclear family became more prevalent; this consisted of only the parents and the children.
Now besides these two types of traditional groupings, the word
a variety of other living arrangements.
Today's family can be made up of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in
two, there is an increase in single parent homes: a father or mother living with one or more children.
familiesoccur when previously married men and women marry again and combine the
children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, some couples are deciding not
to have any children at all, so there is an increase in childless families. There are also more people
who live alone: single, widowed, divorced. Now one in five Americans lives alone.
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Task 7
【答案】
A.
Study subjects like history or English
Study engineering
Go to university to get good jobs
Look for a good job because they want a good husband
Look for a good job because they want to be successful
Work for a lifetime
Work up to ten years
Get married by twenty-seven
Cook the meals
Look after the children
Go out for a drink after work
Come home by four o'clock in the afternoon
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Men
√
√
√
Women Both
√
B.
1) c 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) c 7) c
【原文】
In Japan both men and women go to university and both men and women study the arts such as
history or English. But very few women study science, medicine or engineering. In engineering
classes of thirty or forty students, there may be only one or two women. Men and women both go to
university in order to get good jobs: men want to work for a big company, be successful, earn a lot of
money and support a family; women, on the other hand, want to work for a big company because
they have a better chance of meeting a successful man and getting married. This is changing, however,
as Japanese women begin to think about their own careers. They have began to take jobs which they
like rather than jobs in order to find a husband.
Men work for their whole lives and usually stay with the same company. A woman may work up
to ten years, but after that she usually gets married. Most women are married by the age of twenty
seven, then they stay at home and look after the children. A man does not cook or look after the
children. When he comes home, his meal must be ready. The woman may go out in the afternoon,
shopping with her friends or having a chat, but she must go back home by four o'clock to prepare the
meal. Then she may have to wait a long time for her husband to come home. Often he has to go out
for a drink after work: if he doesn't he may not rise very high in the company. After her children
grow up, a woman can go back to work, but it is not easy. If her former company takes older women
back, she might be lucky. But most women find it difficult to find a job when they are older.
Task 8
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【答案】
A.
1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) c 6) b 7) c 8) b
B.
1) T 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) F 8) F 9) T 10) F
【原文】
Matthew: Geth, how do people set about getting married in England?
Geth: I suppose the most common way is still for people to go home. For example, people who
live in London now will go back to their homes in the provinces where they'll meet all their
relatives and their parents, and they'll get married in a church, with the bride wearing white,
the traditional white. Then they'll go off and have a booze-up with their relatives and
friends and a jolly good time will be had by all. Otherwise you can get married in a registry
office, which means you turn up with your bride-to-be or bridegroom-to-be with two
witnesses only. The ceremony takes about five minutes, I suppose. You sign the form and
that's it.
Matthew: There are many today who say that marriage is a complete waste of time. What's your view
of marriage in the twentieth century?
Goth: Well, I live in London as you know. I think in London, the tendency is to... for a... boy and
girl, man or woman to live together before marriage and often to live together without any
prospect of marriage at all. I think this probably is... is true of London and the other big
cities than elsewhere, because after all people in London are living in a big place where
home ties are obviously less restrictive. They can do more or less as they please and I think
this is the pattern.
Matthew: But do you think it helps for people to live together before taking their vows?
Geth: I think in a sense the habit of living together before marriage may, in a strange sort of way,
make marriage stronger, because after all the people will know each other better when they
do get married and it might be suggested that divorce would be less likely between such a
couple.
Matthew: Sue, you've been married for two or three years now. How's it working out?
Sue: I think it's a successful marriage. It's... I mean, it's difficult to say why, because we basically
suit each other very much. We have a good friendship, apart from anything else, and, you
know, we just go together very well because we respect each other's freedom and
individuality, but on the other hand we really need each other, you know, it's...
Matthew: What about.., have you thought of having children?
Sue: Well, obviously, like most young couples, we have thought about it, but, you know, we
both feel rather, sort of, loath to lose our freedom just yet. I think we'll probably wait
another few years.
Matthew: Is it easy in England today to people to get divorced, or is that quite difficult?
Chris: I think technically it's probably fairly easy, I think, because I'm not English but, I think
technically it's fairly easy to be... to get divorced. But it's not just the technicality of it which
is the problem. Divorce is... is a social stigma which people can probably Cope with to
varying degrees, but it's also a lot easier for the man because the woman, after she is
divorced is, in fact, frowned upon by... by a lot of people in society. She is... is... at a... a
much more difficult social position in terms of... of meeting other men, or whatever, simply
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because she is a divorcee.
Task 9
【原文】
Social customs and ways of behaving change. But they do not necessarily always change for the
better. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years
ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of
himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself by smoking when a lady was in the room.
The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make
other people feel uncomfortable — especially if they are your guests. There is a story about a rich
nobleman who had a very formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started
to eat his peas with a knife. Other guests were amused or shocked, but the nobleman calmly picked
up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest
feel foolish or uncomfortable.
Unit 2
Task 1
【答案】
1) b 2) a 3) d
【原文】
Texas was the biggest state before Alaska became the forty-ninth state in 1959. One good way
to understand the size of Texas is to learn about its weather. Different parts of the state have very
different kinds of weather.
Laredo is one of the hottest cities in the United States in summer. The best time to visit Laredo
is in winter, when it is pleasantly warm.
Amarillo gets very cold in winter. Sometimes there is more snow in Amarillo than in New York,
which is a northern city. Summers are better, but sometimes it gets quite hot. The best time to visit
Amarillo is in the autumn when it is cool.
If anyone asks you about the weather in Texas, ask him, “What part of Texas do you
mean？”
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) T 2) F 3) F
B.
1) d 2) c 3) c
C.
climate, reputation, extraordinary, unreliable, dry, wet, clear, dull, hot, cold, bad, mild
【原文】
Our friend, Nick, whose English gets better and better, declared solemnly the other day that he
thought that the British climate was wonderful, but the British weather was terrible. He went on to
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explain by pointing out that the British climate was a temperate one. This meant, he said,
could always be certain that the weather would never be extreme — at any rate not for any length of
time — never very hot and never very cold.
according to the statistics, was not very heavy.
bad reputation?He answered by saying it was because of the extraordinary, unreliable weather.
There was no part of the year at which you could be certain that the weather would be dry or wet,
clear or dull, hot or cold. A bad day in July could be as cold as a mild day in January. Indeed you
could feel cold at almost any time of the year. Nick blamed drafty British houses for this, but agreed
you could also blame the small amount of sunshine and a great amount of dampness. He advised
every student coming to Britain to bring an umbrella and to understand the meaning of that splendid
word
Task 3
【答案】
I.
the country; Trees, grass, lakes and steams
II.
A.
1. concrete, iron, steel
2. take in the heat during the day and throw off heat into the air at night
B. Warmer winters, car engines; electrical appliance
Ⅲ.
A. air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching the earth
B.
1. Ice near the North and South poles to melt
2. to be slowly flooded and people living in these cities to move to higher land
【原文】
Cities change the climate around you. In the country, there are trees, grass, lakes, and streams. In
hot weather, the trees and grass cool the area around them. Lakes and rivers also cool the area around
them.
But cities are not cooled in these natural ways. Cities are built of asphalt, concrete, iron, and
steel. There are few trees and usually not much grass. Rain falls onto the streets and into the sewers.
When the summer sun shines, streets and buildings take in the heat; after the sun sets, the
streets and buildings throw off heat into the street. Once the sun sets, the countryside cools off, but a
city may stay hot all night.
Cities are hotter than the countryside in winter, too. Standing near a car with its motor running,
winter or summer, you will feel the heat thrown off by the engine. The heat comes from the gasoline
burned by the engine. This heat warms the air and the ground around the car. Thousands of running
cars are almost like thousands of small fires burning.
Carefully put your hand near a light bulb or television set. As you can see, electricity creates a lot
of heat. This heat from electricity warms the house and the outside air.
The heat given off by cities can affect the climate. Some experts even believe that cities can
change the climate of the whole world. They think that air pollution may stop sunlight from reaching
the earth. If less sunshine reaches the earth, the earth may become cooler.
Still other experts think the world will get warmer. If the world did get warmer, great changes
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would occur. Ice near the North and South poles would melt. This would make the oceans rise. Cities
near oceans — like Los Angeles, Boston, and Miami — would slowly be flooded. People living in
these cities would have to move to higher land.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
1) b 2) c
B. night, delight; morning, warning; gray, way, red, head
C.
1) F 2) T 3) F
【原文】
A red sky at either dusk or dawn is one of the spectacular and beautiful weather predictors we
have in nature. By closely observing this phenomenon, you can achieve short-range accuracy of the
weather as good as, or better than your local weatherman. In the Bible, Jesus in Matthew 16, 2-3 is
quoted as saying, “When it is evening, it will be fair weather: for the sky is red. And in the morning
it will be foul weather today: for the sky is red” when speaking to the Pharisees. An old English
weather proverb based on this passage is:
Red sky at night, sailors delight.
Red sky at morning, sailors take warning.
Or
Evening red and morning gray,
Sends the traveler on his way.
Evening gray, morning red,
Brings the rain down on his head.
At dusk, a red sky indicates that dry weather is on the way. This is due to the sun shining
through dust particles being pushed ahead of a high pressure system bringing in dry air. A red sky in
the morning is due to the sun again shining through dust. In this case however, the dust is being
pushed on by an approaching low reassure system bringing in moisture. Don't confuse a red sky in
the morning with a red sun in the morning. If the sun itself is red and the sky is a normal color, the
day will be fair.
Task 5
【答案】
1) c 2) b 3) d 4) c 5) c
【原文】
Mark: I am an avid fly fisherman and frequently find myself on the river in a raft during
lightning storms. We always have a debate at these times on where we are safest
— pulling into shore or staying on the water. Since I have heard one is safe in a
car when lightning strikes I wonder if the raft floating on the water is insulated,
and therefore the safest place to be.
Meteorologist A: We spoke with some scientists about your question, and they all agreed that under
no circumstances should you remain on the water during a lightning storm. If
your raft is made of rubber, you might feel that you're .well insulated, but don't
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kid yourself. Typical lightning flashes travel 10 to 15 kilometers and can deliver as
much as 100,000 amps of current. In comparison, a toaster uses about 10 amps of
current. If lightning strikes the water near you, it will have no trouble traveling
through a few extra centimeters of rubber.
Meteorologist B: So, if you're on the water and a thunderstorm approaches, get to the shore and seek
shelter on land. Try a building or car. If neither is available, look for a cave, cliff,
wall, or a group of trees. Never take shelter under an isolated tree-it's also a good
target for lightning.
Task 6
【答案】A.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T
B.
Incredible, one minute, one kilometer, destroyed, lifted up, carried away, killed, injured
【原文】
Every spring and summer many inland areas are hit by tornados. A tornado is a kind of storm.
It's a revolving, funnel-shaped column of air that moves through the sky at very high speeds. A
tornado looks like a huge, black ice cream cone whirling through the sky. The speed of a tornado is
very fast-it is believed to be between 200 and 700 kilometers per hour.
Tornados form under very special weather conditions, and these special weather conditions
occur most often in inland areas, such as the central United States. A tornado forms when a layer of
warm, dry air is on top of a layer of cooler, moist air. This combination of dry, warm air above wet,
cool air creates a condition that causes the lower layer of air to lift up. As the lower air rises, both
layers of air begin to rotate, to turn around and around. The air begins to rotate faster and faster
because of centrifugal force. The tornado has a center called an “eye” and the air rotates quickly
around this eye.
As the air begins to rotate faster and faster, the tornado cloud begins to grow downward; that is,
it begins to form a funnel or cone, and this cone goes down toward the ground.
The cone of air is dark because it develops from a dark rain cloud. As the cloud gets longer, as
the cloud gets closer to the ground, it begins to pull up dirt from the ground. Then the funnel of
rotating air becomes very dark because of the dirt in it. As the tornado funnel gets longer, it begins to
drag along the ground.
When the tornado touches the ground, it does incredible damage. It usually touches the ground
for only about one minute, and it usually travels along the ground for only about one kilometer, but
during that one minute, buildings are destroyed, trees are lifted up out of the ground, small objects
are carried away, and sometimes people are injured or killed.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) b 2) a 3) b
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B.
1) It has been nice weather during the day, but it is going to change at night.
2) Fine weather in southern Europe and not so nice in northern Europe
For today
Southeast England---26 degrees Celsius by mid- afternoon
Southern Scotland---Maximum temperatures of around 21 degrees
Brighton--- 15 hours of lovely sunshine
Midlands---23 degrees Celsius by early afternoon
Northwest of Scotland---Light showers around midday
For the weekend
Spain---34 degrees Celsius
Greece---32 degrees Celsius
France--- Cloudy with rain, maximum temperatures of 22 degrees
Northern Ireland---Heavy rain, 17 degrees Celsius
Most of England---Cloudy but mainly dry with sunny periods, 23 degrees Celsius
【原文】
Radio Announcer: You’re listening to Radio Metro. It’s two minutes to nine, and time for the
latest weather for cast from Dan Francis at the London Weather Centre.
Francis: Hello. It's been another warm and fine day for most of us. Temperatures in southeast
England reached 26 degrees Celsius by mid-afternoon, and Brighton had 15 hours of lovely sunshine.
Further north it was a little cooler with maximum temperatures of around 21 degrees in southern
Scotland, and in the far northwest of Scotland there were some light showers around midday. But the
rest of the country, as I said, has been warm and dry with temperatures in the Midlands reaching 23
degrees Celsius by early afternoon though it was a little cooler along the west coast and in Northern
Ireland. But already the weather is beginning to change, I'm afraid, and during the night showers will
slowly move in from the Atlantic to reach south-west England and the southern coast of Wales by
early morning.
The rest of the country will have a very mild, dry night with minimum temperatures no lower than 15
degrees in the south, a little cooler — 11degrees or so — in the north. Any remaining showers in
northwest Scotland will pass quickly to leave a mild, dry night there too.
And now the outlook for Friday and the weekend. Well, southern Europe will, once again, get the
best of the weekend weather, and if your holiday starts this weekend, then southern Spain is the place
to go, with temperatures of 34 degrees along the Mediterranean coast. At the eastern end of the Med,
too, you can expect uninterrupted sunshine and temperatures of up to 32 degrees Celsius in Greece
and southeast Italy, but further north the weather's not so settled. Much of France, Belgium and the
Netherlands will be cloudy with occasional rain, and maximum temperatures will be around 22
degrees — very disappointing for this time of the year.
Scotland and Northern Ireland will have heavy rain for much of the weekend and temperatures will
drop to a cool 17 degrees. Across most of England the weather will be cloudy but mainly dry with
sunny periods. And when the sun does come out, temperatures could rise to a maximum of 23
degrees.
Task 8
【答案】
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Natural Phenomena
Faraway objects are focused.
Birds’ calls become Sharper.
Air Pressure Causes
(Rise or Fall)
Fall
Fall
The dust particles begin to settle to the
ground in thinner air and the air clears.
Instead of traveling upward and outward into the
atmosphere they are bent back to the earth and
their range extended.
The methane is trapped in the bottom of the
swamp because of the thick air.
Birds prefer to fly where the air is the densest
and they can get greater lift with their wings
Smoke rises with thicker air.
The gas in our bodies expands in lower air
pressure.
Swamp doesn’t smell very Rise
strong.
Bird fly high.
Smoke rise high in the air
Elderly people’s joints ache.
Rise
Rise
Fall
【原文】
As the air pressure around you either rises or falls, many changes in nature occur. Most of these
are very obvious changes while others are of a more subtle nature.
Mountains and other far away objects will appear to be much closer and more sharply focused
as wet weather approaches and the air pressure drops. The dust particles in the air begin to settle to
the ground and the air clears, allowing you to see more details of faraway objects. As a high pressure
front approaches and the air becomes “thicker,” more dust particles become suspended in air and
things take on their normal somewhat hazy appearance.
“Sharp horns on the moon threaten bad weather.” This and a bright, clear moon are good
indicators that wet weather is on the way. As the air clears of dust particles ahead of a low pressure
system, the moon appears to come closer and be more sharply focused due to the lack of dust.
Sound also becomes sharper and more focused prior to stormy weather. Instead of traveling
upward and outward into the atmosphere sound waves are bent back to the earth and their range
extended. Bird calls sound sharper, and, at my house, we can hear the blowing of the train horn as it
rumbles through the valley below.
If you find yourself out in a marsh or swamp and the air really seems to stink more than normal,
expect rainy weather. This happens when the pressure drops and the methane trapped on the bottom
of the swamp is released in greater quantities. In reverse, as fair weather approaches and the pressure
rises, things won't smell quite so strong.
Birds and bats have a tendency to fly much lower to the ground right before a rain due to the
“thinning” of the air. They prefer to fly where the air is the most dense and they can get greater lift
with their wings. With high pressure and dry air, the atmosphere becomes denser and they can easily
fly at higher altitudes.
Smoke rising straight into the air means fair weather and smoke hanging low means rain is on
the way. This is pretty much the same as with the birds and methane in the swamp. When high
pressure approaches, smoke will rise whereas with low pressure it can't rise and tends to lay low.
Remember a grandparent talking about how their corns, bunions, or joints ached right before a
rain? Again, this is due to the decreasing atmospheric pressure allowing the gas in our bodies to
expand.
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Task 9
【答案】
A. Statements 3, 6, 7 are true.
B.
f—c—a—d—b—e
C.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F
D.
1) d 2) b
【原文】
It was 1974. Richard Nixon was still president. Kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst was still missing.
In Xenia, a pretty spot of 25,000 people amid fields of soybeans and corn, American Graffiti was held
over at the Cinema. The Xenia Hotel offered a chicken and dumpling dinner for $$2.25, but everyone
flocked to the A&W drive-in for burgers and root beer floats. That's where five of the bodies were
found after the storm.
In all, 33 people died in Xenia's tornado, the deadliest of 148 storms that raged through 13
states during the infamous
minutes, 330 people were killed and nearly 5,550 were injured from Illinois to Georgia.
Though the Xenia death toll has been matched by other killer storms, the degree of devastation
makes the city's tornado among U.S. history's most destructive. The storm still is studied in colleges
by aspiring meteorologists, a textbook case of a rare Category F-5, the most intense of tornadoes.
On that fateful day, I was a young boy of 8 years old. We lived in the Arrowhead Subdivision.
That afternoon I was around the corner playing with some neighbor kids. I thought I could hear my
father calling me, so I ran back to the house. Thinking back now, there is no way I would have been
able to hear him. I was too far away for a voice to have traveled in the afternoon noise. Besides, Dad
had a very bad case of tonsillitis that day. Like I was saying, I went back home and got through the
door just in time to answer the ringing phone. On the other end of the phone was my Mother. Mom
was working. She told me she heard a bad storm was on the way. She told me to make sure the garage
door was shut and to stay inside. After I hung up the phone, I settled down to watch
The Dennis
Show
. To this day I can vividly remember the electricity going out. I looked out the large window in
the living room and didn't have a clue as to what I was looking at.
Dad was asleep on the couch, so I woke him up to look. Dad looked and said to get into the
bathroom. We sat on the floor. Dad had his back to the door and his feet pushing against the wall
opposite the door. I remember that as soon as we sat down, the windows broke. Glass blew under
the door, and the sound was tremendous. I know it really didn’t take too long for the tornado to go
past, but I do remember the conversation we had in the process. I could feel the cool air rushing
under the floor through the crawlspace vents. I asked if we were flying. He said he wasn't sure, but he
didn't think we were. He said the house was tearing apart. I asked him how he knew. He said he just
knew it was.
When things calmed down, we opened the door. The odd feeling I had, looking up the street
from inside what once was my hallway, is still with me today.
I think back often to that day. I think back and wonder what would have happened if my Dad
hadn't been sick that day. Like a lot of kids, I stayed home by myself after school back then. I
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seriously doubt I would be able to tell you my story, if I had been alone that day. I still live in Xenia
and wouldn’t trade this town for any other.
Task 10
【原文】
Undoubtedly, Tibet is one of the harshest places for human existence. It is cool in summer but
freezing cold in winter. In Lhasa, the mildest city temperature may exceed 29C in summer while
plummeting to -16C in winter! Sun radiation is extremely strong in Tibet. The sunlight in Lhasa is so
intense that the city is called Sunlight City. The thin air can neither block off nor retain heat so that
the temperature extremes can be met in daytime and the same night respectively in Tibet. However it
is not impossible to visit the holy snow land. April to October is the best time to visit Tibet, out of
the coldest months, which are from December to February usually. The average temperature in north
Tibet is subzero and winter arrives in October until the following May or June. July and August are
the best time to visit the area, enjoying warm temperature, intense sunshine, beautiful scenery and
festive events. May, June and September is the tourist season in east Tibet. In winter, roads are all
blocked by heavy snow. Landslides and rock falls frequently occur, which will make travel difficult.
Unit 3
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) Stress on the job costs American companies as much as $$150 billion a year in lower productivity,
unnecessary employee sick leave, and higher medical costs.
2) The most stressful professions are those that involve danger and extreme pressure and those that
carry a lot of responsibility without much control.
3) The best way to deal with stress is through relaxation, but sometimes the only answer is to fight
back or walk away.
B.
1) Three- quarters
2) psychologists, doctors
3) nervousness, anger, frequent illness, forgetfulness, mental problems
【原文】
Stress on the job costs American companies as much as $$150 billion a year in lower productivity,
unnecessary employee sick leave, and higher medical costs. Three-quarters of the office workers
today say they suffer from stress at work. Recently, psychologists and doctors have begun to study
the problem more closely. They have discovered that the most stressful professions are those that
involve danger, extreme pressure and those that carry a lot of responsibility without much control.
The sign of stress range from nervousness, anger, and frequent illness to forgetfulness or even
mental problems. The best way to deal with stress is through relaxation, but sometimes the only
answer is to fight back or walk away.
Task 2
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【答案】
A.
1) give in so easily to hijackers’ demands
a) threaten to blow up a plane, commit some other outage
b) hold out against this kind of blackmail, always have terrorists, Start executing terrorists
automatically
c) be prepared to face the consequences of evil
2)
a) It’s the lesser of two evils. Terrorists have proven often enough that they really mean business.
b) Innocent lives, threatening the innocent will achieve its ends.
B.
She implies that if the first speaker was one of the victims of terrorism, she would want the
government to give in to the demands so that she wouldn’t die.
【原文】
Margaret: Governments give in so easily to hijackers’ demands. A hijacker only has to threaten to
blow up a plane or commit some other outrage, and a government gives in to his demands.
Valerie: Naturally. It’s the lesser of the two evils. What government would risk innocent lives just to
see if terrorists will really do what they threaten to do? Terrorists have proven often enough
that they really mean business.
Margaret: Yes, but if a government doesn’t hold out against this kind of blackmail, we will always
have terrorists. Governments are afraid to punish these people. They almost always let
them go free. Start executing terrorists automatically wherever they land, and terrorism will
stop.
Valerie: And what about the innocent lives that will be lost in the process? Terrorism is based on the
simple idea that threatening the innocent will achieve its ends.
Margaret: You can’t get rid of evil without being prepared to face the consequences of evil.
Valerie: So long as you’re not one of the victims!
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) thirty-five, natural light, a small window, hot, airless, very noisy
2) Mexico
3) ought to, shouldn’t
B.
1) It is located in a narrow street with five-and six-storey buildings eight kilometers from downtown
Los Angeles.
2) This factory makes shirts and jeans
3) She’s already been working for ten hours, but won’t stop for another two hours.
4) She can’t complain about those things because she is an illegal immigrant.
【原文】
Eight kilometers from downtown Los Angeles there is a narrow street with five- and six-storey
buildings. Inside one of these buildings there is a small factory making shirts and jeans. The women
working in the factory sit close together, each with a small table, each with their own sewing machine.
The women say nothing, and work hard. In one of the rooms there are thirty-five women. There is
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only a little natural light, and this comes from a small window in the roof. The room is hot, airless,
and very noisy. On the left-hand side of the room there is a young girl sitting next to the wall. Every
now and again she closes her eyes, and her fingers stop working. She's already been in her chair for
ten hours, but she'll be here until the bell rings — and that won't be for another two hours. Her name
is Maria, and she comes from Mexico. She won't complain about her work. She won't say that the
working hours ought to be changed; she won't say that the working conditions shouldn't be
permitted.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
Every year the British government publishes statistics about social trends. Their findings show
definite patterns in the British way of life.
1) marked differences
a) one hour more every day, three hours more every week
b) 1 percent, cleaning and ironing, keep household accounts, do repairs or improvements
c) 30 percent
2) leisure activities, watching television, 20 hours a week, going for walks, Swimming, British
women
B.
Unlike the other couples, Carla has always kept her won accounts and Adrian has always done his
own housework. Neither of them like watching television very much and they both like swimming.
【原文】
When Adrian Hutton and Carla Leone get married they will move into a new house that they
have bought. But what sort of life will they have? What can they expect in modern Britain? Every
year the British government publishes statistics about social trends. Their findings show definite
patterns in the British way of life.
In most marriages there are some marked differences between husbands and wives. Working
wives, for example, sleep (on average) one hour more a day than working husbands. Housewives, on
the other hand, sleep only about three hours more every week than their working husbands. And
what about housework? The government survey showed that only 1% of men do the household
chores — like cleaning and ironing. But they do usually keep household accounts and it is always men
who do repairs or improvements in the house. 30% of all marriages end in divorce.
The government survey also looked at leisure activities. They found that the two most popular
leisure activities in Britain are watching television (the average family spends 20 hours a week in front
of the TV set) and going for walks. Swimming is an especially popular activity among British women.
Carla and Adrian's life, though, will probably be different from the average marriage. In the first
place Carla has always kept her own accounts and Adrian has always done his own housework.
Neither of them like watching television very much and they both like swimming.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
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Topic: How a city in Japan solve the problem of garbage disposal.
Supporting details: 160 million, every year, 10 percent, 10 percent, the rest, public cooperation
1) garbage that can be easily burned, kitchen and garden trash
2) electrical appliances, plastic tools, plastic toys
3) are poisonous, cause pollution, batteries
4) bottles and glass containers that can be recycled
5) metal containers that can be recycled
6) furniture and bicycled
on different days, on request, fertilizer, to produce electricity, recycled, cleaned, repaired, resold
cheaply, give away
B.
1) The garbage will be taken to a center that looks like a clean new office building or hospital. Inside
the center, special equipment is used to sort and process the garbage.
2) Official from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use some of these ideas
and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems.
【原文】
Disposing of the garbage we produce every day is a major problem in cities around the world. In
the United States, over 160 million tons of garbage are produce every year. Ten percent is recycled,
ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills. But finding land for new landfills is becoming
more difficult.
A city that has solved this problem in an unusual way is Machida, in Tokyo, Japan. They have
developed a totally new approach to garbage disposal. The key to the operation is public cooperation.
Families must divide their garbage into six categories:
1. garbage that can be easily burned (that is, combustible garbage) such as kitchen and garden
trash?;
2. noncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools, and plastic toys?;
3. products that are poisonous or that cause pollution, such as batteries and fluorescent lights?;
4. bottles and glass containers that can be recycled?;
5. metal containers that can be recycled?;
6. large items, such as furniture and bicycles.
The items in categories1 to 5 are collected on different days. Large items are only collected upon
request. Then the garbage is taken to a center that looks like a clean new office building or hospital.
Inside the center, special equipment is used to sort and process the garbage. Almost everything can
be reused: garden or kitchen trash becomes fertilizer; combustible garbage is burned to produce
electrical; metal containers and bottles are recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items
are cleaned, repaired, and resold cheaply or given away. The work provides employment for
handicapped person and gives them a chance to learn new skills.
Nowadays, officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use
some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems.
Task 6
【答案】
1) They were talking about Mrs. Carter.
2) She was a tall, handsome woman who used to come into the shop at least twice a week.
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3) She lived alone in a large house on an old farm---about three miles from the shop.
4) He was absolutely certain, otherwise he would never call the police. His evidence was this: First, he
saw her do it; second, he found the things in her bag; third, she had done it before.
5) Because two young people saw her. The shopkeeper believed that if they didn’t punish her,
young people would think that stealing didn’t matter.
6) The judge thought that it was difficult case from a humanitarian point of view. The excuses her
found for her were: First, the woman was old and she lived alone ---she was lonely. Second, she
wasn’t poor--- she was well-known for her generosity to charities and she didn’t need to steal.
Te items were only worth a pound or two. Third, she pleaded not guilty and she didn’t know that
she had done it.
【原文】
Shopkeeper: I knew Mrs. Carter very well. She was a tall, handsome woman who used to come into
the shop at least twice a week. She lived alone in a large house on an old farm — about
three miles from here. People ask me if I am certain she did it. The answer is yes. I was
absolutely certain, otherwise I would never have called the police. In the first place, I saw
her do it. I watched her put the things into her bag and I watched her walk out of the
store. In the second place, we found the things in her bag, and finally, she had done it
before. It wasn't the first time. I think she was in such a confused state that she didn’t
know what she was doing, but two other people say her — two young people. We had to
punish her, otherwise young people would think that stealing didn’t matter.
Judge: It was a difficult case from a humanitarian point of view. The woman was old and she lived
alone — she was lonely. She wasn’t poor — she was well-known for her generosity to
charities and she didn’t need to steal. The items were only worth a pound or two. She
pleaded not guilty and said she didn’t know that she had done it. From the legal point of
view the case was straightforward. The woman stole; she was caught and reported. There were
witnesses. She had to be punished or else no one could be punished for stealing.
Task 7
【答案】
A. not all modern cities are alike; modern city.
1) a single high- density center, skyscrapers, motorways, as far as you can see
2) the low-density multi-center city, a large collection of a number of small centers, shopping centers,
factories, businesses, skyscrapers
B.
1) He thinks that the second type( the Los Angeles model) is more sensible.
2) He considers it highly likely that the kind of city we know now will completely disappear.
【原文】
Interviewer: Would you say then that all modem cities are pretty much alike?
Urban Planner: Quite definitely not. There seem to be two types of modem city. In type one there is
a single high-density centre, and that's where you'll find the skyscrapers. This is
surrounded by motorways. And all around this centre, low-density suburbs stretch as
far as you can see. This is like Houston, or Calgary, or Toronto. Interviewer: And the
second type?
Urban Planner: The other type is like Los Angeles — the low-density multi-centre city. As I'm sure
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you know Los Angeles is really a large collection of a number of small centres, each
with its shopping centres, factories, businesses, and skyscrapers scattered everywhere.
In a way it's almost one enormous suburb.
Interviewer: Do you. think one type is better than the other?
Urban Planner: I think the Los Angeles model is more sensible.
Interviewer: And so do you think Los Angeles is the city of the future?
Urban Planner: Well, it is arguable that the next step after Los Angeles is the complete disappearance
of the city, with no real centre, where well-designed forms of urban life-modem
factories and office blocks which are clean and quiet, and beautiful forms of rural life
— the trees and parks of suburbs, live side by side.
Interviewer: So are you saying that the city as we know it will disappear...
Task 8
【答案】
A.
1) He thinks that this country’s problems all come from inflation, which is the result of the
Democrat’s careless spending.
2) No, she doesn’t agree with Ned. She believes that the problem is unemployment. If the
government cuts spending too much, people will fall into a vicious circle of more unemployment
and fewer taxpayers to share the burden.
3) She agrees with Barbara. She believes that unemployment is a big problem, especially in the big
industrial cities. And the government isn’t doing very much to help the big industries out.
4) He believes in the free market system rather than government regulation or protection. He thinks
that without a lot of government interference everything will be okay.
5) No, they think it’s bad for the weak, the poor and the unprotected it’s bad for the
underprivileged.
B.
more and more money, come from somewhere, higher taxes and higher prices
【原文】
Ned: ... you know, I think this country's problems all come from inflation. That's the main cause of
our troubles right now. And what's causing the inflation? It's the reckless spending of the
Democrats! Every year they spend more and more money, and that money has to come
from somewhere. So we pay it in the form of higher taxes and higher prices on the goods
we buy.
Barbara: Well, I'm not sure that I agree with you. It seems to me that inflation is only one of our
problems. What about unemployment? If people don't have jobs because the government
cuts spending too much, they can't buy things; and then you have a vicious circle of more
unemployment and fewer taxpayers to share the burden.
Ellen: You know, I think Barbara may have something there. Unemployment is a big problem,
especially in the big industrial cities. The auto industry is fighting for its life right now, and
the government isn't doing very much to help it.
Ned: Well, it's true that the auto industry is in a mess, but I don't think the answer is in
government regulation or protection. I believe in the free market system — let the system
work without a lot of government interference, and everything will be okay.
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Ellen: So the strong will win, and the weak will be defeated. Is that what you mean?
Ned: Well, that's the way it goes. The survival of the fittest.
Barbara: And too bad about the weak, the poor, the unprotected...
Ned: Now you're getting emotional. You have to remain objective about these things. Let me give
you an example of what I'm talking about...
Task 9
【答案】
A.
1) The problem is whether or not the inner city — the core of most urban areas — will manage to
survive at all.
2) They moved to the suburbs in search of fresh air, elbow room, and privacy.
3) As a result, suburbs began to sprawl out across the countryside. Many cities began to fall into
disrepair. And many downtown areas existed for business only.
4) The result was that urban centers declined even further and the suburbs expanded still more.
5) Because from the decision of the Taylors and many other young couples, we can see that some
people may be tired of spending long hours commuting, and they may have begun to miss the
advantages of culture and companionship provided by city life.
B.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) T
C.
1) middle-class, tax money, neighborhoods
2) Crime, public transportation
3) housing construction costs, was allowed to, constructed
【原文】
A few years ago, Ann and Walter Taylor thought it might be time to move out of their New
York City apartment to the suburbs. They had one young son and another child on the way. But after
months of looking, they became discourage and decided to buy an old townhouse right in the middle
of Brooklyn, which is a part of New York City. To their delight, they discovered that they weren’t
the only young couple to have made such a decision. In fact, their entire area in Brooklyn had been
settled by young families. And as a result, the neighborhood, which had been declining for years, was
now being restored.
Brooklyn isn’t the only city in the United States to experience this kind of renewal. So are
Philadelphia and . And Charleston, South Carolina, has so successfully rebuilt its old central
area that it now ranks as one of America’s most charming cities. The restoration of the old port
city of Savannah, Georgia, is also living proof that downtown areas do not need to die. But
encouraging as these developments may be, they are among the few bright spots in a mass of
difficulties that today’s cities face. Indeed, their woes are so many that it is fair to ask whether or
not the inner city the core of most urban areas will manage to survive at all.
In the 1940s, urban Americans began a mass move to the suburbs in search of fresh air, elbow
room, and privacy. Suburbs began to sprawl out across the countryside. Since most of those making
the move were middle- class, they took with them the tax money the cities needed to maintain the
neighborhoods in which they had lived. The people left in the cities were often those who were too
old or too poor to move. Thus, many cities began to fall into disrepair. Crime began to soar, and
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public transportation was neglected.( In the past sixty years San Francisco is the only city in the
United States to have completed a new mass transit system.) Meanwhile, housing construction costs
continued to rise higher and higher. Middle-class housing was allowed to decay, and little new
housing was constructed.
Eventually, many downtown areas existed for business only. During the day they would be filled
with people working in offices, and at night they would be deserted. Given these circumstances, some
business executives began asking, “Why bother with going downtown at all? Why not move the
offices to the suburbs so that we can live and work in the same area?” Gradually, some of the larger
companies began moving out of the cities, with the result that urban centers declined even further
and the suburbs expanded still more. This movement of business to the suburbs is not confined to
the United States. Businesses have also been moving to the suburbs in Stockholm, Sweden, in Bonn,
Germany, and in Brussels, Belgium, as well.
But it may well be that this movement to the suburbs has reached its peak. Some people may be
tired of spending long hours commuting, and they may have begun to miss the advantages of culture
and companionship provided by city life. Perhaps the decision made by the Taylors is a sign that
people will return to the cities and begin to restore them. It begins to look as if suburban sprawl may
not have been the answer to man’s need to create an ideal environment in which to live and work.
Task 10
【答案】
A.
1) 54, 20, 1980, ?70,000.
2) 30, 1980
3) a newspaper article, to research the market
4) another few months, in April 1981, a 1,500 sq ft
5) third, Canada, America, 20 percent, ?1 million
6) 20, 70, 3
B.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4)F 5)T
C.
1) He was deeply involved in the present job and rather enjoyed himself. He thought the shop was his
own little baby and thought it was fun to serve behind the counter. However, he also thought that
there was a lot more hard work than he was used to; he was working over the weekend doing his
books. He called his old job “boring trips to Manchester to sell vast quantities of PVC”.
2) He thought that there are far more job satisfaction; and believed that he was making money, rather
than making money for other people.
3) He was about to diversify into commercial distribution of imported and domestically produced
wine and wines he’s produced himself.
【原文】
William Rudd, 54, worked for ICI petrochemicals for 20 years until 1980 when he took early
retirement with &70,000. He opened his own delicatessen and butcher's shop in Kensington and has
just bought a second London shop.
I knew about a year before I left that I was going to go, so I looked around for office jobs. I had
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one of those frustrating periods where I nearly got some jobs but then I didn't. Actually it was a
dinner party conversation which got me into the shop. A woman I knew said she was going to open a
delicatessen and thought it sounded fun. So ! said,
retailing would be amusing, after a lifetime of industrial selling.
We found that the lease of the building stipulated we had to keep it as a butcher's and I added
fish and cheese and things like that. I ended up spending far more than I'd ever intended.
I didn't really do much research, except for fish, about which I knew nothing. I was clearly going
to be the person standing behind the counter filleting, so I talked to one person who showed me a
little, supplied me, and kept me under his wing for a little while. But it's quite easy to learn about fish;
once you get used to gutting salmon you're on your way. Meat is more difficult; the skill is in the
butchery, so I employ people for that. I had to learn about equipment by trial and error.
I started in July — the worst time of the year for a shop like this — and the overdraft kept going
up. That was rather frightening because there was no one between me and the bank manager. My
reaction early on was that it was bound to come right. At the same time I was deeply involved and
rather enjoying myself. It was my own little baby and it was fun to serve behind the counter —
completely different from boring trips to Manchester to sell vast quantities of PVC. There was a lot
more hard work than I was used to; I was working over the weekend doing my books.
I remember my accountant saying to me when I was starting up,
mental stimulation?
money: I couldn't have conceived of doing this 20 years ago. It was a great leap in the dark. I don't
know if I'm brave or foolish, or a bit of both I suppose. But I do know that if I'd listened to anyone I
would never have done it.
Les Shield, 30, a boiler technician, was made redundant from British Steel at Consett in 1980.
145'th Mike Heywood, a Consett transport manager made redundant at the same time, he started
British Brewing Products, manufacturing beer kits and now diversifi2ing into wine production.
I read a newspaper article about a company which had done quite well in home brew, and I
started to research the market 18 months before the closure at Consett. By the time the steelworks
were due to close I had a business plan ready. We bought some products which we had made for us
and went out into the wilds of Yorkshire and Lancashire and sold them as a test. It took two months
before we got any repeat business and that was a nail-biting period. It took another few months to
fend premises and to get financial assistance from BSC industry and the bank. We went into
production in April 1981 manufacturing home-brewing kits in a 1,500 sq ft factory.
Let's face it, in this area, there wasn't a lot of choice. You could sit and vegetate and spend your
redundancy money, you could move away and find new employment, or you could use your
redundancy money to sink or swim.
We're swimming. We're actually doing very well. I like being self-employed; there's far more job
satisfaction. You know that at the end of the day you're getting the full value, personally, of the work
you do. That's what you're in business for — to make money, rather than make money for other
people. It was obviously a strain when I spent 5 days a week training, but after 18 months, we were
able to afford our first salesman.
I think my wife was happy for me to do what I've done. She accepted that there would be a
certain amount of stress during the early days, but she probably realized that if I was successful the
rewards would be there at the end of the day.
We're now in our third factory since we started. We export our products to the Republic of
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Ireland, Canada and America; exports account for 20 percent of production. Our turnover will
exceed &1 million for the first time this year.
We're about to diversify into commercial distribution of imported and domestically produced
wine and wines we're producing ourselves. We employ 20 people at the moment but that will rise to
70 in the next 3 months.
Task 11
【原文】
I could hear the guard blowing his whistle, so I ran onto the platform and up to the train. Luckily
someone saw me coming, a door opened, and I jumped on while the train was moving out of the
station. “Phew!” I thought. “That was hard work!” I was sure the other passengers could
hear my heart beating; it was so loud, and I was in a cold sweat.
After a while, I recovered, and had a look at the other passengers. The compartment was full, but
I was the only one standing. The people in the carriage turned their eyes away as they noticed me
looking at them; all except one, a beautiful woman sitting in the corner. I saw her watching me in
the mirror. Automatically, I adjusted my tie. She had seen me running for the train: maybe this
was my lucky day after all. I prepared to say hello.
She spoke first, however. “Would you like my seat?” she asked. “You look rather ill.” That
was the day on which I realized I was getting middle-aged.
Unit 4
Task 1
【答案】
1) They were orphans and had nobody to support them.
2) Each boy was given only one bowl of gruel for supper and no more — far from enough.
3) They boys were so hungry that they could not bear it any more. They decided that tone of them
must ask the master for more gruel. Olive Twist was chosen by casting lots.
4) He never thought that any boy would dare to ask for more food than the given portion. Therefore,
he was both surprised and angry on hearing Oliver’s request.
5) He was struck on the head by the master and pushed out of the room. And for a week Olive
remained prisoner in the cellar.
【原文】
Oliver Twist had no parents and lived in the workhouse.
The room in which the boys had their food was a large stone hall. Each boy was given one
bowl of gruel and no more. The bowls never needed washing. The boys polished them with their
spoons. But still the boys were hungry.
Oliver Twist and the other boys suffered from slow starvation for three months. At last they
got so wild with hunger that one of the boys, who was tall for his age, said:
and the boys believed him. The boys gathered and thought of a plan.
boy.
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for more.
So they cast lots. The lot fell to Oliver Twist. He had to go up to the master and ask for more
gruel.
The evening came. The boys took their places and quickly ate up their gruel. Then they looked
at Oliver. He rose from his place, bowl and spoon in hand, went up to the master and said,
sir, I want some more.
Oliver repeated:
The master struck Oliver on the head and pushed him out of the room.
For a week Oliver remained a prisoner in the cellar.
Task 2
【答案】
A. 1) F 2) F 3) T
B.
1) d 2) b
【原文】
Mark Twain was a famous American writer. There were many stories about him. One day Mark
Twain was fishing. A stranger came along.
Mark Twain paused a minute. Then he asked:
Task 3
【答案】
A.
Name: Lewis Carroll
Occupation: mathematics; Oxford University
Literary works:
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
; 1865;
Through the Looking-Glass
; 1871
B.
These stories are about a dream world in which Alice meets strange creatures and has interesting
adventures.
【原文】
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Which would you rather be? A mathematician or a writer? Perhaps you will never be faced with
this kind of choice. Lewis Carroll was both a mathematician and a writer. He was a lecturer
in mathematics at Oxford University. But he is better known as the author of two of the most
famous children’ s books that have ever been written:
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and
Through the Looking-Glass
. The author’s real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, but he
preferred to use the pen-name “Lewis Carroll” when he wrote
Alice’s Adventures in
Wonderland
and this is the name we remember him by.
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
was published in 1865, when its author was 33 years old; it
was followed by
Through the Looking-Glass
in 1871. Both books were written for a real girl called
Alice, but they have been read by millions of children since they were first published. These stories
are about a dream world in which Alice meets strange creatures and has interesting adventures . I’m
sure you know this already, but if you don’t, you had better read the stories yourselves.
Task 4
【答案】
the Greeks, closed the gates of the city and stayed behind the walls, the Greeks, a huge wooden horse,
hide inside it, the horse, they stopped, hid their ships, Greek prisoner, the horse, The Greek soldiers,
the wooden horse
【原文】
Many, many years ago there was a war between the Greeks and the Trojans. The Greek ships
sailed up to the city of Troy. When the Trojans saw the Greek ships, they closed the gates of their city
and stayed behind the walls. The Greeks attacked the city many times, but could not take it. Then one
of the Greeks thought of a plan. The Greeks made a big wooden horse and had some soldiers hide
inside the horse. In the morning the Greeks burned their camps and sailed away. Only the big
wooden horse remained in front of the city gate.
But the Greek ships did not sail far. The Greeks stopped at a place near Troy, where the Trojans
could not see them, and hid their ships. At first the Trojans wanted to burn the wooden horse, but a
Greek prisoner said,
The horse was very big, and the Trojans could not bring it in through the gate. They had to
make a hole in the wall. Then they brought the wooden horse into the city. The next day was a
holiday in Troy. At night all the Trojan soldiers fell asleep after a heavy festive drinking.
The Greek ships came back to Troy in the night. When everything was quiet, the Greek soldiers
came out of the wooden horse and opened the gates of the city. The Greek army came into the city,
killed many Trojans and took the city.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
1) c 2) a
B.
1) All the animals thought that he was the king of beasts. Actually he was a coward. He was afraid of
human beings and other big animals. He roared only to scare them away and never really hurt them.
2) Dorothy and her dog wanted to get back to Kansas. The Scarecrow wanted some brains and the
Tinman wanted a heart. The Lion wanted to have courage.
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【原文】
The following story has been taken from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written by L. Frank
Baum in 1900. The book is a modern fairy tale and is one of the great favorites of American children.
One day a tornado carried away Dorothy and her dog Toto from their home in Kansa sand
landed them in the wonderful land of Oz. Here they made friends with two strange fellows, a
scarecrow and a tin man. The four were now on their way to the Emerald City where the Great Oz
lived.
Just as the Tinman spoke there came from the forest a terrible roar, and the next moment a
great Lion rushed into the road. With one blow of his paw he knocked the Scarecrow to the edge of
the road, and then he hit the Tinman with his sharp claws. But, to the Lion's surprise, he could make
no mark on the tin, though the Tinman fell over in the road and lay still.
Little Toto, now that he had an enemy to face, ran barking towards the Lion. The great beast
had opened his mouth to bite the dog. Dorothy feared that Toto would be killed. She forgot all
danger and rushed forward. She slapped the Lion upon his nose as hard as she could, and cried out:
dog!
help it?
him upon his feet, while she patted him into shape again.
around so. Is the other one stuffed also?
shiver min down my back. What is that little animal you are so kind to?
biting such a small, little thing except a coward like me,
was as big as a small horse.
forest expect me to be brave, for the Lion is everywhere thought to be the King of Beasts. I learned
that if I roared very loudly every living thing was afraid and got out of my way. Whenever I've met a
man I've been very much frightened; but I just roared at him, and he has always min away as fast as
he could go. If the elephants, tigers and bears ever tried to fight me, I would run away — I'm such a
coward; but just as soon as they hear me roar, they all try to get away from me, and of course I let
them go.
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sorrow, and it makes my life very unhappy. But whenever there is danger, my heart begins to
beat fast.
my part, I have no heart; so I can't have heart disease.
is stuffed with straw.
beasts. I think they must be more cowardly than you if they allow you to scare them so easily.
myself to be a coward I shall be unhappy.
So once more the little company set off upon the journey. The Lion walked at Dorothy's side.
Toto did not like the Lion at first, because he could not forget how nearly he had been crushed
between the Lion's great jaws; but after a time he became more at ease, and before long Toro and the
Cowardly Lion became good friends.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) Civil War
2) first, equality
3) battlefields, bloodiest
4) ordinary
B.
1) d 2) c
【原文】
Walt Whitman is often called the poet of American democracy. He lived during the American
Civil War, and he admired President Abraham Lincoln very much.
Whitman was the first American poet who wrote about tree equality among all people. In a
poem called
He wrote:
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In the same poem Whitman spoke up for women. He wrote:
He also wrote:
men and women.
Whitman understood war and the results of war. He worked in a hospital, taking care of
wounded men. In a description of northern soldiers who had returned from prisons in the south he
wrote: sight is worse than any sight of battlefields or any collection of wounded, even the
bloodiest.
Whitman was the first important American poet to write about ordinary people, using ordinary
language.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) A red, red rose that’s newly spring in June and the melody that’s sweetly played in tune.
2) He will love her till all the seas are dried and the rocks melt in the sun. his love will last as long as
the sands of life run(there is life on earth).
3) Yes, he is, and he will come back no matter how far it is.
B.
June ---tune I---dry sun---run while ---mile
【原文】
O, my love is like a red, red rose,
That is newly sprung in June.
O, my love is like the melody,
That is sweetly played in tune.
As fair are you, my lovely lass,
So deep in love am I,
And I will love you still, my Dear,
Till all the seas go dry.
Till all the seas go dry, my Dear,
And the rocks melt with the sun!
O I will love you still, my Dear,
While the sands of life shall run.
And fare you well, my only Love,
And fare you well a while!
And I will come again, my Love,
Although it were ten thousand mile!
Task 8
【答案】
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1) Tall stories, that is, unlikely ones.
2) Because he wanted to be a member of a certain club.
3) He went there because he was told that a lion came there each evening to drink water.
4) Sixteen times.
5) He killed sixteen lions.
【原文】
A famous French writer who wrote many books about England and the English people once
wrote about the Englishman's fondness for improbable or tall stories. In one of his books about the
First World War, an English priest tells the following story:
He had wanted to become a member of a certain club in Africa. In order to become a
member, each person had to shoot at least one lion. The priest had never shot an animal in his life.
So, armed with a rifle and accompanied by a young African boy, the priest set out one evening for a
pool in the jungle where he was told a lion came each evening to drink. He waited patiently for a few
hours until shortly before midnight when he heard a rustling noise. Sure enough a few yards away the
head of a lion appeared above a bush that separated the priest and the pool. He aimed and fired. The
head of the lion immediately fell behind the bush but a moment later reappeared. So the priest aimed
and fired again. The head of the lion immediately fell behind the bush but a moment later reappeared.
The priest fired again: the same result. He remained calm because he knew he had brought sixteen
bullets with him. After his fourth attempt his aim seemed to become more and more inaccurate. In
fact, after his fifteenth attempt the African boy had to warn him,
miss this time, we are in trouble.
The priest then realized how serious the situation was, so he took a deep breath, aimed very
carefully and fired. They waited a moment, then slowly counted up to twenty: the head of the lion did
not reappear. The priest was certain that at last he had shot his lion. They rushed forward together to
the spot behind the bush. And what do you think they found? Sixteen lions.
Task 9
【答案】
I. a young prince who lived on land
A. rose to the surface of the sea and waited for the prince to come to her
B. never came
II. a witch
A. changed her fish’s tail into a pair of human legs
B. she gave the witch her tongue
III. the prince’s palace
A. her feet hurt terribly
B. didn’t love her
Ⅳ. a young princess
A. drive back into the sea
B. a spirit of the air and lived forever
【原文】
Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark. In Copenhagen harbor, you can see a statue of the Little
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Mermaid. I wonder if you know her story. It's a sad one.
That Little Mermaid fell in love with a young prince who lived on the land. Every night she
used to rise up to the surface of the sea and sit staring at his palace, waiting for him to come to her.
But he never came.
Finally she visited a witch. The witch changed her fish's tail into a pair of human legs so that
she could go and live on land. But in return, the Little Mermaid had to give her tongue to the witch,
so that she could never sing or speak again. She loved the prince so much that she gave it happily.
She went and lived in the prince's palace, and every night, she danced for him, although her
strange new feet caused her terrible pain. But she didn't mind the pain. She waited and waited for the
prince to fall in love with her.
But, although the prince liked the Little Mermaid very much, he didn't love her. He fell in love
with a young princess and they got married. On their wedding night, the Little Mermaid sadly dived
back into the sea. She had no tail now, only legs, and she thought that she would die. She didn't die,
though. Because of her kind heart, she became a spirit of the air and lived forever.
Task 10
【答案】
A.
1) b 2) c 3) b 4) a 5) a
B.
No. 1[e] No. 2 [b] No. 3 [a] No.4 [d] No.5 [c]
【原文】
1) A wolf thought that by disguising himself as a sheep he could get enough to eat. So he put on a
sheepskin and joined the flock without being discovered. At sunset the shepherd shut him with the
sheep in the fold. Then he felt hungry, so he picked up his knife and killed one of the sheep for his
supper. But it was the wolf that he killed.
2) A bird in a cage at a window used to sing during the night. A bat which heard her came up
and asked why she never sang by day, but only by night. She explained that there was a good reason:
she was caught while she was singing in the daytime, and this had taught her a lesson.
careful before one is caught, not after,
3) Monkeys are said to have a strange habit. When twins are born to them, the mother will take
care of only one of the twins. She will hold it tightly to her breast and neglect the other. But the one
taken care of will die because it cannot breathe freely, while the neglected one will grow up strong
and healthy.
4) A gnat alighted on a bull's horn. After it had stayed there a long time and felt like moving on,
it asked the bull if he would like it to go now.
I shall not notice if you go.
5) A reed and an olive tree were quarrelling one day. They wanted to see which one was the
stronger. Finally the olive tree said to the reed,
the reed did not say a word. Before long a storm arose. The reed was tossed about and bent by the
winds, but it was not hurt. The olive tree stood bravely against the storm and was broken by its force.
Task 11
【答案】
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.
I.
A. struck a rock and began to break up.
B. sank too
C. had survived
II.
A. he was tied very firmly by a large number of fine ropes.
B. about forty little men shot at him with their arrows, which hurt like needles.
C. the little men gave him all the bread, meat and wine they had.
III.
was seven feet by three feet, equipped with twenty-two wheels and pulled by fifteen hundred little
horses
【原文】
Gulliver was travelling by ship. The ship struck a rock and began to break up. Some of the
sailors and Gulliver got away in a boat, but that sank too. In the end Gulliver was the only person
who survived-who didn't drown. He kept on swimming, and just managed to reach land. By that time
it was already evening. Gulliver kept on walking, but by then he was so exhausted that he lay down
on the grass, and fell sound asleep.
He slept until the following morning. When he woke up, he could not move. His arms and
legs were tied to the ground, very firmly, and so was his hair. There were a large number of very fine,
thin ropes across his body, he discovered, and these prevented him from moving.
Gulliver could just manage to look down his body — that was all he could do — and there he
saw, advancing up his body, about forty little men. These little men were only about six inches high.
They were dressed as soldiers, and each one carried a bow and arrow. Gulliver shouted out, and when
he did this, all the soldiers ran away, though they gradually came back again.
Gulliver decided to try to escape. He managed to break some of the ropes, and he was also
able to free his head. But when he began to move, the soldiers shot at him with their arrows. These
arrows were small but sharp like needles, and they hurt Gulliver. He decided to keep still and when he
did so, the soldiers stopped shooting at him with their arrows.
By this time Gulliver was feeling very hungry, so he put his finger to his mouth, to show the
little people that he needed food. They understood this, and they brought him bread and meat.
Gulliver ate all the bread and meat, and then indicated that he was thirsty. Again he was understood,
and the people brought him wine. In fact Gulliver drank all the wine that was available — all they
had.
After that one of the king's officers came up to Gulliver. He spoke to him, and indicated that he
had to go to the city, to the capital of the island. This was what the king had ordered. Guliver asked
to be set free, but the officer refused. Gulliver again thought of trying to escape, but he remembered
those arrows which the soldiers had shot at him, and he decided to do nothing. In any case he soon
fell asleep, because of all the wine he had drunk.
While he was asleep, the people on the island made arrangements — got everything ready — to
take Gulliver to the capital. They managed to get him on a cart which they had built specially to take
him to the city. It was seven feet long, and three feet wide, and it had twenty-two wheels in all. It
took about three hours to get Gulliver on the cart, and fifteen hundred horses to pull the cart to the
city.
Task 12
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Aesop was a very clever man who lived in Greece thousands of years ago. He wrote many good
fables. He was known to be fond of jokes. One day, as he was enjoying a walk he met a traveler, who
greeted him and said, “Kind man, can you tell me how soon I shall get to town?”
“Go,” Aesop answered.
“I know I must go”, said the traveler, “but I should Like you to tell me how soon I shall
get to town.”
“Go,” Aesop said again angrily.
“This man must be mad,” the traveler thought and went on.
After he had gone some distance, Aesop shouted after him, “You will get to town in two
hours.” The traveler turned around in astonishment. “Why didn’t you tell me that before?” he
asked.
“How could I have told you before?” answered Aesop. “I did not know how fast you could
walk.
Unit 5
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) People’s ideas on permanent education.
2) One is an ordinary “man in the street”. The other is an educational psychologist.
3) The first person thinks this idea of permanent education is crazy. He can’t understand people
who want to spend all their lives in school. The second person thinks the idea of permanent
education is practical because people are never really too old to go on learning.
B.
1) was; hated; stand; got out 2) all their lives 3) certain limits; age limits
【原文】
Two people are interviewed about their ideas on education. One is an ordinary
street
The man in the street:
When I was at school, I hated it. I couldn't stand it. I wasn't happy until I got out. I think this
idea of permanent education is crazy. I know some people go back to school when they're older, go
to language classes at the local
all their lives in school.
The educational psychologist:
The idea of permanent education is practical because we're never really too old to go on
learning. Of course, there are certain limits, but they aren't age limits. For example, let's say a man
past sixty tries to learn how to play football. It's foolish for him to do that, but only because his body
is too old, not his mind!
Task 2
【答案】
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.
A.
Age
Four
Five
Seven
Schooling
Nursery School
The Infants’ School
The Junior School
B.
1) He stayed there for a year.
2) He has faint, but very pleasant memories of it. He had fun and played games---including
story- telling, drawing, singing and dancing.
3) He began t have more formal lessons and even worry about exams.
4) The exam was called the “Eleven Plus”. Students took the exam to see what kind of secondary
school they would get into.
【原文】
John is talking to Martin about his primary schooling.
Martin: Did you go to a state primary school?
John: Yes, I did. I went to a nursery school first, at the age of four, but this was purely voluntary.
There was a good kindergarten in our neighbourhood so my parents decided to send me there
for a year.
Martin: Can you still remember it?
John: Yes, I have faint, but very pleasant memories of it. It was a delightful place, full of fun and
games. As in most nursery schools, work — if you can call it that — consisted of storytelling,
drawing, singing and dancing.
Martin: You probably don't remember but you must have missed it when you left — you know, when
you went to the Infants' School at the age of five.
John: I suppose I must have, but you know, right up to the age of seven, school life was very
pleasant. It was only later in the Junior School that we began to have more formal lessons and
even worry about exams.
Martin: Really? Did you have to do exams at that age?
John: Yes, we used to then. We had to take an exam at the age of eleven called the
see what kind of Secondary school we would get into. But this exam has disappeared
nowadays.
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) compulsory; the ages of 5 and 16; state-funded; independent
2) available; at a nursery school; in the nursery class at a primary school
3) preparatory; primary; aged 5 to 13
4) enter the state education system; at the age of 5; secondary school
5) 7, 11, 13 or 16; gain admission at 11 or 13; the Common Entrance Examination
6) one further year; Advanced Supplementary Examinations; Advanced Level Examinations
7) classroom; laboratory; work independently; undertake research for projects
8) vocational; conventional
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9) secondary education; with A-levels; further; higher
B.
1) GCSE stand for the General Certificate of Secondary Education. It is normally take at the age of
sixteen.
2) Students usually study form 8 to 12 subjects over two years.
3) Some subjects take account of the work students do throughout the year, while others are assessed
entirely by examination.
【原文】
Education in the United Kingdom is compulsory for everyone between the ages of five and
sixteen, and is provided by two kinds of schools: state-funded schools and independent (fee-charging)
schools.
Children education
Pre-school or pre-preparatory education: pre-school education is available in both the
independent and the state systems. Many children start their education at the age of three or four at a
nursery school or in the nursery class at a primary school.
Preparatory education: in the independent system, preparatory (or primary) education is
available for children aged 5 to 13.
Primary education: most children in the United Kingdom enter the state education system
when they go to primary school at the age of five and generally move to secondary school or college
at the age of 11.
Secondary education (including the General Certificate of Secondary Education and
equivalents)
Most pupils enter independent boarding schools at the age of 7, 11, 13 or 16. To gain admission
at 11 or 13, some pupils sit an exam called the Common Entrance Examination. At 16, they enter the
school to study in its sixth form (for A-levels and equivalent qualifications).
All UK secondary schools, both state and independent, teach pupils at least until the age of
sixteen and prepare them for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) or equivalent
qualifications. Significant numbers of international students enter the UK secondary education
system when they are either eleven or thirteen. Many attend independent boarding schools.
GCSEs in vocational subjects are normally taken at the age of 16. Following these, students can
do one further year of academic study before taking Advanced Supplementary examinations
(AS-levels).
Alternatively, there are career-based qualifications, such as General National Vocational
Qualifications (GNVQs) or vocational A-levels, which can be taken after one or two years of study.
All these courses give access to university or further study.
Students usually study from 8 to 12 GCSE subjects over two years. Most students study a core
of statutory subjects and choose additional subjects from a list.
On any GCSE course, you receive formal tuition in the classroom and laboratory but are also
encouraged to work independently and undertake research for projects, often outside school hours.
Educational visits, either on your own or as part of a small group, are often part of the timetable.
Some subjects take account of the work you do throughout the year, while others are assessed
entirely by examination. Examinations are independently marked and graded. GCSE grades range
from A (the highest) to G.
New GCSEs in vocational subjects are a career-based version of the GCSE. Eight subjects are
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available: Art and Design, Business, Engineering, Health and Social Care, Information and
Communications Technology (ICT), Leisure and Tourism, Manufacturing, and Science. One
vocational GCSE is equivalent to two conventional GCSEs. As with other GCSEs, grades range from
A (the highest) to G.
Sixth- formers usually finish their secondary education at the age of eighteen with A-levels or
equivalent qualifications, then go on to study at either further or higher education level.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
Topic of This Discussion: Corporal Punishment
Interviewees Position ArgumentsReasons
on This Topic
ForAgainst
For It’s difficult to teach children these days, when
many of them know they won’t get jobs. It’s
hard to control the class if you can’t punish
them. Some children need discipline.
It always has been difficult to be a teacher. But
you don’t have to use violence. It’s
impossible to teach students about nonviolence
and being good citizens when you are violent
yourself.
Its’ impossible to teach the rest of the class of
you have one student who constantly
misbehaves. It’s bad for the others.
Kate
Rolf Against
Jane
Raoul
Against
For
B.
1) F 2) F
【原文】
Kate: Yes, it's difficult to teach children these days, when many of them know they won't get jobs. It's
hard to control the class if you can't punish them. I often hit them with a ruler. Of
course, in my part of Scotland we're allowed to hit them, and I think it's necessary —
some children need discipline.
Interviewer: What do you think, Rolf? I know you feel very strongly about corporal punishment.
Rolf: I don't agree with Kate. I know it's difficult to be a teacher, but I think it always has been.
But you don't have to use violence. It's impossible to teach students about non-violence
and being good citizens when you are violent yourself.
Interviewer: What do the Welsh think, Jane? Rolf thinks corporal punishment is wrong.
Jane: Yes, I think so too.
Interviewer: And Raoul?
Raoul: Well, I think it's sometimes necessary. When one child constantly disobeys, you have to
beat him, or else send him away — maybe to a special school. It's impossible to teach
the rest of the class if you have one student who constantly misbehaves. It's bad for the
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others.
Interviewer: Did anyone beat you when you were at school?
Raoul: Well...
Task 5
【答案】
A.
1) Because the television program by that name can now be seen in many parts of the world.
2) This program is very popular among children. Some educators object to certain elements in the
program. Parents praise it highly. Many teachers also consider it a great help, though some teachers
find that problems arise when first graders who have learned from “Sesame Street” are in the
same class with children who have not watched the program.
3) In order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly.
4)
1. The reasons may include the educational theories of its creators, the support by both government
and private businesses, and the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks
2. Perhaps an equally important reason is that mothers watch “Sesame Street” along with their
children. This is partly because famous adult stars often appear on “Sesame Street”.
3. The best reason for the success of the program may be that it makes every child watching it feel
able to learn. The child finds himself learning, and he wants to learn more.
B.
1) six million; regularly; half; economic; racial; geographical
2) fifty; Spanish; Portuguese; German; one hundred thousand; English; every two weeks
3) songs; stories; jokes; pictures; numbers; letters; human relationships
【原文】
Sesame Street
program by that name can now be seen in so many parts of the world. That program became one of
America’s exports soon after it went on the air in New York in 1969.
In the United States more than six million children watch the program regularly. The viewers
include more than half the nation’s pre-school children, from every kind of economic, racial, and
geographical group.
Although some educators object to certain elements in the program, parents praise it highly.
Many teachers consider it a great help, though some teachers find that problems arise when first
graders who have learned from “Sesame Street” are in the same class with children who have not
watched the program.
Tests have shown that children from all racial, geographical, and economic backgrounds have
benefited from watching
occasional viewers. In the United States the program is shown at different hours during the week in
order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly.
In its American form
based on
show in Japan buy one hundred thousand booklets with translations of the English sound track every
two weeks.
The program uses songs, stories, jokes and pictures to give children a basic understanding of
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numbers, letters and human relations. But there are some differences. For example, the Spanish
program, produced in Mexico City, devotes more time to teaching whole words than to teaching
separate letters.
Why has Streetbeen so much more successful than other children's shows? Many
reasons have been suggested. People mention the educational theories of its creators, the support by
the government and private businesses, and the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks. Perhaps an
equally important reason is that mothers watch Streetalong with their children. This is
partly because famous adult stars often appear on StreetBut the best reason for the
success of the program may be that it makes every child watching it feel able to learn. The child finds
himself learning, and he wants to learn more.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) It is to have all public schools connected to the Internet computer system and have computers
available for all students.
2) Its web site provides information about the school, the teacher and their mail addresses. It also
lists student events and organizations.
3) They learn numbers and letters. They also learn how to use the computers they will need later in
their education.
B.
1) 1994; 35%; Last year; 89%
2) universities; colleges; urge; require
【原文】
One of the goals of American education officials is to have all public schools connected to the
Internet computer system and have computers for all students. Government studies show that in
1994 only 35 percent of American public schools were connected to the Internet. Last year, that
number reached 89 percent.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University is a large university in the southern state of
Virginia. Officials at Virginia Tech say computers are very important to a student's education. All
students at Virginia Tech have been required to have a computer since 1998.
Each student's living area at Virginia Tech has the necessary wires to link a computer to the
Internet. The students can send and receive electronic mail, use the World Wide Web part of the
Internet and link with other universities, all without leaving their rooms. They can also use their
computers to send electronic copies of their school work to their teachers. And they can search for
books in the school's huge library.
Most major American universities and colleges strongly urge or require new students to have a
computer. Most colleges and universities also have large rooms where students can use computers for
classwork.
American high schools also have computers. Many have their own areas on the World Wide
Web. If you have a computer you can learn about Fremont Union High School in Sunnyvale,
California, for example. Its web site provides information about the school, the teachers and their
electronic mail addresses. It also lists student events and organizations.
Young children also use computers in school. Smoketree Elementary School, in Lake Havasu,
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Arizona is a good example. The school also has a World Wide Web site. It tells about the school and
the teachers and has an area for young children. These young children use computers in school to
learn numbers and letters. They also learn how to use the computers they will need later in their
education.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
I. spoken; written
A. saying poetry aloud; giving speeches
B. advanced degrees; field of study; custom; candidates; doctor’s degree
II. written
A. nineteenth
B. the great increase in population; the development of modern industry
C.
1. objective; personal opinions; memory of facts and details; range of knowledge; a fairer chance;
easier; quicker; learning
2. essay; ling answers; broad general questions; the element of luck; put facts together into a
meaningful whole; really knowing much about the subject; have trouble expressing their ideas in essay
form; examiner’s feelings at the time of reading the answer.
III.
unsatisfactory; along with
B.
b
【原文】
In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of
ancient Greece and Rome , testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced
degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of
the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's
degree.
Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all
students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century.
Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern
industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and
carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly,
during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines. There is nothing very
human about the examination process.
Two types of tests are commonly used in modern schools. The first type sometimes called an
“objective” test. It is intended to deal with facts., not personal opinions. To make up an objective
test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with
each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers
to students who have not learned the material properly.
For testing a student's memory of facts and details, the objective test has advantages. It can be
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scored very quickly by the teacher or even by a machine. In a short time the teacher can find out a
great deal about the student's range of knowledge.
For testing some kinds of learning, however, such a test is not very satisfactory. A lucky student
may guess the correct answer without really knowing the material. For a clearer picture of what the
students knows, most teachers use another kind of examination in addition to objective tests. They
use “essay” tests, which require students to write long answer to broad general questions.
One advantage of the essay test is that it reduces the element of luck. The student cannot get a
high score just by making a lucky guess. Another advantage is that it shows the examiner more about
the student’s ability to put facts together into a meaningful whole. It should show how deeply he
has thought about the subject. Sometimes, though, essay tests have disadvantages, too. Some students
are able to write rather good answers without really knowing much about the subject, while other
students who actually know the material have trouble expressing their ideas in the essay form.
Besides, on an essay test the student's score may depend upon the examiner's feelings at the
time of reading the answer. If he is feeling tired or bored, the student may receive a lower score than
he should. Another examiner reading the same answer might give it a much higher mark. From this
standpoint the objective test gives each student a fairer chance, and of course it is easier and quicker
to score.
Most teachers and students would probably agree that examinations are unsatisfactory. Whether
an objective test or an essay test is used, problems arise. When some objective questions are used
along with some essay questions, however, a fairly clear picture of the student's knowledge can
usually be obtained.
Task 8
Americans know that higher education is the key to the growth they need to lift their country,
and today that is more true than ever. Just listen to these facts. Over half the new jobs created in the
last three years have been managerial and professional jobs. The new jobs require a higher level of
skills.
Fifteen years ago the typical worker with a college degree made 38 percent more than a worker
with a high school diploma. Today that figure is 73 percent more. Two years of college means a 20
percent increase annual earnings. People who finish two years of college earn a quarter of a million
dollars more tan their high school counterparts over a lifetime.
Unit 6
Task 1
【答案】
A.
[d]—[b]—[a]—[e]—[c]
B.
a
【原文】
Laura usually leaves the offices of Quest Productions at about 5 o'clock, but last Monday she left at
5:30. She wanted to get home by 6:30 and she ran to the bus stop but she couldn't get on a bus.
There were too many people and not enough buses. Laura was desperate to get home so she decided
to go by tube.
In the station she went to one of the automatic ticket machines but she didn't have enough
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change, so she had to join the queue at the ticket window. She bought her ticket and ran to the
escalator. Laura went to the platform and waited for the tube. It arrived and the crowd moved
forward.
Laura was pushed into the train. It was almost full but she was given a seat by a man with a
moustache. Laura thanked him and sat down. She started to read her newspaper. In the tunnel the
train stopped suddenly and Laura was thrown to the floor together with the man with the moustache.
Somebody screamed. The lights went out. It was quarter past 6 on a cold, wet December evening.
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) a 2) b 3) d 4) c
B.
1) T 2) T 3) F
C.
wondered; television plays; exciting; every cigarette lighter; tape recorder; held in a certain way; the
touch of a gold ring against the hand of; reveal; How wrong they were
【原文】
X was a secret agent. He had rented a furnished room in a provincial town not far from the
public park and had been there two weeks. He was standing at the window looking out at the dull
beds of geraniums, the park gates and the cold, uninviting statue of Queen Victoria that stood across
the street from him, It was raining hard and the few people who passed by looked wet and miserable.
X was miserable, too. How, he wondered, could anybody think there was anything interesting about
the life of a secret agent? He knew it was because people had seen so many television plays about
glamorous spies that they thought the life of a secret agent was exciting. They were convinced that
every cigarette lighter concealed a secret tape recorder; that a fountain pen held in a certain way
would open a locked door, that the touch of a gold ring against the hand of an enemy would make
him reveal all his secrets. How wrong they were! He looked round his room. The wallpaper was in the
worst possible taste, the pictures horrible, the carpet worn, dirty and faded; and he was cold. This was
the third Monday he had come to the window to look out. He prayed it would be the last.
As if in answer to his prayer, a certain meeting he had been sent to investigate was about to
take place. He took out his camera. Just beneath the statue two women had stopped to speak. He
knew one of them, and it was she who pointed in his direction. The other woman looked up towards
him and in that brief moment he photographed her.
Task 3
【答案】
A.
Names
Harry
Nora
Robert
Peter
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Ideal Careers
Sailor
Farmer(if she were a man)
Civil engineer
Racing driver or explorer
.
B.
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) b 5) d
【原文】
Harry: Well, Robert, have you made up your mind yet what you want to do when you leave college?
Nora: Oh Harry. Surely he's a bit young to decide on his career. He hasn't even got to college yet.
Harry: Not at all, Nora. It's wisest to decide in good time. Look at me, for example. I really wanted to
be a sailor, but now I spend my days sitting at a desk in an office. Yes, it's silly to train for the
wrong job. And after all, Robert will be going to college soon.
Nora: Now if I were a man I'd be a farmer. To see the crops growing--that's my idea of a good life.
Harry: Yes, and to see the money rolling in is more important still.
Robert: Well, that's not the way I look at it, Dad. It's the job I care about, not the money.
Harry: Maybe not; but you'll learn to care about the money too, when you've got a family to keep.
Nora: And of course Peter — well, he's keen to be a racing driver, or else an explorer.
Robert: Oh, Peter's not old enough to make up his mind about such things.
Harry: You haven't answered my question yet, Robert. What would you like to do?
Nora: Are you sure you don't want to be a farmer, Robert? Or a market gardener?
Robert: No, I'm sorry Mum, but I don't want to at all. I'd rather be a civil engineer. I want to build
roads and bridges.
Harry: Not ships? Isn't it better to be a shipbuilding engineer?
Robert: Look here, is it my career we're planning, or yours?
Harry: All fight, all right, there's no need to lose your temper. But you'd better win that scholarship
first.
Task 4
【答案】
I. correspondents; columnist
A. may not need either
B. to go to places where events take place and write stories about them
II. first; bigger; better; who will soon leave to work for other people
III. working hours; free time; work long hours to begin with
【原文】
Here are some of the things a young man or woman should not do when he first asks an editor
for a job:
He should not tell the editor that he wants to be a foreign correspondent or a columnist. Very
probably the editor does not need either. He wants a reporter who will go to such places as
government offices and police stations and write a true story of what is happening there. Being a
foreign correspondent or a columnist will come later.
A young person should not tell tile editor that newspaper work is only the first step on the
way to bigger and better jobs, such as those in government. The editor must take a lot of time and
trouble teaching someone to be a good newspaperman or woman. He does not like the idea of
teaching people who are soon going to leave him to work for someone else.
A young journalist should accept the working hours and free time the editor gives him. As a
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new journalist, it is very probable that he will work longer hours than others and work on weekends.
The editor did the same when he was a young newspaperman with no experience. He expects a
journalist to understand how things are on a newspaper.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
1) acd 2) abe
B.
1) she is the wrong sex 2) she wears the wrong clothes
【原文】
SYLVIA: We've got a new manager in our department.
LARRY: Oh? You hoped to get that job, didn't you?
SYLVIA: Yes, I did.
LARRY: I'm sorry. That's too bad. Who is it? Who got the job, I mean?
SYLVIA: Someone called Drexler. Carl Drexler. He's been with the company only two years.
I've been here longer. And I know more about the job, too!
LARRY: Hmm. Why do you think they gave it to him and not to you?
SYLVIA: Because I'm the wrong sex, of course !
LARRY: You mean you didn't get the job because you're a woman?
SYLVIA: Yes, that was probably it! It isn't fair.
LARRY: What sort of clothes does he wear?
SYLVTA: A dark suit. White shirt. A tie. Why?
LARRY: Perhaps that had something to do with it.
SYLVIA: You mean you think I didn't get the job because I come to work in jeans and a
sweater?
LARRY: It's possible, isn't it?
SYLVIA: Do you really think I should wear different clothes?
LARRY: Well. . . perhaps you should think about it.
SYLVTA: Why should I wear a skirt? Or a dress?
LARRY: I'm not saying you should. I'm saying you should think about it. That's all!
SYLVIA: Why should I do that? I'm good at my job! That's the only important thing!
LARRY: Hmm. Perhaps it should be the only important thing. But it isn't. Not inthis company.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1st man
Former Jobs
Car salesman
When Laid-off
Recently
Why Laid-off
Low sales, due to the
increase of interest
rates
Plant moved to
Singapore where
workers are paid much
2
nd
man Worker at a vacuum 10 months ago
cleaner plant
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less
B.
1
st
speaker(bcd) 2
nd
speaker(ae)
C.
1) F 2) F
【原文】
Al: Is this the right line to file a claim?
Bob: Yeah. It's the same line for everything. You just stand here and wait.
Al: Oh. Is there always such a long line?
Bob: Every week. Sometimes longer. Is this your first time here?
Al: Yes.
Bob: What happened? Your plant closed down?
Al: No. I'm a car salesman, or, I was a car salesman. But we just aren't selling cars. It's the interest
rates. Two years ago, I averaged ten new cars a month. Do you know how many cars I sold last
month? One. One car to a lady who had the cash. But the interest rates are up again. The boss
let three of us go. How about you?
Bob: I worked at a vacuum cleaner plant with about fifty workers. We put in a good day's work. But
the machinery was getting old. As a matter of fact, the whole plant was old. So the management
decided to build a new plant. You know where? In Singapore. The workers here made about
seven dollars an hour, a couple of people made eight or nine an hour. You know how much
they're paying the workers in Singapore? $$2.50 an hour! Anyway, all fifty of us got laid off.
Al: How long ago was that?
Bob: They closed down ten months ago.
Al: Any luck finding another job?
Bob: Nothing. I have one, sometimes two, interviews a week. Last week I thought I had something.
They liked my experience with machines. But I never heard from them again.
Al: At least you know something about machines. All I can do is talk.
Bob: Maybe you'll talk yourself into another job. Good luck. I'll see you here next week.
Al: I hope not. I hope I'll have something by then.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) F 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) F
B.
1) According to the first speaker, it is frustrating because the teacher cannot see clearly the results of
his efforts.
2) According to the second speaker, English language teaching is a good job, because it guarantees a
stable income and regular working hours and means less pressure. He also likes the way elderly
teacher are.
【原文】
Interviewer: Do you prefer what you're doing to teaching?
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John Smith: Yes, one of the things I found a bit frustrating about teaching was that it was rather,
very intangible than um, especially if you're teaching in England and most of the students know quite
a lot of English before they arrive. They learn a lot of English outside the classroom, in pubs or
coffee shops or other places, with the families they're living with. It's very difficult to pin down how
much they learn from your actual lesson, whereas in marketing um, again there are lots of areas that
are gray rather than black or white, but there are quite a few other areas where one can see quite
clearly the results of one's efforts.
Interviewer: What did you do after you quit your job in advertising?
Second Man: In fact, I became a journalist and I worked as a freelance. I didn't have a full-time job
with any newspaper. I just had to contribute things as they came along and 1 wrote for
magazines, and I did quite a lot of broadcasting for the VOA. Well, this was in a way
the opposite of advertising because I enjoyed it a lot but I found it very hard to earn
enough money to live on.
Interviewer: And then you decided to be a teacher?
Second Man: Well, and so I thought. Well, I must do something which produces an income that I can
be sure of. While I was working as a journalist I had done an article for a magazine
about the English language teaching world and m fact I had come to the school where
I now teach as a journalist and interviewed a lot of the people. And I thought it seemed
a very nice place and I thought that the classes I visited had a very, very nice feeling
about them, and so I thought, well, I'll see if they'll have me.
Interviewer: Why do you prefer teaching to advertising?
Second Man: Well, partly because in teaching you work regular hours. It I advertising you just had to
stay at the office until the work was finished [I see.] and it could be three o'clock in the
morning. [Oh, dean] Also you were very often made to work at weekends. Often some
job would come up that was very important and they said it had to be finished — it
had to go into the newspapers next week.
Interviewer: So there was a lot mom pressure.
Second Man: There was a lot more pressure in advertising. Also, the people I worked with when I
was first in advertising were young hopeful people like myself. By the end I was
working with a lot of old people who quite honestly were awful. And I kept looking at
them and saying,
whereas the English language teachers I saw, who were older people I thought, well,
they seemed quite nice. And I wouldn't mind being like that myself.
Task 8
【答案】
The interview with Michale:
Does he work?
Why or why not?
No.
The work he used to do was not what interested
him and what he likes to do cannot earn him
enough money to support himself.
1) You do not have to get up it you don’t feel
like it.
2) You can spend your time on the things you
What are the advantages of not having to work?
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want to do.
Why does he feel justified in not working?
The interview with Chris:
What is the value of work in the current society?
What are the two main aspects of work?
Very little value other than supporting oneself
and ones family.
1) It is a bread-winning process.
2) The activities in it can be valuable to society.
He believes he does things which are enjoyable
for him and useful to people and the community.
What does he think of the work of a car factory He thinks it harmful to both the environment
worker? and the society, for cars add to pollution and
consume the scarce resources.
What does he think of the work of a doctor?
What kind of job does he do?
He thinks it a valuable job in any society.
He is perhaps a university teacher.
What does he think of his work?
He regarded his job a “white collar” job,
which he does with his mind and receives mental
satisfaction from it.
【原文】
Matthew: Michael, do you go out to work?
Michael: Not regularly, no. I... I used to; I used to have a job in a publishing company, but I
decided it wasn't really what I wanted to do and that what I wanted to do wouldn't earn me
much money, so I gave up working and luckily I had a private income from my family to
support me and now I do the things I want to do. Some of them get paid like lecturing and
teaching, and others don't.
Matthew: What are the advantages of not having to go to work from nine till five?
Michael: Ah... there' re two advantages really. One is that if you feel tired you don't have to get up,
and the other is that you can spend your time doing things you want to do rather than being
forced to do the same thing all the time.
Matthew: But surely that's in a sense very self-indulgent and very lucky because most of us have to
go out and earn our livings. Do you feel justified in having this privileged position?
Michael: Yes, because I think I use it well. I do things which I think are useful to people and the
community and which I enjoy doing.
Matthew: Chris, what do you think the value of work is?
Chris: Well, I think in our present- day society, for most people, work has very little value at all.
Most of us go out to work for about eight to nine hours of our working day. We do things
which are either totally futile and totally useless or have very little justification whatsoever,
and for most of us the only reason for working is that we need to keep ourselves alive, to pay
for somewhere to live, to pay to feed our children.
Matthew: But surely people wouldn't know what to do if they didn't have to go to work?
Chris: Well, again this raises the sort of two main aspects of work. Should we think of 'work only
as a sort of bread-winning process, and this is very much the role it has in current society, or
should we take a much wider perspective on work and think of all the possible sort of
activities that human beings could be doing during the day? I think the sort of distinction
currently is between say, someone who works in a car factory and who produces cars which
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are just adding to pollution, to over-consumption of vital resources, who is doing something
which is very harmful, both to our environment and to, probably society, to contrast his work
with someone perhaps like a doctor, who I think in any society could be justified as doing a
very valuable job and one which incidentally is satisfying to the person who is doing it.
Matthew: What do you do? Is your job just a breadwinning process or do you get some satisfaction
out of doing it?
Chris: Well, in the job I do find that most of the satisfaction is a mental one; it's coming to grips
with the problems of my subject and with the problems of teaching in the University. Clearly
this is the type of satisfaction that most people doing what we call in England
jobs. This is quite different from the sort of craftsman, who is either working that his hands
or with his skills on a machine, or from people perhaps who are using artistic skills, which are
of a quite different character. Certainly it's becoming a phenomena that people who do
jobs during the day, who work with their minds to some extent, people who
work on computers, people who are office clerks, bank employees, these people have fairly
soul- destroying jobs which nevertheless don't involve much physical effort, that they tend to
come home and do activities at home. They make cupboard, paint their
houses, repair their cars, which somehow provide the sort of physical job satisfaction that
they're denied in their working day.
Task 9
【答案】
A.
Interviewees
Men
Women
MenWomen 18-24
MenWomen 25-29
MenWomen 30-39
Blue-collar workers
Like their jobs Dislike their jobs Like jobs in part
(percent) (percent) (percent)
91
84
70
88
92
91
5
12
20
9
8
8
5
4
4
6
3
0
4
3
White-collar workers 87
B.
1) No major change. For some→“less paperwork”
Some:→less working hours
Others:→earn more money.
2) Most adults→would go on working.
Esp. young adults (18 to 24)→9 out of 10 would go on working
【原文】
Are most workers today feeling bored and dissatisfied with their jobs? It is often claimed that
they are. Yet a study conducted by Parade magazine more than 20 years ago showed that people at
that time felt the opposite.
Parade asked questions of a representative sampling of adult Americans from coast to coast.
The sampling included different sexes, age groups, and occupations.
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The interviewees were asked to make a choice from one of the following three to describe their
feelings towards their work.
A. Like their jobs.
B. Dislike their jobs.
C. Like their jobs in part,
Results showed that 91 percent of the male interviewees and 84 percent of the females chose A,
while only 5 percent men and 12 percent women interviewed chose B. The rest said that they liked
their jobs in part and they comprised a very tow percentage.
In all the three age groups — from 18 to 24, from 25 to 29 and 30 to 39 — those who liked
their
jobs made up the majority. 70 percent, 88 percent and 92 percent respectively choose A. Those
choosing B accounted for 20 percent, 9 percent and 8 percent of different age groups. And the rest, 6
percent, 3 percent and 0 percent respectively claimed that they only liked their jobs in part.
The difference in responses among people with different occupations is small. Among the
white-collar employees, those choosing A, B and C are 87 percent, 8 percent and 4 percent of the
total. And for the blue- collar employees, 91 percent, 5 percent and 3 percent choose A, B and C
respectively.
It is interesting to note that there are few differences in attitude between men and women,
professionals and factory workers. In each group, the largest number reported that they liked their
jobs.
Next, Parade asked,
be?
reply. No major changes were reported. Some wished for
working hours, but others would like more hours in order to earn more money. No serious
complaints were made.
Most people have to work in order to live. But what would happen if someone had enough
money to stop working? Parade asked,
— either at your present job or something you liked better--or would you quit work?
showed that most adults would prefer to work, even if they didn't have to. This is true especially of
the younger adults aged 18-24. Of these, nine out often said they would go on working, even if they
suddenly became millionaires.
Task 10
【答案】
A.
Intelligence
Interests
Career inclination
B.
1) F 2) T
C.
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According to Mother
to Cathy
very bright
music and dancing
teacher or vet
reasonably intelligent
According
tennis and swimming, talking to
people
hairdresser
.
1) b 2) a
D.
1. She really enjoyed meeting new people.
2. She had good qualifications in English and Maths.
3. She did not mind hard work, even if it was not always pleasant.
4. She liked living away form home.
【原文】
Officer: Come in, please take a seat. I'm the careers officer. You're Cathy, aren't you?
Mother: That's right. This is Catherine Hunt, and I'm her mother.
Officer: How do you do, Mrs. Hunt? Hello, Catherine.
Cathy: Hello. Pleased to meet you.
Officer: And you'd like some advice about choosing a career?-
Mother: Yes, she would. Wouldn't you, Catherine?
Cathy: Yes, please.
Officer: Well, just let me ask a few questions to begin with. How old are you, Catherine?
Mother: She's nineteen. Well, she's almost nineteen.
Officer: And what qualifications have you got?
Mother: Well, qualifications from school, of course. Very good results she got. And she got
certificates for ballet and for playing the piano.
Officer: Is that what you're interested in, Catherine, dancing and music?
Cathy: Well...
Mother: Ever since she was a little girl, she's been very keen on music and dancing. She ought to
be a music teacher or something. She's quite willing to train for a few more years to get the
right job, aren't you, Catherine?
Cathy: Well, if it's a good idea.
Mother: There you are, you see. She's a good girl really, a bit lazy and disorganized sometimes,
but she's very bright. I'm sure the careers officer will have lots of jobs for you.
Officer: Well, I'm afraid it's not as easy as that. There are many young people these days who can't
find the job they want.
Mother: I told you, Catherine. I told you, you shouldn't wear that dress. You have to look smart to
get a job these days.
Officer: I think she looks very nice. Mrs. Hunt, will you come into the other office for a moment
and look at some of the information we have there. I'm sure you'd like to see how we can
help young people.
Mother: Yes, I'd love to. Mind you, I think Catherine would be a nice teacher. She could work with
young children. She'd like that. Or she could be a vet. She's always looking after sick animals.
Officer: I'm afraid there's a lot of competition. You need very good results to be a vet. This way, Mrs.
Hunt. Just wait a minute, Catherine.
(
The mother exits.
)
Officer: There are just one or two more things, Catherine.
Cathy: Do call me Cathy.
Officer: OK, Cathy. Are you really interested in being a vet?
Cathy: Not really. Anyway, I'm not bright enough. I'm reasonably intelligent, but I'm not brilliant. I'm
afraid my mother is a bit over- optimistic.
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Officer: Yes, I guessed that. She's a bit overpowering, isn't she, your mum?
Cathy: A bit. But she's very kind.
Officer: I'm sure she is. So, you're interested in ballet and music, are you?
Cathy: Not really. My mother sent me to lessons when I was six, so I'm quite good, I suppose. But I
don't think I want to do that for the rest of my life, especially music. It's so lonely.
Officer: What do you enjoy doing?
Cathy: Well, I like playing tennis, and swimming. Oh, I went to France with the school choir last year.
I really enjoyed that. And I like talking to people. But I suppose you mean real interests —
things that would help me to get a job?
Officer: No. I'm more interested in what you really want to do. You like talking to people, do you?
Cathy: Oh yes, I really enjoy meeting new people.
Officer: Do you think you would enjoy teaching?
Cathy: No, no, I don't really. I was never very interested in school work, and I'd like to do something
different. Anyway, there's a teacher training college very near us. It would be just like going to
school again.
Officer: So you don't want to go on training?
Cathy: Oh, I wouldn't mind at all, not for something useful. I wondered about being a hairdresser —
you meet lots of people, and you learn to do something properly—but I don't know. It doesn't
seem very worthwhile.
Officer: What about nursing?
Cathy: Nursing? In a hospital? Oh, I couldn't do that, I'm not good enough.
Officer: Yes, you are. You've got good qualifications in English and Maths. But it is very hard work.
Cathy: Oh, I don't mind that.
Officer: And it's not very pleasant sometimes.
Cathy: That doesn't worry me either. Mum's right. I do look after sick animals. I looked after our dog
when it was run over by a car. My mother was sick, but I didn't mind. I was too worried about
the dog. Do you really think I could be a nurse?
Officer: I think you could be a very good nurse. You'd have to leave home, of course.
Cathy: I rather think I should enjoy that.
Officer: Well, don't decide all at once. Here's some information about one or two other things which
might suit you. Have a look through it before you make up your mind.
Task 11
【原文】
I began my career during college, reporting on news stories at a Toronto radio station. The
station’s program manager was also a professor who taught one of my classes. I convinced him that
she needed a youth reporter because that year was International Youth Year. After graduation, I took
a job as a television news reporter and later, news anchor. But sports reporting was something
different, so I decided to try it. Figure skating was my first assignment.
I had two months until my new job began. It was like waiting an entire summer for school to
start. I spent those two months talking to figure skating coaches and judges. I read boring rule books.
I drove to the rinks where the skaters trained, and made notes about our conversations. I even took a
lesson, which made some of the skaters laugh.
Unit 7
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.
Task 1
【答案】
1) Because he wrote an astonishing number of books.
2) Mankind would have to create a world state.
3) No.
4) Cities were destroyed by bombs dropped from aeroplanes.
5) Any two of the following:
The War in the Air
,
The First Men in the Moon
,
The Time Machine
,
and
The Invisible Man
.
6) Events forecast in Well’s books might come true.
【原文】
H. G. Wells was born in 1866. His energy must have been enormous, for he wrote an
astonishing number of books. Many of the later ones were concerned with his idea that mankind
would have to create a world state, if it was not to end up by destroying itself.
There we're novels like
Kipps, Love and Mr. Lewisham
and
The History of Mr. Polly
. The best
of these are now recognized as classics. But in addition, this incredible man somehow found the time
and inspiration to write the stories forecasting future events that entitle him to be known as the father
of science fiction.
When
The War in the Air
appeared in 1908, how many people could have foreseen that within
thirty years great cities were going to be destroyed by bombs dropped from aeroplanes?
The First
Men in the Moon
was published in 1901. How many of those who read it realized that men really
were going to walk on the moon within their lifetime?
And what about
The Time Machine and The Invisible Man
? Are we going to wake up one
morning and find that here too Wells was forecasting events which were going to come true?
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) b 2) c 3) c 4) a
B.
1) tall; narrow; tousled 2) surveyed; half- closed 3) taking a long stride
4) capable; flexible; still life 5) faded; frayed
6) tilted his head; smiled; walked forward; with a flourish
【原文】
If you came into his studio in the evening as the sun was setting you could see him. You would
notice how the soft light coming through the long windows fell on his left profile as he stood in front
of his easel. He was tall; his shoulders were narrow; his head was large with an abundance of dark,
tousled hair.
He surveyed the canvas in front of him and half-closed his eyes. His cheek bones were high and
prominent, and accentuated the line of the jaw. This in turn set off his long neck. He stepped back,
taking a long stride, and remained with one foot in front of the other. He wore sandals without socks
and you could see that a big toe had developed a blister where a leather strap cut across it. He had
short, strong, capable fingers and he used his broad, flexible thumb to smooth some of the paint on
the still life he was busy finishing. The jeans he wore were faded and frayed; paint rags hung from
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each pocket. His shirt was a checked one of many colors, mainly purple, blue and yellow. It
contrasted peculiarly with the ephemeral colors on the canvas. He tilted his head to one side, smiled,
walked forward and brought his brush slowly towards the bottom of the canvas, and with a flourish
signed his name.
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) F 2) T 3) F 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) F 8) T
B.
1) dramatic sunsets and sunrises 2) 1930s; 1840s; impressionistic
3) reds; oranges; 1820
【原文】
Joseph Turner (1775—1851) is one of the two greatest English landscape painters of his age. He
is especially noted for his imaginative water colours and oil paintings, which often show dramatic
sunsets and sunrises, done in a brilliant kaleidoscope of colours. His painting Burning of the Houses
of Parliament appears in colour in the Painting article. During the 1830s and 1840s, the method he
used became more and more impressionistic. His work influenced the impressionist movement in
France led by Claude Monet in the 1870s. Turner is also known for his landscape drawings, especially
the book of drawings called Liber Studiorum, which he produced between 1807 and 1819.
Turner was influenced at first by Rembrandt and later by Claude. He began to use bright
colours in his paintings, especially the reds and oranges for which he is known, after about 1820.
Some of his most famous paintings are Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus,
Bay of Baiae, and View of Orvieto.
Turner was born in London, the son of a barber. He was' something of a boy genius, and
exhibited at the Royal Academy at the age of 15. He traveled widely, first in England and Scotland,
and after 1800 in France, Italy, and Germany. Turner drew and painted wherever he went, working
incessantly and producing hundreds of paintings and thousands of drawings, many of which he left to
the nation. During his lifetime Turner was said to be a miser, and towards the end of his life, he
became slovenly, solitary, and secretive. Many people did not like his work until John Ruskin
championed him in 1843, but Turner died wealthy and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, London.
He left his money to a charity for poor English artists.
Task 4
【答案】
1) A natural curiosity.A good interviewer is one who likes meeting people and wants to find out
about them.
2) A curious kind of affinity with people, and an ability to get on will with people.
3) Because television depends a lot on the director getting the right shot.
4) By knowing more about the guest than they’ve forgotten about themselves.
5) ounce of research.
6) Because Mitchum rarely said anything.
7) Because very often the interviewees spin off into areas that the interviewer has never thought
about and sometimes it’s worth pursing.
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.
8) A traffic cop.
9) Talent, ambition and energy.
【原文】
Interviewer: With all your experience of interviewing, Michael, how can you tell if somebody is going
to make a good interviewer?
Michael: Oh, I say, what a question! I've never been asked that before. I think that the
prerequisite obviously is curiosity. I think that's a natural one, not an assumed one. I
think the people who have done my job, and the graveyard of the BBC is littered with
them, their tombstones are there, you know; who failed, have been because basically
they've not been journalists. My training was in journalism. I've been 26 years a journalist
and, to be a journalist argues that you like meeting people to start with, and also you
want to find out about them. So that's the prerequisite. After that, I think there's
something else comes into it, into play, and I think again, most successful journalists
have it: It's a curious kind of affinity with people; it's an ability to get on with people; it's
a kind of body warmth, if you like. If you knew the secret of it and could bottle it and
sell it, you'd make a fortune.
Interviewer: When you've done an interview yourself, how do you feel whether it's been a good
interview or not a good interview?
Michael: I can never really tell on air. I have to watch it back, because television depends so much
on your director getting the right shot, the right reaction you can't--it's amazing.
Sometimes I think that's a boring interviewand just because of the way my
director shot it, and shot reaction he's composed a picture that's made it far more
interesting than it actually was.
Interviewer: How do you bring out the best in people, because you always seem to manage to, not
only relax them, but somehow get right into the depths of them.
Michael: By research. By knowing, when you go into a television studio, more about the guest in
front of you than they've forgotten about themselves. And, I mean that's pure research. I
mean, you probably use, in a 20 minute interview; I probably use, oh, a 20th of the
research material that I've absorbed, but that's what you've got to do. I mean I once
interviewed Robert Mitchum for 75 minutes and the longest reply I got from him was
that's the only time I've used every ounce of research and every question
that I've ever thought of, and a few that I hadn't thought of as well. But that really is the
answer — it's research. When people say to you, you know,
I mean that's nonsense. If anybody ever tries to tell you that as an interviewer just
starting, that you wing it, there's no such thing. It's all preparation — it's knowing
exactly what you're going to do at any given point and knowing what you want from the
person.
Interviewer: And does that include sticking to written questions or do you deviate?
Michael: No, I mean what you do is you have an aide memoire. I have. My list of questions aren't
questions as such — they're areas that I block out, and indeed, I can't remember, I can't
recall, apart from the foresaid Mr. Mitchum experience, when I've ever stuck to that at
all. Because, quite often you'll find that they spin off into areas that you've not really
thought about and perhaps it's worth pursuing sometimes. The job is very much like,
actually, a traffic cop — you're like you're on point duty and you're, you know when
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.
you're directing the flow of traffic, well, you're directing the flow of conversation, that's
basically what you're doing, when you're doing a talk show, in my view.
Interviewer: Have you got a last word of encouragement for any young people setting out on what
they'd like to be a career as an interviewer?
Michael: I envy them, I mean, I really do. I mean I'd go back and do it all again. I think it's the
most perfect job for any young person who's got talent and ambition and energy. And
the nice thing about it is that the proportion of talent is indeed only 5 percent. The other
95 percent is energy and no examinations to pass. I'd love to do it over again.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
Wangari Maathai
Award:
Comments from the Nobel Committee:
Major reason for receiving the award:
Personal information:
Nationality:
Age:
Education:
Career:
Kenyan
64
Studied in the United States and Kenya
Believed to have been the first woman in East
and central Africa to earn a doctorate degree
Was a professor of animal science at the
University of Nairobi
Is assistant minister of environment, natural
resources an
Nobel Peace Prize (the
twelfth
woman the first
African woman since 1901 to win the prize)
Peace on earth depends on our ability to secure
our living environment.
Green belt movement
B.
1997, plant trees all over Africa, thirty million, seeds nurseries, communities, planting, taking care of
the trees, survives, fuel
【原文】
Kenyan environmental activist Wangari Maathai says poor women can fight poverty and help
the environment by planting trees. In December, she will receive the Nobel Peace Prize for her
efforts to save the forests of Africa.
Wangari Maathai is the twelfth woman since nineteen oh one to win the prize. Last year the
Norwegian Nobel Committee also recognized a woman, Shirin Ebadi of Iran. She is a lawyer who has
fought for human rights for women.
But this is the first time the peace prize will go to an African woman. It is also the first time
someone within the environmental movement has been recognized at such a high level. The Nobel
Committee said:
In 1977, Wangari Maathai started the Green Belt Movement. The goal is to plant trees all over
Africa, to replace those cut down over the years. Trees are the main source of cooking fuel. Trees
also protect wildlife. And they keep nutrients in the soil and help prevent flooding.
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Today the program operates in a number of countries. A reported thirty million trees have been
planted.
Young trees are grown from seeds at thousands of nurseries. The Green Belt Movement gives
these young trees to communities. Locally trained people advise women farmers about planting and
taking care of the trees. The movement pays farmers for every tree that survives. Later the women
can use some of the trees for fuel.
Professor Maathai is sixty- four years old. She studied in the United States and Kenya. She is
believed to have been the first woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree. She
became a professor of animal science at the University of Nairobi. But her activism angered the
former government in Kenya. She was beaten and arrested.
Now, she is assistant minister of environment, natural resources and wildlife.
But she does not speak out only about the environment. In August, she called the AIDS virus a
biological weapon to control black people. Later, she said her comments were meant to get people to
ask questions and not think of AIDS as a
Wangari Maathai will receive the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo on December tenth. She will also
receive almost one point four million dollars in prize money.
Task 6
【答案】
I.
A. Norway
B. the United States
II.
A. a lack of balance; inflation; recession
B. low interest rates; increased government spending; higher interest rates
C. low employment; high inflation
D. high employment; low inflation; the time consistency problem
Ⅲ.
A. business cycles
B. new technology
C. market corrections
D. an increase in oil price
【原文】
The winners of the Nobel prize in economics this year are Finn Kydland of Norway and
Edward Prescott of the United States.
Mister Prescott is an adviser at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is also
an Arizona State University professor. Mister Kydland is a professor at Carnegie Mellon University in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The prize recognizes their work together on two studies. The first was published in nineteen
seventy-seven.
Before the 1970s, economic problems were seen mainly in terms of a lack of balance. Too much
demand caused inflation. Too much supply caused a recession.
Governments would take steps aggressively to re-balance supply and demand. Low interest rates
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.
and increased government spending would expand growth and employment. Then, if prices went up
too much, higher interest rates would ease inflation.
But in the 70s, many nations experienced both low employment and high inflation at the same
time. This was called stagflation. And no one could explain it.
Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott showed that stagflation resulted when policymakers did not
do as they promised. Most governments say they want high employment and low inflation. But, over
time, events can cause them not to follow their stated economic policy to support these goals. This is
called the time consistency problem.
The two economists published another study in nineteen eighty-two. They developed ways to
explain business cycles, times of increase or decrease in economic activity. They showed how new
technology creates periods of economic growth and productivity.
Markets then make corrections which slow the growth. Wages change. Investments change.
People buy more or less of things. The two economists showed how activities at this level govern an
economy. They also showed how a shock like an increase in oil prices can affect business cycles.
Today, their work influences central bank officials and policymakers around the world.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) It was originally released in local newspaper in serial form.
2) The two short, little sections are easily doable, and then you get hooked on the story and wonder
what’s happening next.
3) Through mail and twice a month.
4) Because the book opens on Christmas Eve and it has a strong message about family.
5) 5,600
B.
1) 1860; London; in suspense
2) adventures; love; betrayal; a poor orphan
3) any likeness of either of them; photograph; their tombstones
4) Industrial Revolution; altering daily life
5) profound change; fundamental values
【原文】
Host: In December, 1860, the first serialized part of Charles Dickens' Great Expectations hit the
streets of London. Every week, readers were kept in suspense waiting for the next
installment. Over the next few months, Stanford University will let readers experience
Great Expectations the way Victorians did.
Reporter: It's Thursday evening and the Stevens' family has settled into the living room to take
turns reading the latest weekly installment of Great Expectations. Peter and Rosemary
Stevens thought that the installment plan was a terrific way to read Great
Expectations with their seven- and eight-year- old daughters.
Mrs. Stevens: You have two short, little sections that are easily doable, and where if it's a huge book,
you'd say, am I going to approach this?where if it's little pieces, say,
okay. I can do this.
happening next?
Reporter: It's a little like a very good soap opera, says Rosemary. Most of Dickens' novels —
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.
Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol and Great Expectations
— were released in serial
form. Stanford University Professor Linda Paulson wanted to recreate that
experience.
Prof. Paulson: Imagine sitting there in 1860, this brand-new Dickens' novel. You know him as a
writer. You respect him. He's wonderful. He's great fun. And you don't know what
he's got in his mind.
Reporter: Dickens' works were originally released in local newspapers. Stanford made copies of
the installments and sends them to readers through the mail twice a month. The
university kicked off the serial with a public reading by local actor Marco Barricelli.
Mr. Barricelli: My father's family name, being Pirrip, and my Christian name, Philip, my infant
tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So I
called myself Pip and came to be called Pip.
Reporter: For those who aren't familiar with
Great Expectations
, it is the story of Pip, who
writes as an adult looking back on his youth. He faces adventures, love and betrayal,
too. Like many Dickens' characters, Pip is born a poor orphan.
Mr. Barricelli: As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them,
for their days were long before the days of photographs, my first fancies regarding
what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.
Reporter: Paulson says
Great Expectations
was a good choice for this time of year because it
opens on Christmas Eve and it has a strong message about family.
Prof. Paulson: The idea of what constitutes a family, which is not necessarily the biological family.
Reporter: Dickens was writing during the Industrial Revolution, says Paulson, at a moment
when technology was altering daily life.
Prof. Paulson: He was looking at a world that was in profound change and reminding people that
there were some fundamental values that they needed always to remember, and I
think that's not far off from what we are trying to remind ourselves of now.
Reporter: More than 500 people showed up for the public reading, and 5,600 have signed up to
get the serial installments. For many, like Alison Price, it is an opportunity to get
closer to friends and family.
Ms. Price: I'm doing it with my parents, who live in Southern California, and my friend Miriam
and my husband. So we're sort of doing it together.
Reporter: Although Price and everyone else could just go out and buy a copy of
Great
Expectations
, most seem to enjoy waiting expectantly for the next episode to arrive in the mail.
Task 8
【答案】
the ability to laugh; luxury; a unifying force; disagree; ideological factions; political camps; a sense of
humour; a universal appeal; a correct sense of values; taking ourselves too seriously; tragedy; comedy;
irony; satire; redress the balance; arrogant politicians; absurdity; powerful; laughter; happiness;
uniquely human; key
【原文】
Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In
a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a
luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful
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purpose. In a divide world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great
many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be
plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter,
in turn, depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain
comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of
Charlie Chaplin’s early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter
which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson,
once remarked, ‘Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the
same way.’
A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to
an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense
of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we
never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not
really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lopsided view of things.
This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we
hover so often on the brink of war; political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair.
In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance.
They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion.
They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh
when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in
Gulliver’s Travels
. The Lilliputians and their
neighbors attack each other because they can’t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because
we meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too. It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to
flourish.
The sense of humor must be singled out as man’s most important quality because it is
associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination,
initiative — these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely
human. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the
key.
Task 9
【答案】
A.
1) At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
2) The
Mona Lisa
and
The Last Supper
.
3) Sudies for Leonardo's most famous paintings, and the results of new research into such subjects as
Leonardo's patrons, his teachers, and the work of his pupils.
4) Because they are particularly sensitive to light and temperature.
5) Because drawings are difficult to see in a museum.
B.
1) T
2) F
3) T
4) F
5) T
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.
C.
1) Master Draftsman; artistic apprenticeship; 1470s; scientist; inventor; France;1519
2) artist; scientist; theorist; Renaissance Man
3) revealing; rationalizing; the mysteries of the world; the great depths of human emotion; convincing
4) magical sense; draws; creates; greatest personalities
5) reassuring; cajoling; security; insurance; the general public; knowledge
【原文】
The most comprehensive collection of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci ever assembled in the
United States, is on exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The exhibition is taken
from major collections from around the world, and features many pieces not seen in public since the
1930s.
Even for seasoned art historian and curator Carmen Bambach, who put together the exhibition
of nearly 120 drawings, seeing so many works by Leonardo da Vinci in one place is a moving
experience.
about these works you will see on the walls, or that you have already seen on the walls, that normally
live in dark, black boxes. To see them all together here, so many of them, is a very, very emotional
thing,
Leonardo da Vinci — Master Draftsman follows da Vinci's entire career, from his artistic
apprenticeship in Florence, Italy in the 1470s, to his highly productive years as a scientist and an
inventor in Milan, through to his return to Florence in the beginning of the 16th century, and death
in France in 1519.
Ms. Bambach said the drawings in the exhibition provide a rare opportunity to confront the
diverse talents that made Leonardo da Vinci, artist, scientist, engineer, theorist, teacher, the original
time, he was deeply and humbly aware of the mysteries of the world, the mysteries of human life. He
talks a great deal about that. The mysteries of life, the great depths of human emotion as a kind of
shaper of physical gesture. That is why his figures are so deeply convincing.
Although Leonardo da Vinci is perhaps best known for paintings such as
the Mona Lisa and
The Last Supper
, very few paintings by the master exist today — 15 at most, whereas there are 4,000
pages of his drawings and notes in various collections throughout the world.
The one painting in the exhibition, the unfinished St. Jerome Praying in the Wilderness, has the
imprint of the artist's fingers in the upper left corner. Metropolitan Museum Director Philipe de
Montebello says tiny details like this are what make the Master Draftsman exhibition so compelling.
creates. It brings you in touch with one of the greatest personalities in the world on such a close basis
that it is deeply moving,
The exhibition includes studies for Leonardo's most famous paintings,
Virgin and Child with St.
Anne, The Last Supper, Adoration of the Magi
, as well as a recently discovered, two-sided sketch of a
Hercules statue, possibly meant to compete with Michaelangelo's David.
Interwoven in the exhibition are the results of copious new research into such subjects as
Leonardo da Vinci's patrons, his teachers, and the work of his pupils.
Mr. Montebello said the new research helped convince some reluctant lenders to temporarily
part with their da Vinci treasures.
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terms of security and insurance and the like, but I think ultimately what prevailed was the seriousness
of the project. The new research, the scholarship, the fact that the exhibition will make not only a
contribution to the general public, but a contribution to knowledge,
Some art experts have questioned the wisdom of transporting and showing such valuable work
because of its fragility. The old work is particularly sensitive to light and temperature. But Francoise
Viatte, chief curator of drawings at the Musee de Louvre in Paris, says it is a risk worth taking.
think part of the job of the museum is to make exhibitions between them in partnerships. Especially
for drawings. Because Drawings are difficult to see in a museum. Drawings are a special section in a
museum. You have to make a special request and get authorization to see them. So it is very
important to make a big exhibition like Leonardo,
21 of the drawings in the exhibition come from the Louvre. Other major contributions come
from museums and private collections in the Netherlands, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, Germany, Austria,
and the United States. The Royal Library of Windsor Castle in England lent 31 drawings.
The exhibition will travel to the Louvre later this year.
Task 10
Thomas Edison was one of ten said to be the greatest genius of his age. There are only a few
men in all of the history, who have changed the lives of other men as much as the inventor of the
first useful electric light. But Edison could never be happy only because someone said he was a
genius.“ There is no such thing as genius,” Edison said. He said that what people called genius was
mostly hard work.
But Edison was a dreamer as well as a worker. From his earliest days as a child he wondered
about the secrets of nature. Nature, he often said, is full of secrets. He tried to understand them; then,
he tried to learn what could usefully be done with them.
Edison enjoyed thinking. He knew that most people will do almost anything instead of the
difficult work of thinking, especially if they do not think very often. But he knew, too, that thinking
can give men enjoyment and pleasure.
Unit 8
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) interest rates; third time
2) shrunk; first time
3) A fall; employment
4) higher
B.
News
Items
1
Figures Possible Causes or Effects
1) The overnight bank lending rate rose by 0.25 The increase would reduce
percent. And the current rate was 5.5 percent. the danger of inflation.
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2) The discount rate increased by 0.25 percent to 5
percent.
2
3
4
The total value of goods and services produced in the
US fell by four tenths of 1 percent (0.4 percent)
between July and September.
US bonds fell nearly two points. More jobs had been created
in March than had been
expected.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average was up nearly 1 Some analysts believed some
percent or 89 points at 10,205. signs indicated the US
inflation was under control.
【原文】
News Item 1
The United States central bank, the Federal Reserve, has raised interest rates for the third time
this year. The Federal Reserve raised the overnight bank lending rate by 0.25 percent (one fourth of
one percent) to 5.5 percent. It raised the discount rate also by 0.25 percent to 5 percent. The Federal
Reserve said it had no plans to raise interest rates again any time soon. It said the increase today
should reduce the danger of inflation.
News Item 2
The Commerce Department says the American economy has shrunk for the first time in eight
years. The total value of goods and services produced in the United States fell by four tenth of one
percent (0.4 percent) in the period of July through September. A recession is commonly defined as at
least six months where the economy shrinks.
News Item 3
A fall in the New York market had been widely predicted following Friday's better than
expected US employment figures. US bonds from which the government funds long-term borrowing
fell nearly two points on the news that more jobs had been created in March than had been expected.
The Dow Jones Index was closed on Friday for the Easter holiday, so today was the first chance for
the share market to react.
News Item 4
And we go straight to Wall Street where share prices closed higher. The Dow Jones Industrial
Average was up nearly 1 percent or 89 points at 10,205. Shares made up for some of the losses they
incurred in the past week, thanks to what was interpreted as
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) F
3) T
B.
manned; third; the Soviet Union; a person;
Shenzhou ⅴ
; the Gobi Desert; Inner Mongolia; Thursday;
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14; about 20; importance; modernity
【原文】
News Item 1
China has launched a manned space flight, becoming the third country to do so 40 years after
the Soviet Union and the United States. A single astronaut was on board the
Shenzhou V
Craft,
which took off from the Gobi Desert. It's expected to go round the earth 14 times during a 24-hour
period before landing in Inner Mongolia. President Hu Jintao watched the launch, a sign of the
importance China attaches to its space programme. Francis Margnez reports from Beijing.
Half an hour after the spacecraft blasted off, China's state television showed footage of the
launch, the rocket climbing slowly into the clear blue sky. And many Chinese will feel their country
has taken a proud step towards modernity.
News Item 2
China's first man in space has returned to Earth. Reports say Chinese officials declared the
space flight a success. Astronaut Yang Liwei is also reported to be in good health. On Tuesday, China
became only the third nation to send a person into orbit. Astronaut Yang and his spacecraft landed in
China's Inner Mongolia early Thursday. He had orbited the earth 14 times in about 20 hours. The
United States and Russia praised China for the launch. Russia and the United States were the first two
nations to send people into space.
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) d
2) b
3) a
4) a
B.
1) ban
2) tobacco taxes
3) substance
4) Health warning
5) treatment programs
6) Education
7) secondhand smoke
C.
1) Reference: Negotiations→proposed treaty→approved by the WHO meeting→individual approval
by the WHO members→coming into effect when at least 40 members have ratified the treaty
【原文】
Negotiators have agreed to the wording of a proposed international treaty on tobacco control.
Delegates from more than 170 countries approved the final wording earlier this month in Switzerland.
This came after four years of negotiations. The proposed treaty is called the Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control. It will be presented in May at the yearly meeting of the World Health
Organization, a UN agency. The final version approved there will also require individual approval by
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WHO members. Once 40 nations have approved it, the treaty will go into effect in those countries.
Member states cannot make any amendments once the WHO approves a final version of the
treaty. They must either accept or reject the agreement as it is written. The proposed Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control is part of the efforts to reduce deaths and diseases from smoking.
The WHO estimates that almost five million people die each year from lung cancer and other
tobacco-related diseases. That number could rise to ten million a year by 2020. Developing nations
are the biggest growth areas for tobacco-related diseases. These nations are calling for the strongest
laws possible to control tobacco. The treaty would ban advertising and other marketing campaigns
for tobacco products, where doing so would not violate a country's constitution. It also calls for high
tobacco taxes. It would even require companies to make public all the substances they use to make
cigarettes.
In addition, tobacco companies would have to place health warnings on at least thirty percent
of their products. These warnings could not include information that might lead people to believe
that some cigarettes are less harmful than others. In addition, governments would have to support
treatment programs to help people stop smoking. And, there would have to be education campaigns
to get people not to start. The proposed treaty also calls for measures to protect non-smokers from
second-hand smoke, that is, smoke from other people's tobacco.
Task 4
Thank you. And thank you for asking me to share in your weekly address to the American
people.
Britain and America have so much in common: language, values, belief in family and community,
in a real sense of national pride. We share many problems, too. And it has been clear from our
discussions that we are agreed, in general terms, about some of the solutions.
You took the tough decisions needed for long-term economic stability. We are doing so. You
have focused on education, welfare reform, a new approach to crime. So are we. Together, we are
breaking down boundaries of left and right and creating a new politics of the radical centre.
Task 5
【答案】
A.
1) b
2) c
B.
1) e)
2) f)
3) b)
4) d)
5) a)
6) c)
C.
1) The award recognizes women's actions in building peace, protecting women's human rights and
supporting community life during and after war.
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2) Because women can play a very important role in re-establishing normal community life after peace
has been reached
【原文】
Each year, the Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway announces the winners of its famous Nobel
Prizes. Most winners of the Nobel Peace Prize have been men. Only ten percent have been women
since the prize was first presented in 1901.
Now the United Nations Development Fund for Women and the human rights group
International Alert have presented a new award to honor women peacemakers. It is called the
Millennium Peace Prize for Women. Officials will present the award every three years. The award
recognizes women's actions in building peace, protecting women's human rights and supporting
community life during and after war.
Experts say women are usually not as involved in the peace process as men are. However, their
work to re-establish normal community life after peace has been reached is very important. Because
of this, International Alert says women also need to be recognized as leaders in peace building.
Earlier this month, six women and organizations received the Millennium Peace Prize for
Women. One of the winners is the Colombian group “Ruta Pacifica de las Mujeres”, or Women's
Road to Peace. This group has organized protests against the violence between rebel groups and the
Colombian government.
The group “Leitana Nehan Women's Development Agency” also won the peace prize. It
helped in the peace process between the military and rebel forces in Papua New Guinea. Another
winner is the group Women in Black. It is an international organization that organizes protests
against violence, aggression and war.
Flora Brovina also received the peace prize. She organized the League of Albanian Women of
Kosovo. Doctor Brovina has taught emergency medical skills to people in Kosovo.
Asma Jahangir and Hina Jilani are also peace prize winners. They worked to support human
rights and women's rights in Pakistan. And the leader of the women's movement in Rwanda also won
the Millennium Peace Prize, after her death. Veneranda Nzambazamariya helped re-build Rwanda
after the mass killings in 1994. She died in a plane crash last year.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) Because of the outbreak of dengue fever.
2) More than 80,000.
3) Severe headaches, fever and vomiting.
4) He considers it his government’s biggest political weakness.
B.
1) The EU has banned all imports of animal products from the Netherlands.
2) The Dutch government has confirmed four cases of foot-and- mouth disease.
3) Only Britain and France have been affected by the disease.
4) Officials have seized some sheep suspected of having mad cow disease.
【原文】
News Item 1
Brazil's new Health Minister Hosein Selar has sacked two senior health officials in Rio de
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Janeiro amid growing concern about the epidemic of dengue fever. More than 80,000 people in
southeast Brazil have caught the mosquito-born disease which causes severe headaches, fever and
vomiting. In some cases, it can be fatal. Our Brazil correspondent Steven Switch reports that
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso regards the issue of health care as his government's biggest
political weakness.
News Item 2
In agriculture news. The European Union has banned all imports of animal products from the
Netherlands. The ban was ordered after the Dutch government confirmed four cases of
foot-and-mouth disease there. Dutch officials have had all infected animals destroyed. Until now,
only Britain and France have been 'affected by the animal disease. Also, in the American State of
Vermont, officials seized some sheep suspected of having mad cow disease. More than 230 sheep
were taken from a farm. The animals will be destroyed and tested for the disease.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) correspondent
2) a Jamaican town
3) the cruise liner
4) an island in the Caribbean
5) the Royal Navy vessel
6) the hurricane
B.
1) F
2) F
3) T
4) T
5) T
C.
Reference: In this exercise, students can use their own imagination and guess what might happen
next.
D.
1) Yes。
2) They had thought the ship would sink, so they went there for shelter.
3) No.
4) The Royal Navy frigate Steadfast would take them off the island.
5) No. Apart from a few minor injuries there were no casualties.
【原文】
Part One
Announcer: ... in Garderers' Question Time at 2 o'clock. And now over to Gordon Chartwell in
the newsroom.
Newsreader: Here is the news, read by Gordon Chartwell. The cruise liner, Princess of Wales,
which ran aground last night off the island of St. Catherine in the Caribbean, is
reported to be sinking. Here's a report from our correspondent in Jamaica, Graham
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Smith.
Graham Smith: A weak radio signal was received here in Kingston a few hours ago from the radio
operator on the 28,000-ton luxury cruise ship, the Princess of Wales. According to
this message, the ship is taking in water and is starting to sink. All the passengers
have been ordered into the lifeboats and told to make for the nearby island of St.
Catherine, the coast of which is some 20 miles from the scene of the accident. In
normal circumstances this would be an easy 3-hour trip, but with Hurricane Zelda
approaching fast and blowing away from the island, it's feared that some boats may
not make it in time to the safety of the island. Once on the island, it would be
possible for passengers and crew to shelter from the wind and await rescue. The
Royal Navy frigate Steadfast is heading for St. Catherine at full speed but it may take
her up to 24 hours to get there. So things look pretty grim for the 700 passengers
and 420 crew at the moment. This is Graham Smith in Kingston, Jamaica.
Newsreader: As soon as we have any further news we, will interrupt our programmes to bring it to
you. And now the rest of the news. In Liverpool today the Prime Minister said in a
speech...
Part Two
Announcer: We interrupt this programme to take you over to the newsroom for a newsflash.
Newsreader: This is Gordon Chartwell in the newsroom with a further report from our
correspondent Graham Smith in Jamaica about the stranded liner, Princess of Wales.
Graham Smith: A further signal has been picked up from the Princess of Wales within the past few
minutes. According to this, the ship is now out of danger. Apparently the damage to
the liner is not as serious as was originally thought and she is still completely
seaworthy and out of danger. However, before this was realized, 5 of the lifeboats
had been launched and about 200 passengers and crew had made their way to the
island of St. Catherine where they are reported to be safe. For the time being they
are likely to remain on the island. The remaining 920 people are still on board the
liner and in no danger. Although Hurricane Zelda has reached the island, the wind
seems to have blown itself out to some extent and although there are heavy seas,
there is no danger for a ship of the size of the Princess of Wales. The ship is now
clear of the rocks. The passengers and crew sheltering on the island will be brought
off by the Royal Navy frigate Steadfast, which is now close to the area. Apart from a
few minor injuries there are no casualties. This is Graham Smith returning you to the
studio.
Newsreader: There will be a further report in our main news at one o'clock. And now back to
Down Your Way...
Task 8
【答案】
A.
1) c
2) c
3) a
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B.
Countries
The US
The EU
Japan
Russia
Attitudes Towards the Treaty
It was one of the first countries that signed the treaty, but has withdrawn from it on
the grounds that the treaty would weakenharm American economy.
It strongly supports the treaty, and is also trying to pushpersuade other countries to
accept it.
It wants flexible rules allowing it to plant more trees rather than cut its pollution
greatly, and to impose weaker penalties if it fails to fulfill its obligations.
It has not made the final decision, but wants firm guarantees of foreign investment in
clean technology before ratifying it.
【原文】
News Item 1
The European Union has officially approved the Kyoto Treaty on climate change. Officials
from all 15 EU states attended a ceremony Friday at the United Nations in New York. However, the
treaty still needs the approval of more countries to come into effect. The treaty limits the release by
Industrial countries of gases blamed for trapping heat in the atmosphere. The United States was one
of the first countries to sign the Kyoto Treaty, but has since withdrawn. President Bush says the
treaty could harm the American economy.
News Item 2
Welcome to BBC World News, I'm Nick Gowing. Environment ministers from 180 countries
will start trying to rescue the Kyoto Treaty on global warming shortly. They join their officials who
have been meeting all week in the German city of Bonn. The 1997 Kyoto agreement commits
industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The protocol was undermined in a major
way in March when US President George W. Bush said it would weaken America's economy.
It's Beethoven who dominates the town square here and it's unlikely that he'll have to give up
his place to a monument celebrating a conference which halted global warming. Ministers from over
180 countries have already agreed to global cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases 5 percent below the
1990 levels. But here they must decide how this will be achieved. Since George Bush pulled out of
the deal, the argument is between Japan and Europe. The Japanese want flexible rules allowing them
to plant more trees in place of steep cuts in pollution and weaker penalties for missing targets.
Europe doesn't like it but really wants a deal.
News Item 3
A major international conference on climate change is to open in Moscow shortly with Russia
coming under renewed pressure to sign the Kyoto Protocol. That's the agreement to limit the
industrial pollutants that are believed to contribute to global warming. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997
can only come into force when 55 percent of countries have signed up to it. With United States
refusing to sign, ratification by Russia is crucial to the treaty's success. From Moscow our
environment correspondent Tim Hersch reports.
President Putin himself called this conference in his own capital to discuss the latest signs of
climate change and it had been thought he might use the opportunity to announce that his
government was finally prepared to sign up to Kyoto, but comments from senior Kremlin officials
have played down expectations, saying Russia wanted firm guarantees of foreign investment in clean
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technology before pressing ahead with ratification. The European Union and UN bodies have been
putting pres-sure on Mr. Putin to end the delays so that international action against global warming
could finally start six years after the Kyoto agreement was signed.
Task 9
【答案】
I.
September 19
th
; three days; child activists; non- government organizations
A. actions
2. a good education for all children
3. the chance for all children to become an important part of their communities
B. the progress
II.
seventy-one heads of state and government; a treaty aimed at improving the lives of children around
the world; the rights of children
III.
(former) world leaders; creators
A. educating children
B. protecting them from war
C. fighting AIDS
get involved; take action; work for change
【原文】
The United Nations General Assembly will hold a special session on children beginning
September Nineteenth. The meeting will bring together government leaders, child activists,
non-government organizations and many young people. The three-day gathering will give officials a
valuable chance to change how the world thinks about children.
Eleven years ago, the U-N held a similar meeting called the World Summit for Children. During
that conference, seventy-one heads of state and government signed a treaty aimed at improving the
lives of children around the world. Efforts to reach the goals established in that treaty have made the
rights of children an important issue.
The UN agency for children, UNICEF, is supporting the special session. Officials are expected
to produce a plan of action to guarantee that three important goals are reached. The goals are the best
possible start in life for all children, a good education for all children and the chance for all children
to become an important part of their communities. The session will also examine progress made
since the Nineteen- Ninety World Summit for Children.
Former South African President and Nobel Peace Prize winner Nelson Mandela is working
toward these goals. He is joined by his wife Graca Machel who is an activist for children. They are
calling on community, business and government leaders to form an international movement aimed at
improving the world for young people.
The movement is hoping to build international support for a public campaign to help children.
Several world leaders have joined the movement. They include South Korean President Kim
Dae-Jung and Queen Rania of Jordan. Movie stars, professional sports teams, and the creators of
children's television programs and books also have joined the movement.
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The group's public campaign lists ten ways to improve the lives of young people. These include
educating children, protecting them from war and fighting the disease AIDS. UNICEF officials say
the goal of the movement is for people around the world to get involved, take action and work for
change. They say that for every child who comes into the world, the hopes and dreams of the human
race are reborn.
Task 10
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization says hunger kills millions of people
each year — especially children . The UN organization says millions more people will die unless more
money is invested to fight against hunger.
This is based on the result of a new UN study called “The State of Food Insecurity in the
World, 2002”. It found that more than nine million people die each year from hunger. Six million of
them are children younger than age five. Researchers also found that the number of starving people is
growing in some parts of the world.
The report says that about eight hundred and forty million people around the world are getting
enough food to eat. Ninety-five percent of these people are in developing countries.
Unit 9
Task 1
【答案】
1) the campus hero; the women’s track coach
2) the class started before I got here
3) will develop
4) cloudy; the glass is a little dirty
5) a symbol of happiness; wear black
【原文】
1) Man: I had the girls running in circles when I was in college.
Woman: I never knew you were the campus hero.
Man: I wasn't. I was the women's track coach.
2) Instructor: Mr. Jenkins, why are you late?
Student: I guess because the class started before I got here.
3) Woman: Doctor, you have to come immediately --my baby swallowed some camera film!
Doctor: Just calm yourself, nothing will develop.
4) Customer: Waiter, this water is cloudy.
Waiter: The water's okay, madam. It's just that the glass is a little dirty.
5) Woman: The bride wears white on her wedding day as a symbol of happiness, for this is the most
joyous day in her entire life.
Man: Why does the groom wear black?
Task 2
【答案】
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Speakers
lst speaker
2nd speaker
Preferences
French
Dane speaking English
Reasons
Melodic; easy on the ear; poetic; a rhythm to the
language; rounded; no sharp, jagged edges; pleasing
Beautiful, low, sensitive, very soft quality
3rd speaker French speaking English Nice pronunciation of and very nice, steady
rhythms; gentle; lyrical
4th speaker Mediterranean accents Mediterranean culture; gives English life; beautiful
mixture of the serious Northern European and the
Southern European
Makes her smile; sing-songy; makes her want to imitate 5th speaker Swedish accent
【原文】
Catherine: I think firstly I find the French language, very melodic to listen to. It's very easy on the ear,
and it almost sounds poetic. No matter what kind of mood the individual is in, who's
talking, or what they're talking about, there seems to be a rhythm to the language. And it's
rounded; there are no sharp, jagged edges to the language, so it's very pleasing to the ear.
Chris: I think the accent I really like is the Dane speaking English. They sound awful when they
speak Danish, but when they speak English there's a beautiful, low, sensitive, very soft
quality about it.
Donald: I like the way they bring their French pronunciation into English. They can't pronounce
Also I like the rhythm: they bring French rhythms into English --nice, steady rhythms and I
like that too. It's just it, it... whenever I hear a French person speaking English it sounds
more gentle and more lyrical.
Lesley: I think the most attractive foreign accents for me are Mediterranean accents because they, if
you like, import their own culture into the English accent and give it a lot of life that
sometimes, that kind of--the gestures and everything that the English people don't have, so
you get a beautiful mixture of the serious Northern European and the Southern European
together.
Susan: I like the Swedish accent because it, it makes me smile and the way it's spoken is so sing-songy
that you can't help but smile when other people actually speak it. And it always makes you
want to try and put the accent on yourself.
Task 3
【答案】
spelling; meaning; history; a slab of ham; a lump of bread; hunk of something to eat; a strong man; a
book of maps; the top bone of the neck; Olympians; holding the sky on his head and hands;
Sixteenth; on the cover of a book of maps; blessing; I hope you will have a good night;
day’s eye
; it
has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun; the English daisy closes at night; the English loved their daisies.
【原文】
The spelling and meaning of words are very interesting. But what's more interesting is the history of a
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word, or where it came from. Let's examine some of the words and see how they got into our
language.
LUNCH Lunch perhaps comes from an old Spanish word lonje, a slab of ham. We may also
get our word from a form of lump, maybe a lump of bread, but whether lunch comes from ham or
bread, it meant a hunk of something to eat.
ATLAS An atlas is a strong man, and also a book of maps. The story of this word begins a
long time ago in Greece. The ancient Greeks believed that their gods had once been a race of giants
called Titans. The Titans fought with another group of gods called Olympians, and the Olympians
won. Atlas was a Titan. He was punished for fighting by having to stand at the western edge of the
world, holding the sky on his head and hands, so that it would not fall on the world and smash
anything.
After the ancient Greek religion died out, the idea of Atlas changed. From holding up the sky
with his head and hands, he came to be thought of as holding the world on his shoulders. Mercator, a
mapmaker of the sixteenth century, used a picture of Atlas on the cover of a book of maps, so a book
of maps came to be called an atlas.
The word has still another meaning. The top bone of the neck is called atlas because it
supports the head.
GOOD-BYE Good-bye is a blessing; originally it was God be with ye, and in the course of
time it became one word. Many of our greetings are good wishes, but we say them with so little
thought that we forget this. When we say good morning, good evening, good night, and so on, what
we are really saying is,
DAISY The daisy has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun. Perhaps this is the reason the English
people named it day's eye, or perhaps they chose the name because the English daisy closes at night.
The English loved their daisies, which were pink and red, as well as white. Six hundred years or so
ago, the English poet Chaucer said:
The daisy, or else the eye of the day,
The queen, and prettiest flower of all.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
1) T
2) T
3) F
4) T
5) F
B.
1) b
2) c
3) a
4) c
5) c
6) b
【原文】
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MATTHEW: Chris, why is it that there are so many different languages , and that in Europe
certainly if you travel more than a hundred miles , you're likely to find people speaking a
completely different language to your own?
CHRIS: Well, it's true to say that there are er ... hundreds and hundreds of different languages. It's
perhaps um . . . however , more interesting and more informative to say that there are
several different groups of languages er . .. Most European languages,with the exception
of I think Finnish and er .. . Basque and . . . Hungarian I believe,belong to the
Indo- European group of languages, I'm not very sure myself of the . . . the actual details
of the history of these languages, but you can be very sure that er ... most of these
languages , say Latin and Greek nd our own language a and er . . . German and er ...
French and ... all the others, are connected. The reason why you can travel from one
Willage to another in Switzerland and er . . . from one area to another in England and
find different dialects, if not different languages spoken, is that um ... several hundred
years ago communication was by word of mouth. Word of mouth meant that people had
to move if people were to move they needed roads and there were no roads.
MATTHEW: Do you see any chance for a universal language like Esperanto?
CHRIS: Not for an artificial er ... language, no ... I suppose the Roman Catholic Church used Latin.
but Latin had a ... a particular religious basis and this is probably why it was therefore
chosen. I don't see very much chance for Esperanto; I think it's an awfully good idea but
I don't believe that language works like that.I think people will probably er .. . work
towards the most convenient language to will not set out to learn a new
language. It seems to me that er ... either English,. Russian or Chinese, perhaps Japanese,
will be the language of the future er . . . My bet's on English.
MATTHEW: Maggie, why do you think it is that so few English people speak a second language?
MAGGIE: I think when you learn a language at school ...it tends to be rather a dead occupation,
and it's very difficult to stimulate any interest among school children. But when you
actually go to the country and spend say a month in . . . in an exchange visit when you're
a schoolgirl, or a schoolboy um ... then you suddenly become more interested because
you ... you want to communicate with poeple when you're actually abroad, and it's not
safe to rely on the fact that most people speak English when um . . . in foreign
countries. Mm . . . I think English people traditionally thought that . . . that foreigners
always spoke English, and a lot of foreigners do, but there are people that you meet in
the street or you want to take a bus somewhere, then you find that you need to speak
the language and'it's very unnerving to be in a situation where you can't communicate
with people when you do want to travel around.
MATTHEW: Have you ever been abroad and learnt er ... a language in the country?
MAGGIE: Yes , well when I was a secretary I er... went and lived in Geneva for two years, and I
learnt French at school but I . . . I really didn't speak it at all. I knew it theoretically but I
wasn't able to communicate with people. But I was in a situation where if I didn't
speak French , then I would not have been able to do my shopping and buy food ,and
so I picked the language up and I made friends with French people ... Swiss French
people, and I found that if I wanted to communicate with all . . . all the people that I
met , then I had to learn French, and I think it's the best method of learning because
you're in the situation. It's very hard at times —you can sit through dinner parties and
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not understand what ... what's going on and you think everybody thinks you're stupid
because you can't communicate with them, but it's ... it's the hard way but I think it's the
best way to learn.
MATTHEW: Elfriede, you come from Austria and yet you've been living in England now for the
last three years. Has having to learn and speak another language created great problems?
ELFRIEDE: Um ... At the beginning, yes, it was rather difficult for me to get the right job . . . um.
after you've lived here for one or two years you get to know the system and then that's
quite good. You know how to use libraries and oh .. . you get to know where to um...
call in emergencies; um ... you get to know ... er ...trying to get a radio and understand
the radio and all the . . . programmes they have . . . um and when they're on and the little
stories.
MATTHEW: What about English humour on the radio?
ELFRIEDE: Um . . . I think that takes a very very long time to understand and I'm sorry to say that
I haven't managed yet to understand it completely, but er... I find it very interesting to
speak other languages um ... because English people have different er ...have a different
mentality, and have a very different character and a different temperament and it is
fascinating for me to talk to them um... and also for myself to be able to express myself
in a different language and to communicate with them.
Task 5
【答案】
1) A mother is leaving instructions with her babysitter before going out.
2) Wake up; give her the dummy; give her a cuddle; sing to her; read her a story; go back to sleep.
3) Two friends are taking about their holiday together.
4) It reminds.., of... holiday; city; wine; good food; tower; view; walking along the river; paintings; I
love...; I like...; I remember...
5) Two women are meeting at a doctor’s waiting room.
6) It's diagnosed; have another look; do something about...; go away; give.., for...; it's your turn.
【原文】
Number 1
Fiona: Okay, Deek, I'm off now. [Okay.] Everything's okay, is it?
Deek: Yes, I think so. The only thing is... is she likely to wake up?
Fiona: No, I don't think so. She doesn't usually, but...
Deek: What if she does?
Fiona: Well, yes. Don't. worry about it. Her dummy's by the bed, so if you just pick her up, give her
the dummy, give her a little bit of a cuddle; [Yes.] sing to her if you like.
Deek: Shall I read her a story or something?
Fiona: Yes, anything like that. [Yes.] Then she should just go back to sleep again quite happily.
Deek: Okay.
Fiona: Oh! And I've left stuff for you in the fridge. There's some salad and cold chicken and some
beer as well. Okay then?
Deek: Right then. Bye.
Fiona: Bye-bye.
Number 2
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Lesley: Ah ... it's such a lovely day. It reminds me of last week, doesn't it you?
Fiona: Oh don't! I mean that was just so fantastic, that holiday!
Lesley: I love that city, you know.
Fiona: I do too. Really, it's got something about it, a certain sort of charm ...
Lesley: Mm, and all that wine and good food ...
Fiona: And so cheap. Right, I mean, compared to here ...
Lesley: Yes, although the shops are expensive.
Fiona: Mm, yes.
Lesley: I mean, really I bought nothing at all. I just ate and ate and drank and drank.
Fiona: I know. Wasn't that lovely?
Lesley: Yes, and I, I go there. I like listening to the people talking, sitting outside drinking wine.
Fiona: Yes. Could you understand what they were saying? When they were speaking quickly, I mean.
Lesley: Well, it is difficult, of course. And then I liked that tower, too.
Fiona: You liked that tower? I'm not sure about it, really. (No) It's very unusual, right in the centre of
the city.
Lesley: True, but there's a lovely view from the top.
Fiona: Oh, you went right up, didn't you? (Mm, yes) Oh no, I didn't.
Lesley: Of course you didn't.
Fiona: I remember that day. We weren't together.
Lesley: No, that's right. (Mm) You went down by the river, didn't you?
Fiona: That's it. Oh, walking along the river and all the couples (Yes) and it's so romantic ... (Is it true)
and the paintings too ...
Lesley: They do have artists down by the river, do they? (Yes) Oh, how lovely!
Fiona: Oh, it really is super.
Lesley: Yes. Oh, I think we ought to go back there again next year, don't you?
Fiona: I do, yes. (Mm) If only just to sample some more of the wine.
Lesley: It'd be lovely, wouldn't it?
Fiona: Yes.
Number 3
Mary: I'm so pleased. What about you then?
Jane: Well, he said he wanted to have another look at it.
Mary: Yes. What are they doing about it?
Jane: Well, I don't think they're going to do anything really. It just sometimes goes away [Well,
can't...] something like that.
Mary: Well, can't they give you anything for it?
Jane: Well, no, they didn't say the9 could. [Really?] No, just got to be patient and wait for it to go
away.
Mary: Well, that seems a bit stupid, doesn't it?
Jane: Yes, it does.
Mary: You'd have thought.., you'd have thought they'd have thought of something.
Jane: Yes. Ooh it's your mm.
Mary: Yes. Certainly.
Jane: Good luck!
Mary: Thank you!
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Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) c
2) a
3) b
4) c
B.
1) T
2) F
3) F
4) T
5) F
6) T
【原文】
Learning to Speak
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that
he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of
listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children
will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though they word obey is hardly
accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before
they can speak, many children will ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words
leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first
few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress,
sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate,
they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three
months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds
to their voices. This self imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to
them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these
imitations can be considered as speech.
It is a problem we need not get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a
particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word
will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at say seven months, of
as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply Because he also uses
it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.
Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child
has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents cash in
on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.
Task 7
【答案】
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Topic: Body language
1. Brief introduction
non-verbal communication; small facial expressions, hand gestures and body
movements that we make to express our feelings
2. Detailed introduction
our facial expressions and gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time; we paid
conscious attention to the hidden messages in body language; facial; body
2.1 facial expressions
Eyes, eyebrows, lips and facial muscles: capable of “saying” things.
Eyes
Wide eyes
Suggestions Note
Surprise, wonder, excitement or One element alone does
sometimes fear (possible) not tell us everything. We
have to see gestures in
Wide eyes, a little smile and a Wonderfully pleased
combination.
slight tilt of the head
the head pushed forward
Half- closed eyes
Anger or hostility
Fatigue, boredom or indifference
(possible)
Half- closed eyes, a lowered tilt Coy and flirtatious
of the head, a fluttering of the
eyelids and a slight smile
The size of our pupils
Eyebrows
One brow up, one down
Both up
Squeeze them together
Lips Both Nonverbal and Verbal Messages
Baring the teeth just on one side or pull Snarl and threat (close to animals)
the lips tightly across the teeth
The
Tuck the lower lip into out mouth and Anxiety and fear
bite it
Licking the lips: a Stress or anxiety
2.2 Hand and body gestures
Hand or sign language: highly developed, especially by the deaf.
The Routine Hand Language
Pointing with the index finger
The clenched fist beating in the air
Message
To accuse someone
To threaten someone
Signal Flags
Doubt, disbelief or uncertainty
Surprise or mistrust
Frown or scowl
Our interest in a subject
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A clenched fist held close to the body
The open hands, palms up
Both hands raised up and facing the audience
Tilt the hand and palm down and extend the arm
Pat on the head
Clap hands
Tension or anxiety
Blessing or love and giving
To show approval or call someone or get
attention
bring our finger to our lips; scratch or rub our heads; slap our heads; take our head in both hands to
sort of clear our minds
3. Conclusion
A sampling of; we pull an ear; we cross our legs; who don't communicate with body language; writers;
frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and throws up his arms.
【原文】
Let's talk about body language. You already
facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements that we make. We may not realize it, but each
movement and expression says something about our feelings.
In fact, we might say that body language is the clearest and most common way Of
communicating our feelings directly to others. We all know the most obvious body
wave our hands in greeting, we shake hands, pat each other on the back, we hug friends and kiss
loved ones. We smile, we laugh, we wink and we frown, and sometimes we cry. All of these gestures
are called non-verbal communication (non- verbal means we do not use words to
Normally, we don't think very much about our body language. Our facial expressions and
gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time. But researchers tell us we might learn to
under-stand each other a little better if we paid conscious attention to the hidden messages in body
language. Let's consider a few of the more obvious facial, hand and body gestures.
The human face is wonderfully rich in its ability to express feelings. The eyes, the eyebrows,
the lips and the facial muscles are all capable of
For example, we speak of
wonder, excitement or sometimes fear. And that is an important thing to remember about body
language--one element alone does not tell us everything. We have to see gestures in Combination. So
wide eyes alone would not tell us whether the person was surprised, pleased or scared, but when we
see wide eyes, a little smile and a slight tilt of the head, we understand that the person is
pleased
Half-closed eyes may suggest fatigue, boredom or indifference. But add a lowered tilt of the
head, a fluttering of the eyelids and a slight smile, and we get a coy and flirtatious message.
Strangely enough, one of the eye features over which we have very little control--the size of
our pupils--says something about our interest in a subject. If we like something, our pupils get larger.
Studies show that most men think a woman with large pupils is more than the same
woman with small pupils. But the men aren't really conscious of the pupils. They just know they like
the
Eyebrows are almost like signal flags: one brow up, one down suggests doubt, disbelief or
uncertainty. Both up means surprise or mistrust. Squeeze them together and we get a frown or scowl.
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The lips shape non-verbal as well as verbal messages. The smile is the most obvious, but try
baring the teeth just on one side or pull the lips tightly across the teeth and the smile becomes a snarl
and a threat. In this, and in many of our other body gestures, we are close to the animals.
The lower lip by itself can say little things. The
means
mouth and bite it, we are conveying anxiety and fear. Licking the lips is a
usually means stress or anxiety.
There are whole books written on hand gestures, and, in fact, hand or sign language has often
been highly developed, especially as an aid to the deaf. But the routine hand language, such as
pointing with the index finger to accuse someone, or the clenched fist beating in the air to threaten
someone, is familiar to us all. But a clenched fist held close to the body usually means tension or
anxiety while the open hands, palms up may mean
Both hands raised up and facing the audience means
hands and palm down and extend the arm and it means
a kind of blessing or gesture of love and giving. We clap hands to indicate approval or in some cases
to call someone or get attention.
When the hands get very busy we say that someone
individuals and cultures it is almost impossible to talk without a wild display of hand motions.
If we are slightly puzzled by something, we may bring our finger to our lips. If it's a real
puzzler, we scratch or rub our heads. If we do something wrong, we slap our heads. To start allover
something, we often begin by taking our head in both hands to sort of clear our minds and
head on straight
These are only a sampling of the many types of body language. There are books which discuss
everything from the way we pull an ear to the way we cross our legs. From the looks of things, the
only people who don't communicate with body language are the writers. Readers never get to see
how often the writer frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and
throws up his arms.
Task 8
In contemporary English, there are many reported differences in the talk of males and females . In
same gender pairs having conversations, women generally discuss their personal feelings more than
men . Men appear to prefer non-personal topics such as sport and news . Men tend to respond to
mention personal experiences that match or connect with the other woman’s . There is a pattern
documented in the American English social context of women cooperating and seeking connection
via language, whereas men are more competitive and concerned with power via language . In
mixed-gender pairs having conversations, the rate of men interrupting women is substantially greater
than he reverse. Women are reported to use more expressions associated with tentativeness , such as
“hedges” (sort of , kind of ) and “tags”(isn’t it ? , don’t you ?) , when expressing an opinion :
Well ,erm , I think that golf is kind of boring , don’t you ?
Unit 10
Task 1
【答案】
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A.
Names of the States
Illinois
Connecticut
Hawaii
B.
1) T
2) F
3) T
【原文】
People who visited the United States sometimes wonder how the states got their names. Some
of the most interesting names came from American Indian language. For example, Illinois, was
named for the Indians who used to live in that part of the country. In their language, Illinois means
“Brave Men”. Connecticut means “At the Long River Mouth” in the language of the Indians
who used to live there.
Twenty-five of the states have Indian names, but other names were taken from different
languages. Georgia and Pennsylvania have names which were taken from the Latin language. Florida
and Colorado were named by Spanish people. States like New Hampshire and New Jersey were
named for places in England.
The two newest states have names which did not come from any of those languages. Hawaii got
its name from a word in the Hawaiian language which means “Homeland.” Alaska was named by
the Russians, from whom Alaska was bought in 1867.
Meanings
Brave Men
At the Long River Mouth
Homeland
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) Probably between 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C.
2) About four tons.
3) They might have been sent on rivers and rolled over land on tree trunks.
4) By hand.
B.
meeting place; sunrise; sunset; worship; observatory; computer; eclipses
【原文】
The circle of stones that can be seen at Stonehenge on the Salisbury Plain in England is one of
the oldest and most mysterious monuments in the world. The monument was probably put up
between 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C. When it was completed it consisted of a double circle of stones,
with two more groups of stones outside the circles. Many of the stones used in this monument must
have been transported over 250 miles to Stonehenge. Single stones, some of them weighing about
four tons, must have been sent on rivers and rolled over land on tree trunks. They can't have been
carried! The men who moved the stone didn't have wheels or horses. Each stone had to be moved by
hand and placed in position. They were fitted together with great technical skill.
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There are many theories about the purpose of the stones. Stonehenge was certainly a meeting
place. The stones have been arranged in a particular way to mark sunrise and sunset at certain times
during the year. This may have been a place of worship of the sun and also an observatory. One
interesting theory suggests that the stones were some kind of computer which was used to predict
eclipses of the sun and moon.
Task 3
【答案】
Time
About 30,000 years ago
Descriptions
Who painted the pictures?
People who hunted animals.
What was painted?
Animals they wanted to catch and kill.
Where were the paintings found?
On the walls of caves in France and Spain.
Why did people paint the pictures?
Perhaps pictures had a magic purpose; perhaps the painters thought that
their pictures would help them to catch these animals; or per-haps
human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures.
Who began to use pictures as a kind of writing?
The Egyptians and other people in the Near East.
What did the simple pictures and signs represent?
Things and ideas, and also the sounds of their language.
How did the Egyptians record information or tell stories?
By putting picture-writing and pictures together.
Who developed a simpler system of writing?
People who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea.
Why was this system simpler?
Because each sign, or letter, represented only one sound in their
language.
Who copied the Greek system and developed an alphabet that is
used all over the world?
The Rom ans.
What are some of the pictures we still use today?
Drawings, photographs, signs and diagrams.
About 5,000 years ago
By 1000 B.C.
At present
【原文】
Human beings have been painting pictures for at least 30,000 years. The earliest pictures were
painted by people who hunted animals. They used to paint pictures of the animals they wanted to
catch and kill. Pictures of this kind have been found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. No
one knows why they were painted there. Perhaps the painter thought that their pictures would help
them to catch these animals. Or perhaps human beings have always wanted to tell stories in pictures.
About 5,000 years ago the Egyptians and other people in the Near East began to use pictures as
a kind of writing. They drew simple pictures or signs to represent things and ideas, and also to
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represent the sounds of their language. The signs these people used became a kind of alphabet.
The Egyptians used to record information and to tell stories by putting picture-writing and
pictures together. When an important person died, scenes and stories from his life were painted and
carved on the walls of the place where he was buried. Some of these pictures are like modem
comic-strip stories. It has been said that Egypt is the home of the comic strip. But, for the Egyptians,
pictures still had magic power. So they did not try to make their way of writing simple. The ordinary
people could not understand it.
By the year 1,000 BC, people who lived in the area around the Mediterranean Sea bad developed
a simpler system of writing. The signs they used were very easy to write, and there were fewer of
them than in the Egyptian system. This was because each sign, or letter, represented only one sound
in their language. The Greeks developed this system and formed the letter of the Greek alphabet. The
Romans copied the idea, and the Roman alphabet is now used all over the world.
These days, we can write down a story, or record information, without using pictures. But we
still need pictures of all kinds, drawings, photographs, signs and diagrams. We find them everywhere:
in books and newspapers, in the street, and on the walls of the places where we live and work.
Pictures help us to understand and remember things more easily, and they can make a story much
more interesting.
Task 4
【答案】
1) In the 1lth century A.D.
2) A little over 16,000.
3) A centre of the wool trade.
4) Almost a thousand years.
5) 900 square metres.
6)The Netherlands.
7) 96 metres.
8) Salisbury Cathedral in the west of England.
【原文】
The earliest use of the name Norwich is on an Anglo-Saxon coin, from the time of King
Athelstan(924-939). You can see the word
fanned in this district, and had a market. We think the Normans held their market in the same place,
so Norwich market is nearly 1,000 years old. For centuries people have come to the market to buy
and sell, and today Norwich has the largest open-air market in England.
When the Normans conquered England in the 1lth century A.D., Norwich was one of the
largest cities in England, with a population of 5,500. Under the Normans the city became a centre of
the wool trade. Since 1066 no foreign army has invaded Britain, but many refugees had fled from
Europe and settled in different parts of the country. In the 16th century many weavers came to
Norwich from the Netherlands to escape religious problems at home. These cloth-workers numbered
about 6,000 of the population of just over 16,000. A large building was called after these settlers,
Strangers' Hall.
William the Conqueror built a wooden castle in Norwich in 1067, and 60 years later the
Normans built a stone castle. At first it was an army centre, but from 1220 to 1887 the castle was the
prison for the whole county of Norfolk. Down in the dungeons you can still see death masks of the
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prisoners. This Norman castle is one of the largest in England. Its walls are 21 metres high, 30 metres
along each side and 3 metres thick. The early walls were made of Caen stone, but between 1834 and
1839 builders repaired the walls with new stone from Bath.
Norwich Cathedral, in the heart of the city, is one of the most beautiful in Britain. The first
Bishop of Norwich began the cathedral in 1069. He brought beautiful white stone from Caen, in
Normandy. The Normans shipped the stone to Great Yarmouth on the coast, and then up the river
Wensum. The builders had to dig a short canal from the river to the cathedral. People used this canal
for about 300 years, but now you cannot see it. Its path was from the street called Lower Close to
Pulls Ferry. Another bishop added the spire in the 15th century. It is 96 metres high, so only
Salisbury Cathedral in the west of England is taller. Inside the cathedral there are wonderful Norman
columns and a beautiful roof. Between 1465 and 1536 workers carved and painted stories from the
Bible on special bosses.
Task 5
【答案】
1) During the 18th and early 19th centuries
2) The harnessing of a whole range of newly devised machinery: first to water wheels and later to a
completely new source of power — steam.
3) Large factories replaced small workshop and craftsman's cottages.
4) Because people wanted to transport goods and raw materials more cheaply and efficiently.
5) More than 100 years.
6) Industrial sites have been restored, buildings saved and machinery preserved.
【原文】
Britain's industrial heritage is probably richer than that of any other nation, for it was here
during the course of the 18th and early 19th centuries that occurred the series of major technological
advances which heralded the greatest social and economic upheaval in the history of mankind — the
upheaval which became known as the Industrial Revolution.
Mining, iron-smelting, the making of textiles and pottery--all these industries had been carried
on in Britain for centuries. What was revolutionary was the sheer scale of production made possible
by the harnessing of a whole range of newly devised machinery: first to water wheels and later to a
completely new source of power — steam.
This enormous and rapid increase in mechanization took British industry out of the small
work- shop and craftsman's cottage and into the factory, perhaps employing thousands of workers.
Entire new cities were developed in the new industrial centres to house them.
Meanwhile, advances in industry were matched by development in engineering and transport.
New networks of roads and canals were constructed to transport goods and raw materials more
cheaply and efficiently. Later still came the railways.
The speed of this transformation was dramatic. In less than 100 years from the middle of the
18th century, Britain changed from a predominantly agricultural nation into the world's first great
industrial power--the envy of all, and the model for industrialization everywhere.
Today, Britain is a treasure-house of relics from this remarkable period. Thanks to the
increasing interest in industrial archaeology, many important industrial sites have been restored,
buildings and other structures have been saved from demolition, and machinery of all types, including
examples of the world's earliest steam engines, have been preserved-- either in site or as exhibits in
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one of the growing number of industrial museums.
Then there are several mines and other industrial undertakings run as museums,
lovingly preserved steam railways, companies still using traditional methods who welcome visitors...
The list is endless. Add to it the many surviving relics of an even earlier age, such as windmills, water
mills, medieval mines and ancient quarries, and you have a unique and fascinating record of industrial
development down the centuries.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) T
2) F
3) T
4) F
5) T
6) F
B.
1) religious ceremonies; market places
2) grow more and more food; noisy and polluted; water population
3) a civil war; environmental reasons
【原文】
During the Mayan Classical Period, from 300 to 900 A.D., the central area was very important
culturally. There were many large ceremonial centers in the central area. Tikal was the largest known
center. Originally, people did not live in these centers. The centers were used only for religious
ceremonies, and as market places. These centers were empty except on market days and religious
festivals. At those times thousands of people came in from the countryside.
Apparently, toward the end of the Classical Period, in about 700 A.D., more and more people
began to move into these market centers. They used these market centers as a place to live. This
increase in population caused problems for the farmers near the centers. The farmers near the market
centers had only a small amount of good farming land. But they had to grow more and more food on
their land in order to feed the people in the market centers. It became more and more difficult for
them to raise enough food.
Because of overcrowding, the centers became noisy and polluted. Water pollution was one of
the greatest problems in the centers. Because the population grew so quickly, the centers didn't have
good enough systems for bringing in clean water and for getting rid of dirty water.
So this movement to the market centers caused several serious problems for the Mayas in the
central area.
At the end of the 9th century, the population in the market centers dropped sharply. Many
people moved to the north--to places like Uxmal and Kabah. The market places, the great buildings,
the great artistic achievements were left behind.
Historians have studied these questions. Why did the population drop? Why did the Mayas
leave the market areas? Why did they move to the North where it was so dry and where the soil was
so poor?
One theory is that the centers collapsed because of war. There might have been a civil war
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between the farmers and the people who governed.
Another theory is that the centers collapsed because of environmental reasons. The
overcrowding, the pollution may have caused such serious problems that people were no longer able
to live in the centers.
In any case, the greater Mayan civilization began to decline around 900 A.D. People are still
studying the Mayan culture and trying to learn about why the civilization declined.
Task 7
【答案】
1) More than three thousand.
2) To predict the future.
3) They saw nature as numerous gods using magic, and called their gods called
gui- shen
, a word for
ghost or spirit.
4) They believed that the gods could exercise either benevolent or malevolent magic, and they
attempted to bribe the gods.
5) Because they believed that if offerings to the dead were discontinued, the spirits of the dead would
become lost and starving ghosts who, in revenge, might do evil.
6) One of the reasons was males alone were allowed to perform rituals at gravesites.
【原文】
It was around 1300 B.C. that the first known writing appeared in the Shang civilization—writing
that developed more than three thousand characters, partly pictorial and partly phonetic. This writing
was done on plate-like portions of the bones of cattle or deer, on seashells and turtle shells and
perhaps on wood. They were inscriptions concerned with predicting the future. By applying a pointed,
heated rod to a bone or shell, the item cracked, and to which written symbol the crack traveled gave
answers for various questions: what the weather was going to be like, would there be flood, would a
harvest succeed or fail, when might be the best time for hunting or fishing, questions about illness or
whether one should make a journey.
The people of the Shang civilization appeared to have had the same religious impulses as
others. They saw nature as numerous gods using magic, gods called gui-shen, a word for ghost or
spirit. They had a god they thought produced rain. They had a god of thunder and a god for each
mountain, river and forest. They had a mother god of the sun, a moon goddess, and a god of the
wind. Like others who worked the soil, they had a fertility god. They believed in a master god who
had a palace in the center of heaven and who rewarded people for being virtuous.
Like priests in West Asia, the priests of the Shang civilization made sacrifices to their gods,
attempting to bribe them, believing that the gods could exercise either benevolent or malevolent
magic. The frequency of floods and other calamities led the people of Shang civilization to believe
that some gods were good and others demonic. And they believed in an evil god who led travelers
astray and devoured people.
The people of the Shang civilization believed in an invisible heaven that people went to when
they died. Shang kings told their subjects that heaven was where the ancestors of the Shang kings
dwelled. Aristocrats were concerned with their status and boasted about their ancestral roots. They
kept records of their family tree, and they saw their ancestors as going back to gods who often took
the form of animals--gods who became family symbols like the totems. The common people, on the
other hand, had no surnames and no pedigree and did not participate in ancestor worship.
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Aristocrats believed that humans had a spirit that was created at conception. They believed that
this spirit both continued to reside in one's body after death and ascended to the invisible world
where the spirits and the dead dwelled. Aristocrats believed that in this invisible world their ancestors
re-sided in the court of the gods and had powers to help guide and assist their living descendants.
Aristocrats saw their ancestors as needing nourishment. At gravesites they offered food and wine to
their deceased family members and ancestors — a ritual that males alone were allowed to perform,
adding to the preference for the birth of a male into a family. They believed that if offerings to the
dead were discontinued, the spirits of the dead would become lost and starving ghosts who, in
revenge, might do evil. When an aristocrat wanted a special favor from an ancestor, he supplemented
the offerings by sacrificing animals. And, like Abraham, the Shang knew of human sacrifice. If a king
wanted a special favor from the gods, he might sacrifice a human.
Task 8
【答案】
A.
Clocks Through Time
About 3,000 years ago
About 600 years ago
1657
40 years later
By 1900
Today
sundials, candles, and water clocks
the first clock with a face and an hour hand
pendulum clocks (also called
minute and second hands added
clocks and watches becoming popular
electric clocks
B.
1) Someone was inspired by shadows moving around trees as the sun moves across the sky.
2) Candles had to be remade, and water clocks had to be refilled.
3) Because the clocks were beautifully decorated and people were not concerned about knowing the
exact time.
4) Because the weight on the pendulum could be moved up or down to make the clock go faster or
slower.
5) Digital clocks do not have face or hands. They tell the time with a set of numerals that appear in a
little window.
【原文】
It was probably around 3,000 years ago that people first began inventing ways to help
themselves measure the time. Having observed that shadow move around trees as the sun moves
across the sky, someone drew a circle and put a stick in the center. As the sun passed overhead, he
marked even division on the circle as the shadow of the stick crossed it. Then people could tell which
part of the day it was by noticing which mark on the circle the shadow fell across. These circles were
called
Of course, a sundial did not work at night or on cloudy days, so men kept inventing(发明) other
ways to keep track of time. After glass blowing was invented, the hourglass came into use. An
hourglass is a glass container for measuring time in which sand moves slowly from the top half to the
bottom in exactly one hour. The hourglass is turned over every hour so the sand could flow again.
A water clock was another way to tell time. A container had a line with a number beside it for
every hour. It also had a tiny hole in the bottom. The container was filled with water that dripped
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through the hole. When the water level reached the first line, one hour had passed. Each time the
water level fell to another line, one more hour has passed.
Candles and water clocks helped people know how much time had gone by. But candles had to
be remade, and water clocks had to be refilled. So, after glass blowing was invented, the hourglass
came into use. Glass bulbs were joined by a narrow tunnel of glass, and fine, dry sand was placed in
the top bulb. The hourglass was easy to use, but it had to be turned over every hour so the sand
could flow again.
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with the face and an hour hand was made. One of
the first clocks with a face and an hour hand was built for a king of France and placed in the tower of
his palace. The clock did not show minutes or seconds. Since there were no planes or trains to catch,
people were not worried about knowing the exact time.
Gradually, clocks began to be popular and unusual. One clock was in the shape of a cart with a
horse and driver. One of the wheels was the face of the clock.
Watches came into use as soon as clocks were made small enough to be carried. These did not
always tell the correct time, either. They were often put into beautiful watchcases, which were made
to look like anything the owner wanted.
The pendulum clock was invented in l657. This was the beginning of the style of clocks we call
more exactly than earlier clocks, since the weight on the pendulum could be moved up or down to
make the clock go faster or slower. About forty years later, minute and second hands were put on
some clocks. Grandfather clocks are very much in demand again today. They are usually very
expensive, however, and require more space than other styles of clocks.
As people began to go to more places and do more things, they were more interested in
knowing the correct time. By 1900, almost every house had a clock, and nearly every well-dressed
gentleman wore a watch on a chain tucked in his vest pocket.
Today, of course, we have electric clocks that keep giving the right time until the electricity goes
off Scientists have invented clocks that look like 1arge machines and tell the correct time to a split
second.
The most modem electric clocks for home use do not have faces or hands. These clocks are
called digital clocks, and they tell the time with a set of numerals which appear in a little window. The
seconds are counted off like the tenths of a mile on the meter of a car.
Many electric c1ocks are combined with radios, which can sometimes be set to turn on
automatically. Thus instead of an alarm ringing in your ear in the morning, you can hear soft music
playing when it is time to get up. Some clocks will even start the coffee maker!
Task 9
【答案】
A.
1) F
2) T
3) F
4) T
5) F
6) F
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7) T
B.
1) London; Paris; geological difficulties; crowded; rocky
2) the height of the skyscrapers; anything but flat
3) dug a trench; laid the rails
4) unskilled laborers; Irish; Italian; specialists
5) explosives; rubble; framing; deadly
【原文】
Scott Simon: When the New York City subway was built 100 years ago, it was a marvel of
(Host) engineering--it still is. Other subways had already been started in London, Paris, a few
other places, but the geological difficulties of building an underground system on a
crowded and rocky island were unique. As part of NPR's series on the 100-year
anniversary of the New York City subway system, Robert Smith travels to the deepest
station in Manhattan to tell the story of the men who built it.
Robert Smith: It's easy to think that the only vertical variation in Manhattan is in the height of the
(Reporter) skyscrapers, but New York City on the ground is anything but flat. Riding the path
of the original subway line, you can see the challenge that early builders faced. North
of Harlem, the subway emerges from a tunnel, and within seconds it's racing along a
high trestle over the Manhattan valley.
Ms. Vivian Heller: It's actually very hilly.
(Author, The City Beneath Us)
Robert Smith: Vivian Heller is the author of The City Beneath Us, the history of the subway system.
As the subway plunges back underground, she points out the window at the other
thing that made building subways so difficult.
Ms. Vivian Heller: The actual rock itself is so treacherous and unstable, that was another element that
they had to work with that was tricky.
Robert Smith: The early workers built most of the subway with a technique known as cut and
coven They dug a trench, laid the rails, and then covered it over again. But up here
in-northern Manhattan, cut and cover would have made the subway feel like a roller
coaster, so in order to keep the train level, planners had to go deep.
Ms. Vivian Heller: It was 180 feet, so it was really a mining operation because of the depth involved.
So now we're at 191st Street.
Voice: A hundred and ninety-first.
Ms. Vivian Heller: This is the Ft. George tunnel section.
Simon:
cave. This section would prove the most challenging to the chief engineer and
visionary of the New York subway,
Ms. Vivian Heller: He was chosen to be chief engineer when he was 35 years old, and many people
felt that he was much too young for this huge undertaking. He was interrogated
very closely and revealed a knowledge of all of the systems of the city that was
incredibly minute and detailed, and actually he just astonished everyone.
Robert Smith: The cut-and-cover sections of the subway were built mostly by unskilled laborers,
African- Americans and Irish and Italian immigrants. But Par-sons knew he
would need specialists for the tunneling sections. Clifton Hood is a history
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professor at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. He wrote a subway history
called 722 Miles.
Professor Clifton Hood: These were miners who came from the anthracite coal mines in eastern
(Author, 722 Miles) Pennsylvania. They came from silver mines in Colorado,
from the Klondike gold strike. They came from South Africa's gold and
diamond mines. They were highly skilled workers who were paid about $$3.75 a
day, which was quite a good wage in those times, and they came with real skills.
Robert Smith: Not much is known about the men's lives. They stayed in rowdy boarding houses
up above the tunnel in Washington Heights, and dance halls and casinos opened
to serve them. In photos from the time, they stand with their faces in deep
shadow, their black hats and vests covered in a light rock dust. They would drill
holes for explosives, set them off, clear out the rubble, build framing; and then
do it all over again. It was loud and smelly work and sometimes deadly. The
worst disaster in the building of the subway took place just a few hundred feet
from the 191st Street station in October of 1903. Author Vivian Heller.
Ms. Vivian Heller: The poignant thing about the Ft. George disaster is that the tunnel was almost
completed when it occurred, and the schedule had been stepped up. The
contractor was pressing the foremen, so they had gone from doing two blasts a
day to doing three blasts a day.
Robert Smith: After one of those blasts, a supervisor gave the all clear and the men went back
inside the tunnel. Then a 300-ten boulder fell from the roof.
Professor Clifton Hood: Six are killed instantly and several more are very, very badly hurt. There's a
Catholic priest who bravely goes down, ministers the last rites to these men,
most of them Italian men crushed so badly they're not recognizable, their names
aren't even known. They're described in the newspapers just by their
employment number.
Robert Smith: Engineer William Parsons, when he wrote about the incident in his journal,
didn't even mention that in the end 10 people died in the accident. Clifton Hood
says that in the technological triumph of the subway, the story of the people who
built it has gotten lost.
Professor Clifton Hood: We ignore these workers. They're not given much attention in the triumphal
accounts of the subways. You don't see their images on any of the stations. Most
New Yorkers who ride through the subway don't give a single thought to the
fact that real people actually built it, and in some cases died and were injured
building it. That's a part of the story that I think we really need to get back in.
Robert Smith: The only monument that exists to the workers of the tunnels is the sub-way itself
and the city it transformed. Robert Smith, NPR News, New York.
Task 10
The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the
English- speaking world . The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are sometimes referred to
collectively as Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of competition with each other, as
they are two oldest and most famous universities in England.
The date of Oxford’s foundation is unknown, and indeed it may not have been a single event ,
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but there is evidence of teaching there as early as 1096. When Henry II of England of forbade
English students to study at the University of Paris in 1167, Oxford began to grow very quickly . The
foundation of the first halls of residence, which later became college, dates from this period and later.
Following the murder of two students accused of rape in 1209, the University was disbanded, and
this led to the foundation of the University of Cambridge. In 1214, the University returned to Oxford
with a charter, and the University’s status was formally confirmed.
Unit 11
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) It had quite a warm climate then.
2) About 150 million years ago, Gondwanaland began to break up, and the Antarctic moved
southwards until it reached its present position.
3) 99 percent of the total area of Antarctica is covered by a massive ice sheet.
B.
1) Africa; Australia
2) small dog; (former) land connection; animals; plants
3) Penguin
【原文】
The Antarctic has not always been covered in ice. Fossil plants found in the rocks indicate that it
had quite a warm climate about 150 million years ago. Antarctica once formed part of the
supercon-tinent Gondwanaland, with South America, Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand all
grouped around its edge. However, about 150 million years ago Gondwanaland began to break up.
The Antarctic moved southwards until it reached its present position. The final proof for the former
land connection between Antarctica and the Gondwanaland continents was found in some
mountains where the remains of an animal about the size of a small dog were found. Other fossil
remains of animals and plants have since been found.
Today the continent is covered by a massive ice sheet more than 4 kilometres thick, which
covers 99 percent of the total area. The remaining 1 percent is almost lifeless, apart from a few plants,
and the sea animals, like the penguins, which come ashore at certain times of the year.
Task 2
【答案】
1) c
2) a
3) b
4) a
【原文】
Bali is a beautiful island of mountains, forests and rice fields. It is also an island of artists.
Almost everybody there is an artist of some kind. The people work all day at home, in the fields or on
their boats, but in the evening they make music, dance, paint or carve things out of wood and stone.
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For the Balinese, art is part of religion. It is a way of pleasing their gods--and Bali, they believe,
is full of gods. There are thousands of temples in Bali, and there are festivals at these temples when
people die or get married, or when a child is born. At these festivals the people try to keep their gods
happy by giving them food, by dancing, by acting, and by playing music for them.
In the past, the Balinese did not care about the outside world. For them Bali was the whole
world. But in the 1930s tourists began to visit Bali, and since the 1950s tourism has become big
business there. So the islanders have begun to sell their art to tourists. These days the Balinese
pro-duce more and more things for tourists; they make fewer things for their temples. They have less
time for their gods, so there are fewer festivals.
Each year more tourists bring more money to the island; they also bring new ideas and a new
way of life. The Balinese know that if fewer tourists come to the island, there will be less money. But
they also know if there are too many tourists, the Balinese way of life will change drastically. The
authorities are trying hard to organize and control tourism with caution. Bali has to change;
nevertheless they want to make sure that it changes for the better, not for the worse.
Task 3
【答案】
A.
1) Because until 1980, it had been quiet for more than a hundred years.
2) It was strange. No birds were singing, and the air was still.
3) He was standing near the summit and reporting the eruption on radio.
B.
Washington; 35; 1980; 123; recreation; summit; tremors; small eruptions; no danger; 1980; dust; ash;
rocks; mud; 40; peaceful; empty
【原文】
Most volcanoes are quiet. They rest peacefully for hundreds of years. No one pays much
attention to them.
Mount St. Helens was one of these volcanoes. Until 1980, it was a beautiful recreation area. Its
last eruption had been 123 years ago. No one was worried about another one. Then, in March 1980,
Mount St. Helens began to make noises. At first, there were tremors. Then, small eruptions occurred.
Some residents left immediately. Others felt there was no danger.
But on the morning of May 18, 1980, the mountain blew its top. With the power of twenty-five
atomic bombs, Mount St. Helens exploded. Clouds of dust and ash rose more than twelve miles into
the sky. Rocks and mud crashed down the slopes.
Unfortunately, many people were still living, camping, or working in the area. Over forty people
lost their lives. Others were rescued.
Robert Baker was fishing with his family when the explosion occurred. He reported that the
morning of May 18 was strange. No birds were singing. The air was still. Then, he saw a large black
cloud coming down toward them. In minutes, day turned into night. He called his family to their van
and they started on the slow dark ride away from the mountain. All the time, hot ash was raining on
them.
But other people were not so lucky. David Johnston, a volcano expert, was standing near the
summit of the mountain. At 8:31 a. m. , he radioed,
Mount St. Helens is peaceful now. But its slopes are empty. It will be many years before fish,
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plants, and trees will again live on the mountain.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
1) Mrs. Rakel Surlien is the Norwegian Minister of Environmental Protection, and she is about to
begin a three-day visit to Britain.
2) Britain.
3) Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its contribution in particular is far from
proven. Britain insists that neither the disastrous effects of acid rain nor Britain’s responsibility
in the issue has been proven.
4) Sweden.
5) It refers to a group of some 20 nations which are committed to reducing sulfur dioxide by a third.
6) Norway is against Britain in the dispute over acid rain in spite of its cordial approach.
B.
1) fish; aquatic life; forest
2) power stations
3)remain isolateed
【原文】
Norway has decided to resume a
over the issue of acid rain, as Mrs. Rakel Surlien, the Norwegian Minister of Environmental
Protection, begins a three-day visit to Britain.
All the Nordic countries believe that Britain is responsible for as much as a third of the acid
deposit failing in southern Scandinavia, killing fish and most other aquatic life in thousands of lakes
and rivers and possibly putting large areas of forest at risk. Emissions from coal and oil burning
power stations are blamed mostly, but Britain insists the case against acid rain in general and its
contribution in particular is far from proven.
The issue has become almost fashionable since the Swedes raised it in 1972. More than 20
nations have agreed to join the so-called
a third, and Britain is increasingly isolated in Western Europe by its refusal to do so.
Mrs. Surlien says there has been no change in the Norwegian position in spite of the cordial
approach, and she also scented victory, as she said,
for long. It must be very difficult to live with.
Task 5
【答案】
1) four out of five; survive; rosy; forest flower; for centuries
2) 2,000; fight cancer; 40; wildlife; the rain forest
3) drugs; a South American tree; blood pressure; the snakeroot plant from Indian forests
4) foods; tropical forests; winged bean
5) rubber; oils; one; examined; 99; threatened
【原文】
A representative of an ecological organization is talking about the advantages and benefits for
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humans of the rain forests.
Four out of five of all children who got leukemia in 1960 died. Now four out of every five
survive. The secret of this miraculous change is the rosy periwinkle, a forest flower which tribal
doctors had used for centuries.
The United States National Cancer Institute has identified more than 2,000 tropical rain
forest plants with the ability to fight cancer. In fact, about 40 percent of all drugs given out in the
United States today owe much of their strength to chemicals from wildlife, largely from the rain
forest.
Other drags include quinine, which comes from a South American tree, and drugs to relieve
high blood pressure are derived from the snakeroot plant from Indian forests. The armadillo of South
America is helping us find a cure for leprosy.
The tropical forests also contain large amounts of new foods. For example, the winged bean of
New Guinea is now grown in about 50 different countries. Japanese scientists have found a
calorie-free substance in Paraguay which is 300 times sweeter than sugar, and a coffee free of caffeine
has been found in the small forests of the Comoros islands.
Every day we use products from the rain forests--robber, spices and oils, and of course wood.
Less than one percent of the forest plants have been examined for their potential, but the remaining
99 percent is threatened by our endless search for wood. The South American Indians say the trees
hold up the sky, and if they come down there will be a catastrophe.
Task 6
【答案】
A.
1) A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun, and the moon’s
shadow covers part of the earth.
2) A solar eclipse has occurred at Christmas only 30 times during the past 5,000 years, the last time in
1954.
3) The (retina of the) eye can be permanently damaged.
4) It works by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper through a pinhole on another piece.
5) The next eclipse at Christmas will occur in 2307; it can be observed on the west coast of Africa.
B.
1) T
2) F
3) T
【原文】
On December 25, 2000, many people across North America received a rare Christmas treat
when the moon passed in front of the sun resulting in a partial solar eclipse.
Solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, and the moon’s
shadow covers part of the earth, and a total solar eclipse takes place when the moon’s shadow
blocks out the sun entirely. What made this particular solar eclipse unique was that this event has
occurred on December twenty-fifth only 30 times during the past five thousand years, the last time in
1954.
But people must be exceptionally careful when attempting to view the solar eclipse. Without
taking precautionary measures, one can permanently damage the retina of the eye; however, there are
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several safe methods of witnessing this heavenly marvel.
First, you can view a solar eclipse by using eclipse safety glasses for filtering out the sun’s
harmful rays. They should be used when any part of the sun is visible.
Sunglasses can block out some of the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but the results can be very
deceptive. The eye’s natural reaction to this darken state when wearing sunglasses is to make the
pupil larger, which allows in more light and can intensify the damage to the your eye.
You can watch an eclipse by projecting the sun’s image on a piece of paper either by using a
telescope, or easier yet, by creating a pinhole in a piece of paper and viewing the result on another
piece of paper, thus called a pinhole projector.
Only during a total eclipse when the sun is completely and briefly covered can you watch the
eclipse without eye protection. Even then, extreme caution should be taken.
In case you didn’t catch this last spectacular solar eclipse on December twenty-fifth, 2000,
there is no need to fret. Your posterity can record the next eclipse on Christmas in the year 2307, but
only if they’re visiting the west coast of Africa for the holidays.
Task 7
【答案】
A.
1) pottery; metal
2) large cities; food production
3) the late 1950s; borrow; returnable; one-trip
4) pots; pans
B.
1) Because the food must be shipped from place to place when it is produced, and because of the
increased variety of foods available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for
the customer to collect many foods in his own container.
2) Until the late 1950s Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying a deposit each time they
bought one.
3) Yes, beaus sales of soft drink climbed.
4) Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand. A US company, Consumer's Glass, made
an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse them for much of the cost of one-trip
bottles.
5) Aluminium food packages now have their own electric plugs. After you eat the food, you can just
throw them away.
6) The writer is mildly criticizing the trend toward one-trip living and thinks it probably has gone too
far.
【原文】
The product that most people throw out after using only once is packaging. This is not always
tree. The pottery or metal container used in Roman times and in most rural areas of the world today
is a permanent and valuable household item. Unless a container is accidentally broken, it lasts a
lifetime, despite the many journeys from home to market, farm or water well and back. The growth
of large cities and modem methods of food production changes all that. Because the food must be
shipped from place to place while it is produced, and because of the increased variety of foods
available and the convenience of precooked meals, it is impossible for the customer to collect many
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foods in his own container.
It costs a great deal to provide a new container each time we buy milk, wine, beer and other
drinks. Yet for a number of reasons the trend towards one-trip bottles for all these items is in full
swing. The case of the vanishing returnable soft-drink bottle shows how much these containers add
to the rising tide of waste.
Until the late 1950s, Americans had to borrow soft-drink bottles by paying a deposit each
time they bought one. But several years later, soft-drink bottlers decided that it was more convenient
for the customer to throw the bottle away instead. A returnable bottle lasting 30 or more trips was
replaced with 30 one-trip cans or bottles. Sales of soft drinks climbed and the container
manufacturers smiled all the way to the bank. Glass companies gave soft-drink sellers a helping hand.
A US company, Consumer's Glass, made an arrangement with the bottler companies to reimburse
them for much of the cost of one- trip bottles.
Other manufacturers have joined in promoting the throw-away spirit. The Aluminium
Company of America announced that packages would soon replace pots and pans. Food packages
were being designed with their own electric plugs. After you eat the food, you just throw away the
pan with the messy old grease. What about a camping holiday? You can make a bonfire on the last
day with the disposable equipment that can now be purchased. In hospitals, there may well be a case
on health grounds for disposable syringes. But isn't the use of one-trip sleeping bags and tents taking
disposability too far?
Task 8
【答案】
A.
When was it started?
Who started it?
1991
Jane Goodall
What kind of programme is it? An environmental and humanitarian programme
How many Roots & Shoots
groups are there worldwide? More than 4,000 groups in 68 countries
In how many countries?
What is its main purpose? To help kids develop a concern for animals, the environment,
and their own communities
Young people, like the roots which creep underground
Why is it called Roots & everywhere and shoots which break through brick walls to reach
Shoots? light, can break through the walls, which represent all the
problems that humans have caused on the planet, and change the
world.
B.
1) F
2) F
3) T
【原文】
Jane Goodall, a British field biologist, has devoted her life to wildlife conservation, in particular
to the study of chimpanzees. She makes a special effort to reach out to young people. In 1991, Jane
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started an environmental and humanitarian programme for kids called Roots & Shoots. Today, there
are more than 4,000 Roots & Shoots groups in 68 countries all over the world and a programme in
every state in the US. The main purpose of the Roots & Shoots programme is to help kids develop a
concern for animals, the environment, and their own communities. creep underground
every-where and make a firm foundation. Shoots seem very weak, but to reach the light they can
break through brick walls,
walls are all the problems humans have inflicted on the planet. Young people, like those roots and
shoots, can break through those walls to change the world.
A hundred years ago, Africa was home to about 2 million wild chimpanzees. Today the
population of chimps has dropped to less than 150,000. Jane Goodall knows it will take a worldwide
effort to save the species. She is working to sec that this effort is made.
In November 2000, the Great Ape Conservation Act was signed into law in the United States.
Jane worked hard to persuade members of the US Congress to support this bill. The act provides
money for protecting the great apes of Africa and Asia that are in danger of extinction. Experts
predict that if we do not protect them now, soon there will be no more great apes living in the Congo
Basin, their last stronghold in Africa.
Jane Goodall is hopeful about the future. She knows that each of us can do our part, no matter
where we live, to protect wildlife and our environment. Her story shows us that one person really can
make a difference.
Task 9
【答案】
A.
1) Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco.
2) It’s San Francisco's world- famous landmark
3) Because of the gap between the amount of cars and the amount of roadway available. Or: If you
think of it as a supplydemand relationship, you’ll find that there’s a lot more demand than
supply.
4) Texas Transportation Institute.
B.
1) 85
2) 62; Los Angeles; 136; Seattle; Houston; New York; Miami; 69
3) Bigger cities; roadway; transit system
4) expensive; $$68 billion
【原文】
James Hattori, the Host:
Hi, everybody. I'm James Hattori. Welcome to our program, this week from the Golden Gate
Bridge, San Francisco's world-famous landmark, at the mouth of the Golden Gate straits.
42 million vehicles a year cross this bridge. That gives you an idea of the often nightmarish
traffic drivers face around here. And, of course, we're not alone. Natalie Pawelski, our environment
correspondent, has the numbers on what it costs Americans to cope with rush hour traffic, in time
and money.
Natalie Pawelski, the Environment correspondent:
If you think traffic is getting worse in your town, you're probably right.
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There's a combination of factors. It's the amount of people, the amount of roadway that is
there. It's sort of a demandsupply relationship. You can think of it that way, and there's a lot more
demand than there is supply.
The annual Urban Mobility Report from the Texas Transportation Institute finds in the average
American city people traveled 85 percent more miles by car in the year 2000 than they did in 1982.
And rush hour drivers are now wasting an average of 62 hours a year stuck in traffic. Now that's not
total travel time, that's just the extra time spent going slow or going nowhere because of traffic
congestion.
The study says the worst traffic is in Los Angeles where the average rush hour driver loses 136
hours a year, more than three work weeks, to traffic jams. The runners up in the time drained
category San Francisco, D.C., Seattle, Houston, San Jose, Dallas, New York, Atlanta and Miami
where the average rush hour driver loses an extra 69 hours a year stuck in traffic.
Once you get to a big system, it's difficult to maintain the pace of the roadway and transit
system development and you wind up falling behind. More congestion is typical in bigger cities.
The report says traffic jams aren't just annoying, they are expensive. For the 75 cities studied,
researchers added up all the extra time and fuel wasted because of traffic congestion. The price tag
they figure is almost $$68 billion a year.
Task 10
【答案】
I.
A. common; poor housing; unemployment; traffic problems
B. peculiar
1. infrastructure
2. urbanization
II.
A. Migration
B. Depopulation; decrease; rise
C. urban population growth rate
1. adults
2. large families
D. social service; health; education
E. labor supply; low-productivity
Ⅲ.
A. (Promote a) more equal land distribution
B. Improve rural social services; health; education
C. (Give) financial aid to agriculture; small landowners.
【原文】
Today I want to discuss problems of urbanization and in particular I want to talk about those
problems which are peculiar to developing economies and to discuss three possible policies which
could be used to control or to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries. Certain urban
problems of course are common to both developed and developing countries, for example, problems
of poor housing, unemployment and those problems connected with traffic, for example, congestion,
pollution and so on. However there are problems which are very peculiar to developing economies
and this is due to the fact the developing countries need to create a basic infrastructure which is
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necessary for industrialization and consequently for economic growth. In fact it is the provision of
this infrastructure which constitutes the urbanization process itself and this infrastructure or the
provision of this infrastructure may have undesired effects on the economy as a whole. Now it’s
these consequences on these effects which um I’d like to deal with next. I’m going to talk about
five main consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization. In the first instance there’s the problem
of the migration of people from the country to the city. Of course people living in the country see the
city as a more desirable place to live, whether they are living in developing or developed countries.
But the problem is much more serious in a developing country because there are in fact often more
people who wish to migrate to the city.
Now the fact of people migrating to the city causes a certain depopulation of rural areas. This is
a second consequence if you like, and the result of this is a decrease in the production of food and in
the supply of food to the country as a whole. This can in turn also lead to a rise in prices
because of the law of supply and demand.
As a result of people moving to the city you get a high urban population growth rate. Now this
is due not only to the fact of more adults moving to the city but can also be due to traditions of these
people from the country because often people from rural areas have a tradition of large families and
so on and so the population of the cities increases with these numerous children of
the large families.
This leads to a fourth consequence which is a dramatic pressure on the supply of social services
in urban areas, in particular services related to health and education. In relation a health services we
can see that there are endemic diseases which could be made worse by overcrowding people coming
from the country to the city, and in the stresses on services in education, with more children there’s
need for more schools schools and more teachers and so on.
A fifth area which is affected by uncontrolled urbanization is that of the labour supply, and
often uncontrolled urbanization leads to an excess of labour supply in the cities. This can lead to, in
turn, an informal kind of labour activities of, if you like, what might be called lowproductivity
activities. For example people selling things in the streets or you often find for instance in large urban
areas in developing countries children watching cars and so on and asking for tips from their owners
when they come back. This is really a sort of undesirable type of labour. So those are in fact the main
consequences of uncontrolled urbanization. Now I’d like to talk more on the three possible policies
which could be developed to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries.
The first one would be to promote a more equal land distribution. In this way farmers would be
more motivated to stay on the land. They would be able to work more land, and thus be able to feed
their families more adequately. Often the reasons why farmers wish to go to the city is that they
cannot grow enough food to both feed their families and earn a living. So a more equal land
distribution is one such policy to stem this kind of move to the city.
A second policy would be to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas particularly
in the field of health and education. Country people often move to the city because they feel that
these services are better in the city areas and if they could compare the services and feel that there
was perhaps not much difference between the two, it would be another reason for not moving.
A third possible policy would be to give financial assistance to agriculture especially to the small
landowners.
Now obviously the problem of uncontrolled urbanization, and the consequences which are not
favorable, is a difficult problem to which there is no easy solution, but these three types of policies
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.
could help to reduce the problem which is felt in particular in developing countries.
Task 11
Planet Earth is 4,600,000,000 years old. If we condense this time span we can compare it to a
person 46 years old. Only at the age of 42 did the Earth begin to flower. Dinosaurs and the great
reptiles did not appear until one year ago, when the planet was 45. Mammals arrived only eight
months ago, and in the middle of last week human-like apes developed into ape-like humans, and last
weekend the last ice age covered the Earth.
Modem man has been around for 4 hours. During the last hour agriculture was discovered.
The Industrial Revolution began a minute ago. Since then, we have multiplied our numbers to plague
proportions, caused the extinction of 500 species of animals, turned the planet upside down in the
search for fuels, and now we stand, arrogant with power, on the edge of a war to end all wars, and
close to effectively destroying this oasis of life in the solar system.
Unit 12
Task 1
【答案】
A.
1) Olmsted wanted the park to be a rural paradise within an urban area, a place for all — “rich and
poor, young and old
2) East Side Central Park was opened in 1876.
3) Because this part of Fifth Avenue has many museums, which used to be mansions built soon after
the opening of East Side Central Park by wealthy New Yorkers.
4) Central Park West is the street on the western side of the park. It has large and unusual apartment
buildings.
5) People laughed because they believed that nobody with money would live in an apartment house,
especially when it was so far from the center of town. (It was just like the Dakotas, which are
located in the western part of the United States.)
B.
1) in the middle of; in the 1850s; landscape architect
2) explore; renting a bicycle; gardens; a zoo; a skating rink; old-fashioned; a lake; an outdoor theater
3) The Metropolitan Museum of Art
4) famous residents
【原文】
The value of land in Manhattan has turned the island into a sea of concrete. Fortunately for
New York's residents, there is one major exception: Central Park.
This huge park in the middle of the city was designed in the 1850s by landscape architect
Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted wanted the park to be a rural paradise within an urban area, a place
for all — “rich and poor, young and oldnded.
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You can take a horse and buggy ride through Central Park. You can explore the park even
better by renting a bicycle. Attractions in the park include gardens, a zoo, a skating rink, an
old- fashioned carousel, a lake where you can row, and an outdoor theater, where events are held each
summer.
East Side Central Park was opened in 1876. Wealthy New Yorkers soon built mansions along
Fifth Avenue, on the park's east side. The Vanderbilts, a large family, at one point had eleven
mansions on Fifth Avenue!
The mansions that remain now hold art collections. For example, there's the Frick Collection
in what was once the home of millionaire Henry Clay Frick. The Frick is a delightful museum to
wander through since it's set up, not like a museum, but as it was when the Fricks lived there.
This part of Fifth Avenue along Central Park has so many museums that it's called
Mile
the most important museum in the United States.
The street on the western side of the park, Central Park West, has large and unusual apartment
buildings. When the first one was being built, people laughed. They said nobody with money would
live in an apartment house, especially when it was so far from the center of town that it might as well
be in the Dakotas. The builder had the last laugh; he named his building the Dakota, and when it
opened, every apartment was occupied.
The Dakota has had many famous residents, including actress Lauren Bacail and conductor
composer Leonard Bernstein. But, above all, the building makes people think of John Lennon, who
lived there and was killed right outside on December 8th, 1980.
Task 2
【答案】
A.
1) twelve miles; several hundred; eight hundred thousand
2) over a thousand
3) far; grander; bigger
B.
1) F
2) T
3) T
【原文】
Constantinople and the Medieval Society
In the ninth and tenth centuries Constantinople was one of the biggest, richest and most
sophisticated cities in the world. The city was surrounded by about twelve miles of walls, and inside
were several hundred churches and chapels and about eight hundred thousand inhabitants. The river
and harbor were crowded with sailing ships from all over the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
Above it all was the dome of Sancta Sophia. At night, lit by over a thousand lamps hanging from its
dome and arches, the whole building glowed.
Paris and the Leisure Society
The crowds of fashionable people going around in coaches or walking in the Tuileries gardens
were a new development in the European city. They formed what was called
people who did things together, entertained each other and behaved in a certain way. Society became
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an extremely important element in cities: theatres, opera houses, pleasure gardens, racecourses,
cof-fee houses, shops, entire neighbourhoods and finally entire towns grew up as a result of it.
Manchester and the Industrial Society
Out of the Industrial Revolution grew Manchester and other industrial cities. For a newcomer
the first view of Manchester and its smoking chimneys must have been as amazing as the first view of
Constantinople in the tenth century. In Manchester factory chimneys far outnumbered church towers,
and warehouses were grander and bigger than the town hall.
Task 3
【答案】
Places
Greece
Nepal
Descriptions
The weather is nice, and warm. And the people are lovely. I love swimming there.
I like the purity of soul, of the people there. They're the nicest, most direct, most
unneurotic people that I've ever met anywhere in the world.
The food was wonderful. The people were wonderful. The sun was wonderful, and
the sea was wonderful. Cyprus is a lovely place.
I was lucky enough to go there a couple of years ago. The thing that impressed me
most of all were the people and how friendly they were.
Switzerland Switzerland was grand.
Cyprus
Brazil
【原文】
Well, I love Greece and I'd really love to go back to Greece. It's so nice, and so warm, and the
people are lovely, and I love swimming.
Nepal. I like the purity of soul of the people there. They're the nicest, most direct, most
unneurotic people that I've ever met anywhere in the world.
Gee, I don't know, I mean I like Turkey. I liked Austria, but I wasn't there long enough to
really enjoy it. Switzerland, Switzerland, Switzerland was it. Yeah, I was hiking in Switzerland.
Switzerland was grand.
Cyprus. The food was wonderful. The people were wonderful. The sun was wonderful, and the
sea was wonderful. Cyprus is a lovely placa.
It has to be Brazil. I was lucky enough to go there a couple of years ago. The thing that
impressed me most of all were the people and how friendly they were.
Task 4
【答案】
A.
1) The majority of Australians are of English, Irish, Italian, Greek, Dutch, and Polish descent. Over
the past 50 years, a large number of Asian and African immigrants have poured in. Besides, about one
percent of the population is Aborigine.
2) Because much of the land in Australia, particularly in the Outback, is so arid that people are unable
to live there.
B.
1) T
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