2011年06月六级真题 阅读部分 全文翻译 中英对译

2020年12月9日发(作者：顾瑛)
Part II

2011年6月大学英语六级真题阅读部分全文翻译

这个是我部分参照新东方答案翻译，一字一句打上来的，大家一起学习吧

Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Minority Report
American universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another
matter.
美国大学比从前更多地接受少数民族。但他们能否毕业却是另外一个问题。
Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, was justifiably proud of Bowdoin's efforts to
recruit minority students. Since 2003 the small, elite liberal arts school in Brunswick, Maine, has
boosted the proportion of so-called under-represented minority students in entering freshman
classes from 8% to 13%. reach out and attract students to come to our
kinds of places,NEWSWEEK reporter. But Bowdoin has not done quite as well when
it comes to actually graduating minorities. While 9 out of 10 white students routinely get their
diplomas within six years, only 7 out of 10 black students made it to graduation day in several
recent classes. < br>鲍登学院的校长巴里米尔斯，有理由为他们招聘到少数民族所作出的努力而感到自豪。
自从200 3年起，这所位于缅因的布伦瑞克市的小型精英文科学校，已经把所谓的比例不足
的少数民族学生占新生 班的比例从8%提升至13%。‘宣传和吸引学生来到我们这类学校是
我们的责任。’他对《新闻周刊》 的记者说。但在授予少数民族学位这方面，鲍登学院做
得并不算好。在最近几个毕业班当中，10个里面 有9个白人学生在六年内顺利毕业时，10
个里面只有7个黑人学生能在六年内毕业
you look at who enters college, it now looks like America,says Hilary Pennington,
director of postsecondary programs for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has closely
studied enrollment patterns in higher education. walks across the stage
for a diploma, it's still largely the white, upper-income population.
“如果 你看谁进入学校，这会看起来像美国。不过如果你看谁拿到文凭，那大部分始
终是较高收入的白人群体。 ”比尔夫妇基金会高等教育项目的主任希拉里说。该项目已经
深入研究了高等教育的招生模式。
The United States once had the highest graduation rate of any nation. Now it stands 10th.
For the first time in American history, there is the risk that the rising generation will be less well
educated than the previous one. The graduation rate among 25- to 34-year-olds is no better than
the rate for the 55- to 64-year- olds who were going to college more than 30 years ago. Studies
show that more and more poor and non-white students want to graduate from college – but their
graduation rates fall far short of their dreams. The graduation rates for blacks, Latinos, and Native
Americans lag far behind the graduation rates for whites and Asians. As the minority population
grows in the United States, low college graduation rates become a threat to national prosperity.
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美国曾经拥有全球最 高的毕业率。不过现在排第十。美国史上第一次出现年青一代不
及老一代受的教育高的风险，25至34 年龄段的人的毕业率不比那些55至64年龄段的人在30
年前上大学时候高。研究表明，越来越多贫穷 的非白人学生想从大学毕业。不过他们的毕
业率与他们的梦想相距甚远。黑人，拉丁美洲人，印第安人的 毕业率远不如白人和亚洲人。
由于美国少数民族人口的增长，大学毕业率低成为民族繁荣的威胁。
The problem is pronounced at public universities. In 2007 the University of
Wisconsin-Madison – one of the top five or so prestigious public universities – graduated 81% of
its white students within six years, but only 56% of its blacks. At less-selective state schools, the
numbers get worse. During the same time frame, the University of Northern Iowa graduated 67%
of its white students, but only 39% of its blacks. Community colleges have low graduation rates
generally – but rock-bottom rates for minorities. A recent review of California community
colleges found that while a third of the Asian students picked up their degrees, only 15% of
African-Americans did so as well.
问题在公立大学很明显。07年威斯康辛州麦迪逊市的一个排名前五左右的知名公 立大
学，六年内，白人学生中81%能够毕业，而黑人学生中只有56%能够毕业。在筛选条件不
那么苛刻的州立学校，数字会更糟糕。在同一时间内，北爱荷华大学的白人学生毕业率为
67%，黑人 为39%.通常社区大学有低的毕业率，但是少数民族的毕业率是最低的。一项对
加州社区大学的评估发 现有三分之一亚洲学生拿到他们文凭是，只有15%的美国黑人拿
到。
Private colleges and universities generally do better, partly because they offer smaller
classes and more personal attention. But when it comes to a significant graduation gap,
Bowdoin has company. Nearby Colby College logged an 18-point difference between white and
black graduates in 2007 and 25 points in 2006. Middlebury College in Vermont, another top
school, had a 19-point gap in 2007 and a 22-point gap in 2006. The most selective private
schools – Harvard, Yale, and Princeton – show almost no gap between black and white
graduation rates. But that may have more to do with their ability to select the best students.
According to data gathered by Harvard Law School professor Lani Guinier, the most selective
schools are more likely to choose blacks who have at least one immigrant parent from Africa or the
Caribbean than black students who are descendants of American slaves. < br>私立学院和大学通常做得好点，一定程度上因为他们提供更小的课室和更多个人关注。
但是当提到 显著的毕业差距的时候，鲍登学院的情况并不罕见。根据记录，邻近的科比学
院白人和黑人的毕业差距在 07年相差18个百分点，在06年相差25个百分点。另一所顶级院
校，佛蒙特州的明德里学院，07 年的毕业差距相差19个百分点，06年相差22个百分点。筛
选最严格学校--哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿 --在黑白人毕业率上几乎没有不同。但是，可能他
们与他们有能力选择最好的学生有关系。根据哈佛法 学院教授LG收集的数据显示，比起
美国奴隶的后代，越是筛选严格的学校越是倾向于选择父母至少有一 方是非洲或者是加勒
比的移民的黑人学生
education has been able to duck this issue for years, particularly the more selective
schools, by saying the responsibility is on the individual student,says Pennington of the Gates
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Foundation. critics blame affirmative action – students admitted
with lower test scores and grades from shaky high schools often struggle at elite schools. But a
bigger problem may be that poor high schools often send their students to colleges for which they are

and low-rated state schools that lack the resources to help them. Some schools out for profit
cynically increase tuitions and count on student loans and federal aid to foot the bill – knowing full
well that the students won't make it. loads of debt
and no degree and no ability to get a better job. Colleges are not holding up their end,
Wilkins of the Education Trust.
盖茨基金会的P说：“高等学校，尤其是更挑剔的 学校，会把责任归咎于学生个人，如
果他们没能毕业，这就是他们的错。通过这种方式，高等学校得以避 免这类问题很多年了。”
一些评论家谴责平权行动—那些来自教学质量差的高中，以较低分入学的学生， 在精英学
校里常感到很吃力。不过一个更大的问题可能是那些教学质量差的高中经常把他们的学生
送到低于学生自身水平的大学——他们本可以去教育经费更加充裕的精英学校，但反而去
了缺乏足够资 源帮助他们的社区大学和层次较低的州立大学。某些学校为了盈利，明知道
学生无力负担，却冷淡地增加 学费，指望学生贷款和政府补贴填补赤字。“学校拿钱，但
是学生离开的时候背负着大量债务，没有文凭 没有找到好工作的能力。大学没有做好他们
的分内事。”每个信托基金会的A说
A college education is getting ever more expensive. Since 1982 tuitions have been rising at
roughly twice the rate of inflation. In 2008 the net cost of attending a four-year public university –
after financial aid – equaled 28% of median (中间的) family income, while a four-year private
university cost 76% of median family income. More and more scholarships are based on merit, not need.
Poorer students are not always the best-informed consumers. Often they wind up deeply in debt or
simply unable to pay after a year or two and must drop out.
大学教育越来越 贵。自82年后，学费已经大约以两倍的通胀率上涨。08年进入四年制
公立大学的净成本---减去财 政补助后—相当于中等收入家庭收入的28%，而同样的私立大
学的费用是中等收入家庭收入的76%。 越来越多的奖学金是根据成绩不是需要的。贫穷的
学生不能总是最明智的消费者。他们经常会深深地卷入 债务中，或者在读了一两年后因为
没有能力支付学费而被迫退学。
There once was a time when universities took pride in their dropout rates. Professors would
begin the year by saying,
the end of the ian spirit is beginning to give way as at least a few colleges
face up to the graduation gap. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the gap has been roughly
halved over the last three years. The university has poured resources into peer counseling to help
students from inner-city schools adjust to the rigor (严格要求) and faster pace of a university classroom
–and also to help minority students overcome the stereotype that they are less qualified. Wisconsin
has a vice provost
(教务长) Damon Williams.
曾经有一段时间高校为他们的退学率自豪。教授会在新学年开始时说，左右看一看，
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学年末的时候你们当中有一个人不会再在这里了。不过随着至少一些大学只是毕业差距，
这种达尔文式 的精神将慢慢褪去。在过去三年，威斯康辛州的麦迪孙大学的毕业差距已经
大致缩小一半。这所高校已经 投入资源在同龄人咨询上，来帮助市中心的学校适应严格要
求和节奏快的大学课堂。同时也帮助少数民族 学生克服他们不够合格的偏见。副教务长Dw
称，在前三个月，威斯康辛州的大学如激光般专注于提升学 生技能
State and federal governments could sharpen that focus everywhere by broadly publishing
minority graduation rates. For years private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have had success
bringing minorities onto campus in the summer before freshman year to give them some preparatory
courses. The newer trend is to start recruiting poor and non-white students as early as the seventh
grade, using innovative tools to identify kids with sophisticated verbal skills. Such programs can be
expensive, of course, but cheap compared with the millions already invested in scholarships and grants
for kids who have little chance to graduate without special support.
州政府和联邦政府通过明显 发布少数民族的毕业率来加强这种关注。多年来，私立大
学如普林斯顿和麻省理工做得很成功，让少数民 族新生在第一年的夏天进入大学，给他们
开设预备课程。最新趋势是，开始早在七年级的时候，开始招收 贫穷的非白人学生。并用
创新的手段来挑选具有优秀语言能力的孩子。这样的项目很费钱，当然，跟已经 投入的数
以百万计的给那些没有特殊帮助就没有机会毕业的学生的奖学金和助学金来比，算是便宜
的。
With effort and money, the graduation gap can be closed. Washington and Lee is a small,
selective school in Lexington, Va. Its student body is less than 5% black and less than 2% Latino.
While the school usually graduated about 90% of its whites, the graduation rate of its blacks and
Latinos had dipped to 63% by 2007. went through a dramatic shift,
president for student affairs. The school aggressively pushed mentoring (辅导) of minorities by other
students and session. The school had its first-ever
black homecoming. Last spring the school graduated the same proportion of minorities as it did whites.
If the United States wants to keep up in the global economic race, it will have to pay systematic
attention to graduating minorities, not just enrolling them.
有了努力和资金的投 入，毕业差距会填平。弗吉尼亚州的莱克星顿市的华盛顿和李大学
是小型的筛选严格的学校。它学生中不 到5%的黑人和不到2%的拉丁美人。这所学校通常有
有90%的白人毕业，07为止，黑人和拉丁美人 毕业率已经降到63%之下。“我们经历了一个
戏剧性的转变。”dw 学生事务处副处长说。学校有力 的推行一项对少数民族的辅导。以及
在特定的入学前时期与家长组成搭档。学校迎来第一例黑人同学会。 去年春天，学校毕业生
白人与少数民族毕业人数相当。如果美国想要继续保持国际经济水平，就得更加系 统地关注
少数民族的毕业率，而不仅仅是招收他们。
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Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
How good are you at saying For many, it's surprisingly difficult. This is especially
true of editors, who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do.
Consider these scenarios:
你擅长说“不”吗？对大多数人来说，拒绝是非常难的。对于编辑们来说，如其如此，
他们天生 就是所做事情的热心而投入的参与者。设想一下这个情景。
It's late in the day. That front-page package you've been working on is nearly complete; one
last edit and it's finished. Enter the executive editor, who makes a suggestion requiring a
more-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box. You
want to scream:
天色已晚。 你一直在做头版版面快要完成了，最后再作一次校对，就大功告成了。执
行编辑走了过来，要求编排设计 不要那么保守，还要增加一个信息窗。你想大叫，不要，
已经做好了。你会怎么做？
The first rule of saying no to the boss is don't say no. She probably has something in mind
when she makes suggestions, and it's up to you to find out what. The second rule is don't raise
the stakes by challenging her authority. That issue is already decided. The third rule is to be
ready to cite options and consequences. The boss's suggestions might be appropriate, but there
are always consequences. She might not know about the pages backing up that need attention, or
about the designer who had to go home sick. Tell her she can have what she wants, but explain
the consequences. Understand what she's trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will
make it happen without destroying what you've done so far.
对老板说不的第一条守则是不要说不。她在提建议时，脑子里可能有个想法 ，但需要
你把这个想法找出来。第二条就是不要冒更大的风险去挑战她权威。事情已经决定了。第
三天就是准备提供选择和指出影响。上司的建议可能正确，但总会有影响。她可能不知道
后面几页文章 也需要看，或者设计者生病了必须回家。告诉她可以按照她说的去做，不过
得解释清楚后果。明白什么她 想要怎样一个效果，并准备一个满足她要求的预备方案，同
时又不至于使你目前为止取得的成功泡汤。
Here's another case. Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea. This one
should be easy, but it's not. If you say no, even politely, you risk inhibiting further ideas, not just
from that reporter, but from others who heard that you turned down the idea. This scenario is
common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter story suggestions.
有种 情况，你最不喜欢的一个记者提了一个与愚蠢新闻报道的想法。这本是件简单的
事情，不过现在不是了。 如果你说不，即使礼貌地，你冒着扼杀更多想法的风险，而那个
想法不仅来自于那个记者，还有其他听说 你否决了那个想法的人。这种场景在这种缺乏系
统方法去筛选新闻报道建议的新闻编辑部很常见。
Two steps are necessary. First, you need a system for how stories are proposed and
reviewed. Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair
hearing. Your gut reaction (本能反应) and dismissive rejection, even of a worthless idea, might
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not qualify as systematic or fair.
两个必要步骤。第一，你需要一个提议和评估新闻报道的系统。如果记得相信他们有
公平申诉的 机会，他们能够容忍他们的想法被否决。近视以一个毫无价值的想法，你本能
反应和轻蔑否决都不可能算 做系统化的，也不够公平。
Second, the people you work with need to negotiate a
Is there an appeal process?
Can they refine the idea and resubmit it? By anticipating if...?situations before they
happen, you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations.
第二，与你共事的人 需要达成“如果??怎么样”的共识，包括“我的想法被拒绝了
会怎样”？人们应该做何反应？有申诉的 过程吗?他们可以改进这个想法，并再次提交？
在事情发生之前就想好如果将怎样，你就能获得理解，并 由助避免地对情绪。



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Section B

Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants
good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the
consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small
net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from
farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So
why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants' impact on the economy
and the reality?
关于非 法移民讨论，其核心部分有一个关键性问题；移民对经济有好处还是坏处？美
国公众一致认为他们有害的 。然而大多数经济学家一致认为，不管是合法移民还是非法移
民都对经济起了少许的正面促进作用。移民 提供更廉价劳动力，降低了从农产品到新居在
内的所有商品的价格，让消费者兜里剩下了些钱。那为什么 在对移民对经济的影响的认知
和现实之间存在如此大的差异呢？
There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel
threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented
immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the
role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation's fears and insecurities. There's some truth
to all these explanations, but they aren't quite sufficient.
有很多孰知的理论。有些人认为由于心劳动力的涌入，人们感到焦虑和受到威 胁。其
他人则强调非法移民对公共资源，像是学校，医院，监狱带来的压力。仍有一些人强调种
族因素，认为外国人为国家增添了恐惧和不安全感。所有这些解释都有一定道理，但还不
够充分。
To get a better understanding of what's going on, consider the way immigration's impact is
felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly.
David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from
immigrants' low-cost labor are businesses and employers – meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for
instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers' savings probably
translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental
connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are
concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor.
According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of
American high-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.
为了更好的理解这一个问题，我们来想一下人们是以哪种方式感受外来移民的影响。
尽管它的总体影响是 积极的，但是它的代价和利益分布是不均匀的。加州伯利克里大学的
一位经济学家，DC指出，那些直接 从廉价的移民提供的劳动力中获得利益最多的是企业
和雇主——如位于内布拉斯加州的肉类加工厂，或者 位于加州的农产品企业。即使这些生
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产商节省的花费很可能转化为了杂货铺里更低的价格， 但是又多少消费者在结账的时候想
到了这些？关于非法移民的不利因素，这些倒也同样是关注焦点。当地 低技能工人饱受外
来劳动力带来的竞争压力之苦。根据哈佛一位经济学家GB的研究发现，1980年至 2000年
之间，外来移民使得美国高中辍学这的工资降低了9%。
Among high- skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in
states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What
worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal (财政的) burden of immigration. That
conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that
fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants'
access to certain benefits.
然而，对于高技能，高学历的雇员来说，在那些移民人数较多，且社会福利相对更好
的洲，他们 的反对声音最为激烈。换句话说，最让他们的担心的是移民带来的财政负担。
另一项发现证实了这个结论 ：当财政减负时，他们的反对态度有所缓解，这种情况曾发生
于20世纪90年代的福利改革时期，那次 改革限制了外来移民获取某些福利。
The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal.
Even for those most acutely affected – say, low-skilled workers, or California residents – the
impact isn't all that dramatic. dominate our perceptions,
says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon.
those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net
positive, but a small o ne.
具有讽刺意味的是，对于所有这些过激的辩论而言，外来移民的真正影响是很小的。
甚至 对于那些受影响最为严重的群体——比如说低技能工人或者加州居民——这种影响
也没那么显著。俄勒冈 大学的一位政治学教授DT说：“这种不愉快的声音往往主宰我们的
认知。可是综合考虑所有那些因素且 经济学计算过数据之后，得出的结果是其影响是正面
积极的，尽管影响不大。”糟糕的是，大多数人没有 意识到这点。
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Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will
have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a
class today, however, and you'll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now
see plenty more women – the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, for example, boasts
that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and
nationals of practically every country.
想象 一下20年前典型的MBA讲堂。里面大多数学生都符合那个时代的标准模式：男性，
中产阶级和西方人 。然而，你今天走进讲堂，则有全新的印象。首先，你会看到很多的女
性——例如滨州大学商学院，就以 40%的新生是女性而自豪。你也会看到各个种族和几乎
所有国家的人。
It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and
equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a
new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are
common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the
business leaders of the future.
因而，这可能会让人觉 得旧的障碍已经打破，机会平等已经实现。不过这种表面上多
样化逐渐成了一种新型一致性的伪装。在不 同性别，皮肤，母语的背后，有着同样的态度，
期望和野心，其危险是未来商业领袖创造一系列克隆体。
Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business
leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world?
According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which
MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly
narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and
problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school's picture of what a diverse class
should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing
factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to
create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach – arguably the only
diversity that, in a business context, really matters.
多样化，似乎对于解决企业领导层的基本缺点没有帮助。那我们做什 么来创造更多商
业介左右成效的管理者呢？巴黎高等商学院副院长VG说，关键在于MBA项目招收学生 的
程序。目前是根据一套非常狭隘的标准选择学生，例如之前的学术成绩，职业表现，分析
问题 和解决问题的能力。然后在于学校所认为的多样化班级的特征联系起来，以及护照，
种族起源，性别全部 都可能成为影响因素的结果。但是学校很少深入研究是什么让申请者
申请成功的，以便创造一个包含多样 化态度与方法的课堂——这可以说是在商业背景下唯
一真正重要的多样化。
Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional
sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who
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have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy,
which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.
G教授认为 学校不应该只是从来自银行，咨询公司和产业界等传统领域挑选申请人。
他们也应该寻找那些拥有政治科 学，创意艺术，历史或者哲学背景的人选，这会让它们将
商业决策应用到更广泛的环境中。
Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might
create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the
bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite
shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management – at least in America and Europe.
Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in
more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to
integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and
accountability.
实际上，对于通过这样的多样化所培训出的更为全 面的领导者，看起来确实有需求。
领导力开发公司M的研究表明尽管以往那种霸道的主管可能还没有完全 被根除，但已有明
显的转变且强调不那么强硬的管理风格——至少在美国和欧洲如此。据称，可能最重要 的
是大公司对写作管理模式的兴趣不断增加，例如，那些在斯堪的纳维亚半岛流行的做法，
就是 寻求领导方式的软硬结合，鼓励下放责任和义务。
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