雅思阅读长难句

2020年12月5日发(作者：师洪瑞)

英语的基本句式结构其实很简单：主谓宾和主系表。主谓宾是“谁-做-什么”，
例 如：比如“羊吃草”;“洁白可爱的小绵羊蹦蹦跳跳欢快活泼地在一望无垠的
广阔草原上幸福愉快地吃着 鲜嫩碧绿的青草”一样也是主谓宾，只不过多了
一些修饰的词，句子的核心意思还是“羊吃草”。主系表 是“谁-是-什么”，同
主谓宾一样。在阅读中我们要很快的找出核心句子，不用每句话的意思都
懂，但要知道这句话要表达的核心意思，即找到主谓宾或主系表的主体。

并列平行结构
在一个较长的句子中，并列平行的部分可能是几个独立的句子，也可能是几个并
列的短语成分或 者从句。如果并列平行的部分是几个独立的句子，也叫“并列句“。
所以说，“并列平行结构”是一个更 广泛的概念。本篇主要讲解并列平行的部分是
几个并列的短语成分或者从句的这种情况。
中文：进一步展望未来，通过这个新时代所产生的巨大财富和新技术的结合.
人类可望在太空建立一个浩 大的可供千万人居住的世界。
英文：Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring
and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in
space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.
结构分析：Combination of中的of有两个宾语:一是the great wealth，受定语
从句this new age will bring的修饰，另一个是the technology,受定语从句it will
provide的修饰:主句中的home to thousands or millions of people为world的同位语。
中文：但是随着人们重新关注杀虫剂对农产品的影响.以及红外线扫描技术的改
进，Paley希望 能重操旧业。
英文：But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and
refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.
结构分析：with带两个宾语:renewed concern…和refinements...,整个短语作状
语。
中文：那位中世 纪的学者几乎没有尝试着去调查植物的解剖结构、生长机制，
以及它们相互之间是如何联系在一起的。
英文：The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy
of plants, their mechanisms of growth, or the ways in which they are related to one
another.
结构分析：investigate后所带的宾语是三个平行并列成分.即:A, B, or C,具体
来说这三个成分分别是:(一)the anatomy of plants.(2)their mechanisms of
growth,(3)or the ways in which they are related to one other。因为该句的谓 语带有否
定含义词no，所以用or,而不是and来把第三个并列成分和前两个连起来。



定语从句，并且会用例句来具体分析句子结构。看完本篇文章你绝对能搞定定语
从句。
中文：利益是需要.渴望.关注.恐俱.一个人关心或想要的东西。

英文：Interests are needs, desires, concerns, fears一the things one
cares about or wants.
结构分析:one cares about or wants是the things的定语从句。这个句子
相对来说还是比较简单的，但其实复杂句也是一样的。
中文：另一个基于利益的过程叫做调解，在调解中一个第三方帮助冲突者，
即在冲突中的双方.达成一致 。
英文： Another interests based procedure is mediation, in which a
third party assists the disputants, the two sides in the dispute, in
reaching- agreement.
in which引出的定语从句in which a third party assists the disputants, the
two sides in the dispute, in reaching- agreement是对mediation的解释，
在定语从句中，the two sides in the dispute是disputants的同位语，同时也
是插人语结构。
中文：在一个试验中，从6岁到22岁的实验对象看不同瞳孔大小的女性的
脸的图画.并被要求从中选择 更高兴的一个。
英文：In one experiment, subjects aged 6 to 22 were shown drawings
of female faces that had different sized pupils, and asked to choose the
one which was

全句主语是subjects，有两个并列谓语were shown和and asked，都是
被动语态，that had different sized pupils是定语从句做drawings of female
faces的定语，which was “happier”是定语从句做the one的定语，过去分
词短语aged 6 to 22是subjects的后置定语。
中文：贝斯.以色列医院为每一位病人指派一名责任护士. 责任护士要与指派
给她的病人做深度交谈，并对病人的身体状况做全面记录.内容包括从病史到病
人情绪的一切事情。
英文： At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who
visits at length with the patient and constructs a full- scale health account
that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state.
主从复合句。主句为At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse; who
引导的定语从句修饰nurse .其中两个谓语visit和construct由and连接;that引导的定语
从句修饰acco unt,
插入语的标志
(1)插人语结构前后用逗号断开.如:The book, I think, doesn't provide
information
about the population in that area.其中.插入语结构I think便是这种特点。
(2)插人语结构前后用破折号断开，如:The paper said the volcano
destroyed most-if not

all-of the buildings and construction on the island。其中，插入if not
all就属于此类结构。
对付插人语的办法是 先略去不读。插人语常常插在主语和谓语之间.也可以
插在句子中其他两个句子成分之间。有的插人语比 较长，如果对插人语特别注意，
会造成原来句子主要意思的中断，造成理解困难。而插人语常常是不重要 的内容，
所以应先略去不读.这样被分隔的两个句子成分就接上了。
中文：在相互依赖的关系 中.例如，劳资关系或在一个家庭或一个组织中，谁更
有力量的问题就转换成谁更少依赖于另一方。
英文：In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labor
and management or within an organization or a family, the question of
who is more powerful turns on who is less dependent on the other.
结构分析：such as between labor and management or within an
organization or a family是插人语，同时也是举例说明，是不重要的内容.可以
先略去不读。全句的谓语 是turns on, the question of who is more powerful
是主语.宾语从句who is less dependent on the other是turns on的宾语。
中文：在发展中国家，在那里，至少有16个城市在近1 0年之末人口会超
过1200万，不优先考虑公共交通是灾难性的。

英文：In developing countries, where at least 16 cities are expected to
have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade, failing
to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
结构分析：where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12
million people each by the end of this decade是插人语，是一个定语从句，
修饰developing countries。全句主语是动名词短语failing to give priority to
public transport.
中文：因此.像木屏风一样，Fanwall屏障可以 被建造，不需要昂贵的混凝土的地
基，加快了建造时间，降低了费用。
英文：Therefore, like the timber barriers, the Fanwall barrier can be
built without expensive concrete footings or piles, speeding the
construction time up and reducing costs.
结构分析：can be built是被动语态，like the timber barriers是介词短语
做状语，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs是分词短
语做状语。
中文：在希腊失去了独立后，古代奥运会在公元393年被罗马皇帝
Theodosius废除了。
英文：The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor
Theodosius in 393AD, after Greece had lost its independence.

结构分析：were abolished是被动语态的过去式形式。after引导一时间状
语从句。 罗马皇帝不认识，采用首字母提炼法T。
中文：假如不那么做，你可能被送上法庭。到时如果你不 能向法庭证明你有
理由可以不系安全带.你将会被罚款。这一点你必须牢记在心。
英文：Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you
may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been
excused from wearing it.
结构分析：本句为一个祈使句:remember的宾语由a nd连接的两个宾语从
句担任;第二个宾语从句为一个主从复合句：if引导一个状语从句，而that 引导
的从句为prove的宾语。

本篇文章将分析雅思阅读难句中的状语从句，并 且会用例句来具体分析句子结构。
希望对广大考生有所帮助。
中文：虽然当对错在法律中 正式规定时，通常是很直截了当的，但其他的对
错采取的是非书面的、社会接受的行为标准，例如:互惠 ，先例，平等和资历。
英文： Although it is usually straightforward where rights are
formalized in law，other rights take the form of unwritten but socially
accepted standard behavior, such as reciprocity, precedent, equality, and
seniority.

结构分析：although引导一个让步状语从句，注意本句的最后有一个such
as,是例如的 意思，后面的内容往往是举例说明，是属于不重要的内容，可不作
为阅读的重点.socially accepted是standards of behavior的前置定语。
中文：特别是当 父亲们对孩子们的需要负更大责任时，他们又更高的婚姻满
意程度。当父亲们参与更多时.他们更高兴。
英文：There is also higher marital satisfaction for fathers, sepecially when
they take more responsibility for the needs of their children fathers are
happier when they are more involved.
结构分析：这一句当中两个when都是引导两个时间状语从句。
中文：在米兰附近的伊斯普拉的欧共体科学实验室进行太阳能实验的欧洲经
济共同体资深科学家认为，只 要略为增加欧洲经济共同体在利用太阳能方面的研
究经费.就能使这方面的研究提前20年取得突破。
英文：A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the
European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up
to two decades, if an modest increase could be provided in the EEC's
research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists
engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at
Ispra ，near Milan.
结构分析：全句主干为:“A breakthrough... could be brought for ward……;主语
breakthrough被介词短语in the provision of……European Economic Community

(EEC)修饰.而provision又被两个介词短语所修饰:一是在逻辑上与之构成直接宾语的of
energy from the sun,另一个是目的状语for the European Economic Community。if
引导的从句为主句的状语:according to引导的介词短语也作状语，其中过去分词短语
engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra，near
Milan修饰scientists.作定语。
1.倒装句最常见的就是以only为首的句型，这种倒装句也会相对简单一点。
中文：写美国母亲的书很多，只是最近的文学才开始关注父亲的角色。
英文：Although numerous books have been written about American
mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.
结构分析：第二个分句由于把only放在 句首以强调recently，所以使用了
倒装语序。主句的正常语序应为literature has only recently focused on the
role of a father.
2.以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的
句子。
中文：我们不仅需要使纸张能被收废纸的人得到.而且纸张需要被分成不同
的类别。
英文：Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors
but it also needs to be separated into different types.

结构分析：not only位于句首，引起前面的句子倒装。正常的语序是we need
to make the paper available to collectors;
或neithernor引导的句子
The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this
century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters.
4.某些让步状语从句
In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fishes that can
survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
而且，尽管令人难以置信，还是有沙淇鱼类能以非活性卵的形态幸免于多年
的干旱。
句子中as(= althoughthough,“尽管”;“虽然”)所引导的是让步状语从
句。实 际上.difficult as it is to believe= AlthoughThough it is difficult to
believe.

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下面新东方网雅思频道为大家整理了雅思阅读：剑桥雅思长难句分析（ 一），
供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。

1. The scent she carried in her samples and on her body was a message to
the other bees that this was the one they were looking for.(剑4, General
Training Test B section 3)
分析：本句的主句为“The scent was a message to the other bees”;“she
carried in her samples and on her body”为定语从句，做The scent的定语，关
系词在定语从句中做宾语，因此被省掉;“that this was the one they were
looking for”为that引导的同位语从句，做a message的同位语;“they were
looking for”为定语从句，做the one的定语，关系词在定语从句中做for的
宾语，因此被省掉。
2. Soon he would also discover a number of other remarkable facts about
how bees communicate and, in doing so, revolutionize the study of animal
behavior generally.(剑4, General Training Test B section 3)
分析：本句的主句为“he would also discover a number of other remarkable
facts about…and revolutionize the study of animal behavior generally”;“how
bees communicate”为how引导的宾语从句，做介词about的宾语。
3. There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these
being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray,
published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English
words'.(剑5, Test 1 passage 1)
分析：本句主句“There had been dictionaries”;“the first of these being a
little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published
in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English words'”为
独立主格结构，其中“compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray”和“published in

1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usual English words'”均为
过去分词短语作定语，做a little book的定语。
4. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an
eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should
have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle
class.(剑5, Test 1 passage 1)
分析：本句的主句为“It is highly appropriate that… ”, 其中it为形式主
语，真正的主语为that引导的主语从句，即“that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very
model of an eighteenth- century literary man, as famous in his own time as in
ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday
of the middle class”;在主语从句中“the very model of an eighteenth-century
literary man”为Dr Samuel Johnson的同位语，“as famous in his own time as in
ours”为Dr Samuel Johnson的定语。
5. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the
late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical.(剑5,
Test 1 passage 1)
分析：本句的主句为“His approach to the problems was intensely
practical”;“that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early
eighteenth centuries”为定语从句，做the problems的定语，关系词为that。
6. He was to be paid ￡1,575 in installments, and from this he took money
to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop'.(剑5,
Test 1 passage 1)

分析：本句为并列句，“He was to be paid ￡1,575 in installments”和
“from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his
‘dictionary workshop'.”并列，由and连接;“in which he set up his ‘dictionary
workshop'.”为定语从句，做17 Gough Square的定语，关系词为which。
7. James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson
worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the
middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.(剑5, Test 1
passage 1)
分析：本句主句为“James Boswell described the garret as ‘fitted up like a
counting house' with a long desk.”;“his biographer”为James Boswell的同位
语;“where Johnson worked”为定语从句，做the garret的定语，关系词为where;
“running down the middle”为现在分词短语做定语，做a long desk的定语;“at
which the copying clerks would work standing up”为定语从句，做long desk
的定语，关系词为which。
8. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the
dictionary was still in preparation.(剑5, Test 1 passage 1)
分析：本句主句为“He was also helped by six assistants”;“two of whom
died whilst the dictionary was still in preparation”为定语从句，做six assistants
的定语，关系词为whom;在定语从句中，“whilst the dictionary was still in
preparation”为whilst引导的时间状语从句。
9. The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched
them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to

produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English
celebration.(剑5, Test 1 passage 1)
分析：本句的主句为“The fact was cause for much English
celebration”;“that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched
them”为that引导的同位语从句，做The fact的同位语;括号中部分起到解释
说明的作用。
10. A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing
experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University
tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey
instructions given by a ‘leader' in a situation in which the subjects night feel a
personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.(剑5, Test 1
passage 2)
分析：本句主句为“Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from
all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader' in
a situation”;“A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing
experiments in behavioural psychology”为状语;“in which the subjects night
feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform”为定语
从句，做a situation的定语，关系词为which, 其中“they were called upon to
perform”也为定语从句，做the actions的定语，关系词在该定语从句中做宾
语，因此被省掉。
11. Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject' that the experiment was
in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not
punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupil's
ability to learn.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)

分析：本句的主句为“Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject'
that…”;“that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was
designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a
positive effect on the pupil's ability to learn.”为宾语从句，做动词told的宾
语;“whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive
effect on the pupil's ability to learn”为whether引导的宾语从句，做test的宾
语。
面新东方网雅思频道为 大家整理了雅思阅读：剑桥雅思长难句分析(二)，供
考生们参考，以下是详细内容。
1. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong
answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest
level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer.(剑5, Test 1
passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“The teacher-subject was told that…”; “that whenever
the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered,
beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive
wrong answer”为that引导的宾语从句，做tell的宾语;在该宾语从句中“a
shock was to be administered”为主句，而“whenever the pupil gave the wrong
answer to a question” 为whenever引导的时间装语从句，在该宾语从句中做
时间状语，“beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each
successive wrong answer”为现在分词短语做状语，在该宾语从句中做伴随状
语。

2. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and
to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing
the experimental situation of the moment.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the
reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for”;
其中“whatever level of shock was called for”为whatever引导的宾语从句，做
administer的宾语;as per为介词短语，意为依据，根据;“governing the
experimental situation of the moment”为现在分词短语作定语，做the rule的
定语。
3. As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would definitely give the wrong
answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various
electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond.(剑
5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句主句“the pupil would definitely give the wrong answers to
questions”; “As the experiment unfolded”为As引导的时间状语从句，做该主
句的时间状语;“posed by the teacher”为过去分词短语作定语，做questions
的定语;“bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level
of 300 volts and beyond”为现在分词短语作状语，做主句的伴随状语。
4. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject
was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the experiment.(剑5, Test
1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“Milgram calmly explained that…”; “that the
teacher- subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the

experiment”为that引导的宾语从句，做explain的宾语;在该宾语从句中“to
ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on the experiment”为不定式做表语。
5. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was
important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through
to the end.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“Milgram said that …”; “If the subject was still
reluctant to proceed”为If引导的条件状语从句;“that it was important for the
sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.”为
that引导的宾语从句，做said的宾语;在该宾语从句“that it was important for
the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end.”
中，it为形式主语，“that the procedure be followed through to the end”为that
引导的主语从句，是该宾语从句真正的主语。
6. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects
who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face
of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the
experiment.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“What Milgram was trying to discover was the
number of teacher-subjects”; “What Milgram was trying to discover”为What引
导的主语从句;“who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock,
even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and
conditions of the experiment.”为定语从句，做teacher- subjects的定语，关系
词为who。

7. Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a
group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of
people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest
shock level of 450 volts.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39
psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an
ordinary population.”; “Prior to carrying out the experiment”为时间状语，prior
to相当于before; “who would be willing to administer the highest shock level
of 450 volts.”为定语从句，做an ordinary population的定语，关系词为who。
8. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher- subjects
would refuse to obey the experimenter.(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句主句为“The overwhelming consensus was that …”; “that
virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter”为表语
从句，做was的表语。
9. The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would go beyond 150 volts'
and they further anticipated that only four percent would go up to 300 volts.(剑
5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句为并列句，“The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would go
beyond 150 volts'”和“they further anticipated that only four percent would go
up to 300 volts”并列，由and连接;其中“that ‘most subjects would go beyond
150 volts'”为that引导的宾语从句，做felt的宾语，而“that only four percent
would go up to 300 volts”也为that引导的宾语从句，做anticipated的宾语。

10. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what
calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and
what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers' actually do in the
laboratory of real life?(剑5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句主句为“How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy
between…and…”; “what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the
comfort of their study”和“what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers'
actually do in the laboratory of real life”均为what引导的宾语从句。
11. One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of
built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and
that Milgram's teacher- subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge
this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock.(剑
5, Test 1 passage 2)
分析：本句的主句为“One's first inclination might be to…”; “to argue that
there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated
by the experiment, and that Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a
genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by
administering the electrical shock.”为不定式做表语，做be的表语;在此表语
中“that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct”和“that
Milgram's teacher- subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this
pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock”并列，
皆为that引导的宾语从句，做argue的宾语;“that was activated by the
experiment”为定语从句，做instinct的定语，关系词为that。