蹈字组词：英美关于职位、职称的称呼

2020年12月4日发(作者：李彩桦)
marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the bilateral trade, access to electcity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre
evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team- building to advance further. Establish a ding system implementation, and promoting the whole- building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on construction ofonious development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and
psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the nese cultural management advanced unitnced Unit in the building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30other honorary titles. The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption
continues to strengthen. Was carried out to
英美关于职位、职称的称呼
一、教授体系
（一）美国教授体系
美国的教授体制，显著的特点就是终身教授制度(tenure)。一般 能晋升为副教授，即意
味着拿到了终身教职，也就意味着以后不会因学术考核而被学校解聘了。美国的教 授职称，
分为教学研究型和纯研究型职称。前者类似国内的教授体系，后者类似于研究员体系。美国教授的教学研究型职称，主要包括四个阶段：
1. 助理教授(assistant profe ssor)。助理教授一般是三到六年的试用期。试用期后，如果
工作出色，经过评选可以晋升为拥有终 身教职的副教授。否则，卷铺盖走人。目前随着博士
毕业生的数量增加，而全美的助理教授岗位有限，因 此助理教授职位的竞争也日益激烈。于
是，出现了获得博士学位后，需要经历多站的博士后研究，方能达 到一定的学术能力，去应
聘助理教授的职位。到此时，平均年龄差不多35岁上下了。
大约有 一般的助理教授最终能够获得终身教职，不过在一些顶尖大学里，这个比例可能
低至10%。因此，在助 理教授期间，是工作科研最为拼命的时候，也是学术论文的高产期。
经过这么六年左右的“煎熬”，很多 人的头发都会逐渐变白，以及明显的掉发，甚至秃顶。漫
步在美国一流大学里，碰见的研究人员大多十有 八九头发变白即是此理。如果拿到终身教职
的人，头发依旧乌黑，不外乎两种可能：一是染发了，二是该 学者是出奇地厉害，可能二十
出头就完成了科研及学术论文的积累，早早过了助理教授这个阶段。
2. 副教授(associate professor)。经过那水生火热的六年左右助理教授期， 如果成功获得
终身教职，那么可以晋升为副教授。评判标准一般都是在助理教授期间有大量的学术成就，
比如发表了影响力较大的专著，以及大量的学术论文，拿到了研究项目，对所在部门有突出
的教 学或服务。该评判标准又因所在学校不同，所要求的标准和严格程度也不同。
一般副教授都是终身教职 。但是，也有人以副教授职位进行聘请后还没有终身职位的，
这一般是从外部引入的人才。虽然目前该人 还没有获得终身职位，但该职位也是有终身教职
计划的，只不过可能目前该人还没有达到终身教职的水平 。相反在一些学校，有人可能在获
得终身教职之前提前提升为副教授。在这种情况下，此人可能继续申请 终身教职，或者转求
其他学校的终身教职。
3. 正教授(full professor) ，即常见的称呼为教授(professor)。在副教授阶段取得卓越的学
术成就后，会提升为教授。 在美国，教授的等级是学术排名中的最高职位。而且，美国的教
授也没有强制退休的年龄限制。许多正教 授都伴有行政职务，比如院长(dean)都是从正教授
中选出。
4. 讲座教授(chair professor，简称“chair”)。到此，出现了“chair”这个字的翻 译，有多种
译法。比如特聘教授、杰出教授、名誉教授和讲座教授等等，此处暂且翻译为讲座教授，或< br>者讲席教授。讲座教授又分为两种类型：一种是一些学校会给极少数有突出成就的正教授授
予“大 学教授(University Professor)”，“杰出教授(Distinguished Professor)”等头衔，比如麻省理
工的“学院教授(Institute Professor)”、耶鲁大学的“斯特林教授(Sterling Professor)”，以及杜克
大学的“詹姆斯·B·杜克教授(James B Duke Pr ofessor)”；另一种是被以基金、公司、个人名义赞
助的正教授，即“冠名”或“名誉教授”( Endowed Professor)。简言之，不管哪种类型的讲座教
授，都是正教授中的佼佼者。 一般一个专业，只有一个讲座教授，而下可以有多个正教授。
看一个正教授是不是讲座教授，简单的方式 就是看看该人教授前面有没有冠以一个人名。比
如2012年获得诺贝尔化学奖的杜克大学Robert Lefkowitz教授，即为James B. Duke Professor
of Medic ine，这个讲座教授即为上述第一类的大学教授性质。而如杜克大学尼古拉斯环境学
院的Stuart Pimm教授，为Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology。他的这个教授职位
是由Doris Duke Fundation赞助的，即上述描述的第二类讲座教授。
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious developmentn content of the nteespractice activities and conduct, for exampleparty and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish p activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and Cupskills of staff. Organized
a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the costs can be controlled, money should not be wasted nt philosophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to
reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a development. XINGnal security firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmoniousprise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors 2013 five enterprises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental
pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5
marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the bilateral trade, ccess to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre
evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team- building to advance further. Establish a ding system implementation, and promoting the whole- building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on construction ofonious development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and
psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the nese cultural management advanced unitnced Unit in the building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30other honorary titles. The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption
continues to strengthen. Was carried out to
至于“chair”这个字的具体含义，还可以分为两种：一是上述的 讲座教授，二是指有学术
职务的部门头头(chairs or heads of academic departments)。再如以杜克大学环境学院的Dean
Urban教授为例，他是professor of landscape ecology，又是chair of the Nicholas School's
Division of Environmental Sciences & Policy。所以，Dean Urban教授是普通正教授，他的chair
是环境科学与政策系的 负责人，即类似系主任的性质，而不是讲座教授的意思。
“讲座教授”这个翻译跟国内的“讲座教授 ”提法相当不一样。据悉，每个讲座教授都有
一把椅子，椅子背后刻着该讲座教授的头像和教授本人的名 字。
（二）英国教授体系
英国的教授体制，目前主要由两种形式组成：一是英国古老大学的 教授体制；二是英国
的诸多大学也采用了美国的教授制度，比如华威大学(University of Warwick)和诺丁汉大学
(University of Nottingham)。当前，澳大 利亚和新西兰，还有大学依旧使用英国古老大学的教
授体制，即包括：
1. 讲师(Lect urer)。讲师的职位，在不同学校，定义相差非常大。对于英国的大学来说，
讲师又分为暂时性和永 久性两类。暂时性的讲师职位，可以由研究生担任，无需博士文凭，
即是应学校暂时性、一学期或者半学 期，无义务续聘的教学工作之需。对于永久性聘用的讲
师，则要求有博士学位，比较接近于美国的助理教 授职位。
2. 资深讲师(Senior Lecturer)。资深讲师接近于美国的副教授职位。 但是，在英国的一
些理工大学(polytechnic)，讲师又分为助理讲师(Lecturer) 、讲师(Senior Lecturer)和专任讲师
(Principle Lecturer)。 此种，专任讲师相当于一般大学的资深讲师。理工大学的讲师，向下又
切出一个助理讲师一职。这个职称 也称为讲师，但不是终身聘用的，所以及其容易与一般大
学的讲师混淆。
3. 准教授(Re ader)。“Reader”的职位是英国特色，难以找到一个匹配的词来描述。因为
英国古老大学的 教授(Professor)职位非常少，所以会出现一个教授下面三到四个准教授，其
实接近于美国的 正教授。牛津大学(University of Oxford)已经废除了准教授这个职务，一律以
讲师职位代替。所以牛津大学的讲师，接近于美国体系的副教授。
4. 教授(Professor) 。英国古老大学的教授职位相当少，接近于美国的讲座教授。英国也
有类似美国讲座教授的头衔，比如曾 经牛顿和霍金拥有的剑桥大学卢卡斯讲座教授Lucasian
Chair of Mathematics，这估计是神一样的职位了。
（三）英美中三国教授体系比较
大体 上可以认为：英国的讲师教职接近于美国的助理教授，英国的资深讲师接近于美国
的副教授，英国的准教 授接近于美国的正教授，英国的教授接近于美国的讲座教授。但是这
并不确定，比如，英国华威大学尝试 教授体制与美国对接，以便人才引用；对于美国的助理
教授，华威大学可以给予永久聘任的讲师职位，而 终身职的华威大学讲师职位到了美国，则
变成非终身职的助理教授，这之间有一定的差别。
相 对我国，跟美国的教授体系划分非常相似。只不过许多国内高校的讲师是终身职，但
目前逐渐变为合同制 ，直到拿到副教授职位，似乎在跟美国的教授体制靠拢。而对于国内研
究员体系的职位，由于不参与教学 工作，非常接近于美国的纯研究职位，即助理研究员接近
于Research assistant professor，副研究员接近于Research assosiate professor，及研究员接近
于Research professor。所以，翻译研究员体系的职位，前面加上“Research”或许更为妥当。


二、staff 和 faculty的区别
In most of universities and affiliated (teaching) hospitals in the United States，
1. Staff: Technical personnel, Lab Technicians, Research Assistants, Research Associates,
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious developmentn content of the nteespractice activities and conduct, for exampleparty and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish p activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and Cupskills of staff. Organized
a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the can be controlled, money should not be wasted nt philosophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to
reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a development. XINGnal security firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmoniousprise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors 2013 five enterprises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental
pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5
marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre
evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team- building to advance further. Establish a ding system implementation, and promoting the whole- building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on construction ofonious development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and
psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the nese cultural management advanced unitnced Unit in the building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30other honorary titles. The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption
continues to strengthen. Was carried out to
Physician Assistants (PA), Nurses and Secretaries, etc. It generally refers to those technical and
administrative (support) personnel, instead of those hold Academic positions (appointments).
2. Faculty: Medical Doctors (MD) who practice, and teach medical students, residents,
supervising clinical fellows; PhD or MD (or one holds both MD and PhD) who holds the position
of Assistant (junior faculty), Associate or Full Professor, and senior or high level administrative
personnel.
3. 关于副主任技师:
There is no such position in US. Generally speaking, there are two categories of positions in
the Universities, including Medical Schools.
The first categories are academic positions; it usually includes Assistant, Associate and Full
Professors. Persons who held these positions are also called as Faculty members.
The second categories are technical positions which more likely to be relevant to Zhu Guan Ji
Shi. In some medical school, the technical positions are ranked into 5 levels from Research
specialist I to V. To qualify the Specialist V, a Ph.D. degree is needed. This category plus other
support personnel in the Department are generally called Staff. So, if you really like to show your
TECHNICAL (not ACADEMIC) credential, you may think to call yourself Lab Manager or Director.
Also, in US, there is certified Technologist who works in the fields related to clinical hospitals or
labs, such as Medical Technologist, Histologist and Cytotechnologist, etc. These positions are
certified by The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP).


三、英国大学体制、职称、学位
1、大学体制
英国大学的行政管理一般是由参议会（Senate）负责，其权利和责任范围 很大，从课程
设置到人事安排，基本无一不管。参议会成员大多是大学内部资深学者和各部门领导。为了
监督参议会合法使用其权利，大学往往会另立一个委员会，名称各异（如council或board） ，
对参议会的各种建议作出最后决定，尤其在对大学财政预算方面有终决权。这类委员会的成
员 包括从社会上请来的各种专家名流等。此外，英国各大学为扩大影响，保持良好的公共关
系，还会设立董 事会等机构，其成员大多是该校著名校友或为学校提供过各种赞助的社会人
士。
英国大学里 地位最高、权利最大的是Vice－Chancellor，相当于美国大学里的President，
也就是中文里的“校长”。这个职位一般由社会公开招聘，任职终身。Vice- Chancellor是大
学的首席执政官，主持参议会的工作。Vice- Chancellor下面一般会设有三四位“副校长”，
英文为Pro-Vice- Chancellor。他们通常是校内任命的学者，专门负责教学、科研、资产等，
任期多为三四年。
导致对英国大学体制和职称误解的原因之一，是Vice-Chancellor一词中的Vice常被 通
译为“副”，但实际上在这里的意思是其拉丁文的原义，既“代表某人执行”。英国各大学往
往会邀请社会名人，包括国王或皇室人员、著名政治家、文化界人士等，担任Chancellor。
这 一职位主要是象征性的，没有管理学校日常工作的责任。他们可以一人兼任几个大学的
Chancell or，应当译为“名誉校长”。而Vice-Chancellor是代表Chancellor的最高执政官， 也
就是“校长”。香港、台湾、新加坡均采用以上译法。
和世界其它国家的大学一样，英国大 学的教务由教务处负责，其领导为教务长，英文为
Registrar。英国大学内部其它行政部门的负 责人只称Head，如财物主任Head of Finance，房
产科长Head of Estates等。
ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious developmentn content of the nteespractice activities and conduct, for exampleparty and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish p activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and Cupskills of staff. Organized
a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the ting costs can be controlled, money should not be wasted nt philosophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to
reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a development. XINGnal security firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmoniousprise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors 2013 five enterprises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental
pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5
marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the bilateral trade, ccess to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre
evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team- building to advance further. Establish a ding system implementation, and promoting the whole- building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on construction ofonious development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and
psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the nese cultural management advanced unitnced Unit in the building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30other honorary titles. The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption
continues to strengthen. Was carried out to
历史悠久的牛津、剑桥等大学保留着“学院制”（college）， 这种学院不是学术机构，而
是给教师、学生提供饮食、住房的地方，学院院长的英文称呼各种各样，如M aster、Principal、
President等，常常由著名教授兼任。
伦敦大学 是联合制的。伦敦大学的所谓学院和牛津、剑桥的学院不同，实际上是独立的
大学。英国大多数大学没有 牛津、剑桥那样的学院，而是按学科分成不同Faculty。Faculty
这个词也引起很多误译。 此词在美国指大学职员，而在英国相当于中文的“学部”。
学部的最高领导称为Provost或De an。学部内设有各种学科学院（College）或系（Department），
如法学院Law School，商学院Business School，医学院Medical School，教育学院School of
Education等。学院院长称为Head of School，系主任为Head of Department。
由此可见，国内常常使用的col lege一词，在英国普通大学里很少使用。另外一个常用
的词institute，在英国大学里指某 些特定专业的研究所，这些研究所一般不招收本科生。英
国还有一些艺术学院，享有大学地位，称为Ac ademy。
2、职称体系
目前英国大学内仍保留着两种不同的职称系统。
老牌大学的教师分为四等，Lecturer讲师（内分A和B，B级比A级高）、Senior Le cturer
高级讲师、Reader相当于副教授、Professor教授，没有美国的所谓Ass istant Professor和
Associate Professor等称呼。
在 一些新的大学里（也就是1992年以后从理工技术学院改成大学的），Lecturer相当于
助教， Senior Lecturer相当于老牌大学的讲师，Principle Lecturer相当于老牌大 学高级讲师。
Professor教授是英国大学里的最高学术职称，往往附有具体学科的名字，如Pr ofessor of
Human Geography（人文地理学教授）、Professor of International Trade Law（国际商法教授）
等。这是因为英国大学传统 上每一学科只有一位教授，以保障其最高学术权威地位。
3、学位体系
英国大学本科生一般学习三年，毕业论文和考试通过者获所谓Honors Degree，如文学
士B ．A．Hons．、工学士B．Eng．Hons．等。没有Honours的说明论文或考试有不及格的，但因修满学分，允许毕业，相当于国内所说的“有学历没学位”。
硕士学位大致分为两种：一种是 各类学科的硕士，如法学硕士LLM、工商管理硕士MBA等。
一般学习一年的课程即可。另一种是不上 课而靠研究，通过论文答辩获得的MPhil（哲学硕
士），学时有长有短。
学位最高的当然 是博士。博士学位的分类和硕士相近，有学科博士，如教育学博士EdD、
医学博士MD等，以上课为主 。另外有哲学博士PhD，靠研究和论文答辩。
随着英国就业市场的变化，与国际其它大学交往的不断 加深以及海外学生人数的增长，英国
的大学也在不断改革其传统体制。最近，英国高等教育拨款委员会提 议，老牌大学和1992
年后改建的新大学内教师的薪金及职称应统一。一些大学也学着美国大学的方法 ，改革其研
究生的培养方式，以上课和论文结合取代传统的哲学博士PhD。这些信息对打算出国留学的
人士和接收留学回国人员的单位都有重要意义。

四、关于scientist
1、Research Scientist是还没评上副教授之前的称谓，博士后也可以这么称呼，这 个称呼
说明其研究年限还不是很长，研究时间更久但是没评上副教授的叫senior scientist即资深科
学家。research scientist 不是professor 系列，副教授以上就是tenure了，research scientist 系
列是没tenure的。research scientist 不是博士后，收入一般是博士后的 2倍以上。虽然这个
职称看起来不是很入流，但是也属于faculty member，博士后是research fellow。虽然research
scientis t也算在Faculty系列的，但系里开会，极其个别的去参加，因为其自己也知道，其实
ecuri ty, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious developmentn content of the nteespractice activities and conduct, for exampleparty and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish p activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and Cupskills of staff. Organized
a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the can be controlled, money should not be wasted nt philosophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to
reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a development. XINGnal security firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmoniousprise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors 2013 five enterprises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental
pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5
marketing strict internal cost control, business and innovation performance. --Increasing electricity access, price increase, electricity supply is guaranteed. In 2012, the company with coal inventory, get rewards of Jiangsu provincial government power to 266 million kWh. Through the bilateral trade, access to electricity 1.695 billion kWh, seeking removal compensation when the power 50 million-kilowatt, 116% market share in Jiangsu Province ranked first in the same capacity, the same type units. Company closely tracked coal linkage policies on July 1 and August 20 respectively increase prices 2.08 minutes and 2.5 points, profitability increased significantly. 公... Job grading, remuneration of labour agreements into long-term contract workers compensation system, stimulating the enthusiasm of the staff. --Further strengthening of human resources management. Full implementation of the performance appraisal regulations, incentive effect. Complete the reserve cadre
evaluation and selection, produced 10 primary reserve cadres and 11 secondary reserve cadres. Implementation of operation staff induction gang system, 14 staff posts be promoted. Strengthening the cultivation of professional technical leaders, selected coverage 9 13 factory-level professional and technical leaders. To enhance staff skills training, 8 staff technicians. Labor contract law compliance, contracts of up to 100%. --Star team- building to advance further. Establish a ding system implementation, and promoting the whole- building goals, strengthen group management. Team building into a performance review, promoting the construction of the star team depth. This year, respectively, 1 track, 4 team four star rated five-star by Datang and the team. Four, insists on construction ofonious development, really good job of party construction and the independent Commission against corruption, strengthening the humanistic care and
psychological counseling, the enterprise culture construction to a new level. --Building of enterprise culture is fruitful. Companies adhere to the Shenhua lead of corporate culture, culture of responsibility at the core, to safety culture, a culture of learning, ethical culture, cost culture culture system-assisted, through various cultural integration, has boosted business centre, this year has won the nese cultural management advanced unitnced Unit in the building of enterprise culture of reform and opening up 30other honorary titles. The liability of the company culture: solving management problems of corporate culture project was awarded the CEC national electric power enterprise culture achievement award of excellence. The accident early warning and prevention system was rated as China's power of innovation management, innovation management of electric power enterprise in Jiangsu Province. --Party and the independent Commission against corruption
continues to strengthen. Was carried out to
和教授系列的不一样的。
2、关于Associate Research Scientist今后可否转到“assistant professor” : 一般说来比较难，
但也有好些教授以前是Research scientist系列， 要看这些research scientist具体是做什么的，
绝大部分的这个系列的人是靠老板， 也就是教授支持的，一旦没有funding支持，这个职位
就保不住了。据知，一个美国的女rese arch scientist，因为老板经济紧张，被fire了，她都
50来岁了，也就是说她就失业了。
转成教授系列的可能性在于：（1）老板很牛，强力支持，并且该research scientist出生
是美国的phD；（2）该research scientist 很强，自 己写proposal，申请到funding，能自己养
自己，这时候可以去找一个比现在所呆的学校 差的学校，有项目带着，获得一个assistant
professor的位置。
也有的research scientist很舒服， 比如在一些公共实验室平台的那些人，因为u ser很
多，要去用那些设备，所以这些人等于大家养起，还挺稳定的，他们自己熟悉那些仪器，可以帮做一点东西，别人组发文章就挂他们名，偶尔还分少量的钱，就算是他们的funding了，
这样他们自己不用担心拿不到funding，工资自然有，不发愁。


ecurity, profit, maintain stability and promote harmonious developmentn content of the nteespractice activities and conduct, for exampleparty and further improvement of the level of work. Staff participating in the honest and clean culture construction seminars, staff's sense of probity and enhanced. Founded by honest inspectors team composed of 12 employees to broaden the channels of supervision. Adhere to establish p activities, staff satisfaction rate of 98% to the team. --Group work dynamic. Promoting the openness of factory Affairs, proposal for a love letter box, to the vital interests of the staff Trade Union delegation leader meeting of the 26 system to discuss and safeguard their democratic rights. Improve the organizational structure of the mission, the work of strengthening. Organize maintenance labor emulation and Cupskills of staff. Organized
a variety of cultural activities, physical and mental health care staff, to create a harmonious atmosphere. During the Wenchuan earthquake, donated all the company employees, to love, to support the disaster areas. This year, the company has won the ting costs can be controlled, money should not be wasted nt philosophy, management analysis, to improve management quality, improve cost control capacity and market competitiveness. Innovation of science and technology--science and technology innovation is to play the role of science and technology as the primary productive force, active use of new technologies, new materials, new processes, new equipment, increase investment in science and technology, strengthening scientific and technological training, speeding up transforming scientific and technological achievements, forming a number of proprietary technology, enhancing core competitiveness. Resource-saving-the-resources saving enterprise was to
reduce coal consumption, water consumption, electricity at the core, enhance the operation of lean management to realize low consumption, high efficiency, reduce production costs. Second is to strengthen the business, financial, material, information and the optimization of organization and management, saving the internal transaction costs. Harmonious development of harmonious development--is to construct a development. XINGnal security firm and internal management of the internal management measures are effective, harmoniousprise coordinating development of homeopathy, well, get along with the neighbors 2013 five enterprises building intrinsic safety power company goals are: unplanned outage 0 times. Class of disorders 0, 0 is equivalent forced outage rate. No personal injury accident, material and equipment accidents do not occur, no fire, no environmental
pollution accident. Enterprise integrated to achieve zero cases of violation, zero accidents, zero. Quality goal is: when generating capacity ≥ 7.5