外甥英文：中国文化英语翻译

2020年12月2日发(作者：冯骥才)
Unit1 中国丝绸
中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发 明。
商周时期（前1600——前256）丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉
（前 206——公元25）时张蹇通西域，把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，
开辟了中外交流贸易的新 纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和
丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、 东方文明的使者。
Chinese Silk
China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and
thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and
Zhou Dynasties (1600-BC256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had
reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han
Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Jian ,an outstanding diplomat ,traveled around central
Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a
new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s
silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color , and
abundant cultural connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol
of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.
Unit 2 中国园林
中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，
是 我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国
古典园林，能充分领略“假 自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园
林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世 界造园史上的渊源之一。
Chinese Classical Garden
The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.
It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains
and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard
of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and
natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able
to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create
the real fun of mountains and rivers foe viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden
systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s
garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

Unit3 文房四宝
笔墨纸砚是中国古时 文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨
书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前22 1——前206）时已用不同硬度的
毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206——公元220）以人工制墨代替了 天然墨；有了纸
张以后，简牍锦帛逐失使用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝
（960——1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣
州）、端砚（广 东肇庆，古称端州）。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。
The Four Treasures of the Study
The writing brush, inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the
study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four
Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have been used by the
Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin
Dynasty(221BC-206BC),people already used feathers of different hardness and
bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made
ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese , bamboo
slips, wooden tables, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces,
gradually faded out. The inkstone was first developed with the use of writing brushes
and ink. After the Song Dynasty(960AD-1279AD),the “Four Treasures of the Study”
particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang
province; huimo, the inkstick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province xuan paper, a
kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province and duanyan, the inkstone
made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).
Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the Study ” have written the whole Chinese civilization,
as it is.
Unit 4 对联
对 联又称楹联或对子，是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。
中国对联的哲学深渊及深层民族 文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴
阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相 同，平仄相合，内容相
关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。
Antithetical Couplets
The antithetical couplet(also called duilian) is also known as yinglian or duilian. An
antithetical couplet is kind of national writing style, which is composed by the skillful
manipulation of the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character
corresponds with one syllable. The philosophical origin and national cultural
psychology of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality, according to
which the Chinese recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet
is an “antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique
fitting with each other, the contents being related, and the rhythms corresponding.
There are many types of antithetical couplets, such as Spring Festival couplets,
marriage couplets, birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical about tea, etc.
Unit 5 中国围棋
中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋” 特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。古
称为弈，别称坐稳、手谈。围棋规则则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不 及二尺，有
十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是
个人 心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。围棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理、兵法策略、
治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充 分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。
Chinese Weiqi
The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting.
And chess particularly refers to Chinese Weiqi. Weiqi could be called the national
chess of China. In ancient times, Weiqi was called Yi, with the alternative names
Zuoyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the
same time. A full Weiqi set has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19
by 19 grid. The circumference of the board is less than 23 metre. Playing Weiqi may
look like an arrangement of two sides’ black and white pieces .However ,it is actually
a competition between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage, and patience.
Weiqi symbolized Heaven and Earth. It contains countless philosophical theories,
such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book Of Changes, the
art of war, and theories on state administration and national security, which embodies
the wisdom and the spirit of Chinese culture.
Unit 6 中国京剧
京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国 粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方
戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国 最大的戏曲
剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、
舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分
为生（男性）、旦（女 性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当
Chinese Beijing Opera
Praised as “Oriental Opera,” Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of
China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in
southern China. At the end of the 19
th
Century,
Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.
Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.
The main type of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male),dan(young female),
jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).
Unit 7 中国道教
道教是中国土生土长的宗教。创始人是春秋（前770——前4 76）末期的哲学
家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道家主张“重人贵
生”，崇尚清静无为、修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地
之始；有名万物之母 。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至
理名言。
Chinese Taoism
Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and
thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te
Ching, whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main
Taoism classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the
discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation
of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example
of Laozi’s golden sayings:
The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;
The names that can be named are not unvarying names.
It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;
The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its
kind.
Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;
He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.
Unit 8 中国成语
成语是汉语中意义完整地表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成 语”中的“成”
即是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中
国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民
间谚、古代文学作品、诗 歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语
言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。
Chinese Idioms
Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and
expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common
practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same
grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For
example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself),
qingchuyulan(blue than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).
Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables,
allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are
concise and have great vitality.

Fill in the blanks with proper words
1.
refers to; approval; consists of; discussion; accounts for; main; puts forward; a series of;
deals with; gone through; rather than; increasing; expand; marketing; summed

This report concerns the delivery serves we wish to 1______for our clients. Our
market research company has already given the information to the_2_____
department on their recent research. The _3_____points of this information will be
given in_4____ short reports for the committee to examine in their own time.
The marketing department has now made a plan of action for_5_____ our delivery
service. The Managing Director has examined this carefully and given it his 6______.
Essentially it presents three suggestions for 7______and explains the reasons why we
should consider a slow _8_____a rapid expansion.
This report 9______those reasons and is in three parts it gives more details about the
difficulties we have had with recruiting staff:
1 it gives more details about the difficulties we have had with recruiting staff.
2 it explains why our delivery service had problems last month.
3 it 10______the problems caused by rising inflation.

Key: ing; 4.a series of; sing; al; sion;
than; zes; with
2
The sun is shinning and everything looks bright. Stand in the sun. Can you feel the
heat of the sun? The sun that gives the heat is very far away. It is hard to believe but
the sun is 1______one hundred and fifty million kilometers_2_____. If a plane flew
day and night _3_____stopping, it would take nearly 18 years to ___4___ the sun.
The sun does seem very big to us, but it’s really very huge. One million balls ___5___
our earth could fit inside the sun. The sun looks small because it is so far away.
Our earth is cool enough to ___6___ because the hot sun is so far away. If the sun
were much nearer, our earth would be too hot to live on. If there were__7____ sun,
the earth would be so cold that __8____could live on it. Aren’t we___9___ be just
about the right distance___10___ the sun?
around, no, get to, lucky to, run into, live on, from, go off, something,
about, likely to, into, away, turn into, give, better, nothing, without,
much, as big as

Key: 1about 2away 3without 4get to 5as big as 6live on 7no 8nothing 9lucky to
10from
3
hold; constitutes; only tends; cherishes; puts; both; alert; explosively; with; flight;
alter; on the face of; shrinking; trend entire; completely; gold; board; impossible;
another; town; empty; bought; anything
Although the United States______1 the tradition that it is a nation of small towns and
wide open spaces, ______2 one in every eight Americans now lives on a farm. The
recent population ______3 has been a double one, toward ______4 urbanization and
suburbanization. Merropolitan areas have grown______5 in the past decade, and
nearly half this increase has been in the suburbs. ______6 the rapid growth of cities
has come equally rapid decentralization（分散，疏散）. The______7 of Americans
from the central city to the suburbs ______8 one of the greatest migrations of modern
times; quiet residential sections outside cities have become big gathering of streets,
split-level houses, and shopping centers.
This spurt of suburban expansion, however, does not______9 the basic fact that the
United States has become one of the most urban nations______10 the earth. Census
Bureau figures show that the rural population has been ______11 steadily since 1830.
When the United States became a nation it had no large cities at all; today some fifty
cities have populations of more than 258,000. Mammoth complexes of cities are
developing in the area of the East Coast and the east north-central states, on the
Pacific and Gulf coasts, and near the shores of the Great Lakes. Some sociologists
now regard the ____12__ 600-mile stretch between Boston and Washington, D.C.-an
area holding a fifth of the country’s population-as one vast city or, as they call it,
megalopolis.
Key: 1Cherishes; 2 only 3 trend 4 both 5 explosively; 6 With; 7 flight; 8 constitutes;
9 alter; 10 on the face of 11 shrinking; 12 entire

4
Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large__1___ on our interpersonal
relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support
from one another under ___2___ circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of
resources among people based on their ___3___ties. Those of us with strong support systems
appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong
social ties live ___4___ and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a ranger
of illnesses, from ___5___ to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people
fend off (挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more ___6___.
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may
let us know that they ___7___ us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by
others___8___ our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with
informational support. They help us to ___9___ and understand our problems and find solutions to
them. Third , we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure in
leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social need while at the same tome
distracting(转移…注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us
instrumental support---___10___ aid, material resources, and needed services--- that reduces stress
by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
A likely B dependent C amount D interpersonal E disappointment F financial G measure H
confine I define J value K depression L despite M longer N stressful O probable


Key: 1.G 2.N 3.L 4.J 5.O 6.E 7.H 8.C 9.A 10.F