结构是什么意思-冲字开头的成语
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高一专题系列一 被动语态
●学而时习
语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两
种:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动
语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说
来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
●知识点精讲透析
●考点一
主动语态“变性”被动语态
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:
(1)
将主动句的宾语变为主语,如果主动句的宾语是代词,需变为主格。
(2)
将动词改为“be+过去分词”,be与新主语的人称和数一致,时态不变。
(3)
将主动语态的主语前加by放在谓语动词后,如果原主语是代词,要变为宾格。如:
They
held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held(by
them)yesterday.
他们昨天开会了。
昨天举行了一个会议。
They won’t forgive me. → I won’t
be forgiven by them.
他们不会原谅我的。 我不会被他们原谅的。
2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项:
(1) 主动句中的主语如果是people,
we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”等,变为被动句时,通常删
去“by…”,除非强调原主语。如:
They set up this
hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in
1975. 这所医院建于1975年。
Only he can finish the
job. 只有他能完成这项工作。→ The job can be finished only by
him.这项工作只能由他来完成。
(2) 含有双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子,每个宾语
都可变为被动语态的主语,即其被动语态有两种形式,
但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack
told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。We were told the truth
by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
(3) 含有宾语+宾语补足语的句子,变成被动句后原来的宾语补足语就成了主语补足语了;注意:不
带to的不定式
作宾语补足语时,变成被动时要加上to。
I heard Emily
sing the song just now. → Emily was heard to sing
the song just now. 我刚才听见艾米莉唱这首歌了。
(4)
含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,把宾语从句后置。
We
have determined that the plan should be carried
out soon.
It has been determined that the
plan should be carried out soon. 我们决定这项计划必须马上实施。
(5) 双重被动结构: 当某人或物成为两次动作的承受者时,要用双重被动结构。如:
Parents often ask their children to do too
much homework.
The children are often asked
to do too much homework.
Too much homework is
often asked to be done by the children.
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●考点二
被动语态“基本招式”
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is am are +
及物动词的过去分词
主:We believe him. 被:He is
believed by us.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was were +
及物动词的过去分词
主:He bought his children some pens.
被:Some pens were bought for his children by him.
3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
主:Everyone will know the truth soon .
被:The truth will be known by everyone.
4.
现在进行时的被动语态构成:am is are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
主:Mary is making a doll. 被:A
doll is being made by Mary.
5.
过去进行时的被动语态构成:was were + being + 及物动词的过去分词
主:They were carrying the hurt player.
被:The hurt player was being carried by them .
6. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
主:He has received the letter.
被:The letter has been received by him.
7.
过去完成时的被动语态构成:had + been + 及物动词的过去分词
主:They had
built ten bridges. 被:Ten bridges had
been built by them.
8. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be
+ 及物动词的过去分词
主:We must keep this in mind.
被:This must be kept in mind.我们必须把这个记在心里。
9.
不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
主:You are to
leave the bag here. 被:The bag is to be
left here. 你应把包裹放在这儿。
●考点
三
被动语态“三十六计”
1. 动词的主动形式表示被动之意
1) 某些连系动词,如:look, feel,
smell,sound, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn,
stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep +
adj.n.构成系表结构。
The flower smells sweet.
这花闻起来很香。
Maria proves very patient and warm-
hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。
2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如:lock, shut, close, open,
move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut,
translate,
burn, run, ride, begin, end,
operate等。
The sentences translate hard.
这些句子很难译。 The door won’t shut. 这个门关不上。
3)某些动词用于进行时,其主动形式表被动含义,如:print,cook, fry,
hang, build, make等。
The books are printing.
这些书正在印刷中。
2.
不用于被动语态的动词,如happen,cost,take,have(有),own,possess,
want (缺乏)。
An accident happened yesterday.
昨天发生了一起事故。
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One
should possess courage, determination and wisdom.
人要拥有勇气、决心和智慧。
3.
“动词+反身代词”结构与“be+过去分词”结构,注意下面短语:
devote
oneself to (献身于), seat oneself (就坐), dress oneself
(穿衣), amuse oneself (自娱自乐), lose oneself (迷路),
prepare oneself for (做好准备), concern oneself
about (担心) 这些短语经常用被动结构表示主动意义。如:
They were
seated in the front of the hall. 他们在大厅前部就坐。
He was concerned about his work. 他担心他的工作。
All my students are well prepared for the
test. 我的学生都为考试做好了准备。
His mother is dressed
in white at the party. 他的妈妈在宴会上穿着白色衣服。
4. It
is said that…据说It is reported that… 据报道 It is
believed that…大家相信It is hoped that…大家希望 It is well
known that… 众所周知 It is thought that…大家认为 It is
suggested that…据建议 It is taken granted
that…被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定 It
must be remember that…务必记住的是It is generally
accepted that…人们公认的
是It is universally known
that…全球共知的是
It is reported that the generation
growing up with television can barely write a
correct English sentence.
据报道,伴随着电视机长大的这代人几乎写不出一个正确的英文句子。
5. 介词“in,
on, under+ 名词”构成介词短语表被动意义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般
不用
冠词。常见的有:
under control(受控制), under
treatment(在治疗中), under repair(在修理中), under
discussion(在讨论中), under
construction(在施工中),
beyond belief(令人难以置信), beyond one’s reach(鞭长莫及),
beyond one’s control(无
法控制), for sale(待售), for
rent(出租), on show(展出), on sale(出售), on trial(受审),
in print(在印刷中),
in sight(在视野范围内), out of
control(控制不了), out of sight(超出视线之外), out of
fashion(不流行), out of
one’s reach(够不着), beyond
our hope(令我们始料不及)
6. be to
blame(该受责备,对某件坏事应负责任)与be to
let(待出租)两种结构中,不定时的主动形式表示被动含义。
Which driver is
to blame for the accident? 这次事故是那个司机的责任?
This
house is to rent. 这座房子要出租。
●巩固练习
1. Our
house_____,
A. is getting paint B. is
getting painted C. is got painted D. has
got to paint
2. He arrived in Beijing, where
he _____his friend.
A. was met by B. was
met C. was meeting D. met by
3. The
war _____in 1937.
A. was broken out B.
had been broken out C. has broken out D.
broke out
4. The mistakes in the exercises
will _____the teacher.
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A. cross B. be crossing C. be
crossed by D. cross by
5. My brother and
I have __________her birthday party.
A. been
invited B. been invited for C. invited
to D. been invited to
6. In the spoken
English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at
the end of the words _________.
A. are
dropped B. drop C. are being dropped D.
have dropped
7. Experiments of this kind
_______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before
the Second World War.
A. have conducted B.
have been conducted C. had conducted D. had
been conducted
8. He _______ some pieces of
advice, but he _______ to them.
A. gave,
didn’t listen B. was given, wasn’t listened C.
give, wasn’t listened D. was given, didn’t
listen
9. This coastal area _______ a
national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was
named B. named C. is named D. names
10. A lot of tall buildings _______ in his
hometown in the last three years.
A. have
set up B. have been set up C. were set up D.
set up
11. We are confident that the
environment ______ by our further efforts to
reduce pollution.
A. had been improved
B. will be improved C. is improved D. was
improved
12. He was unhappy when he sold his
guitar. After all, he ______ it for a very long
time.
A. has had B. had had C.
has D. had
13. The girl has a great
interest in sport and _______ badminton classes
twice a week over the last three years.
A.
took B. is taking C. takes D.
has been taking
14. — I don’t understand why
you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I’m so sorry. But I _______ my homework.
A. had done B. was doing C.
would do D. am doing
15. If nothing
_______, the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
A. does B. had been done C.
will do D. is done
16. Shakespeare’s
play Hamlet _______ into at least ten different
films over the past years.
A. had been made
B. was made C. has been made D.
would be made
17. —Can I call you back at two
o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by
then I______ to Beijing. How about five?
A.
fly B. will fly C. will be flying
D. am flying
18. They are living with their
parents for the moment because their own house
____.
A. is being rebuilt B. has been
rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt
●课后盘点
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1.______to say a thing in that way
A. It
is considers wrong B. It is
considered wrong
C. It is considered it's
wrong D. It is considering wrong
2. He ordered that the books _______at once.
A. would be printed B. would print
C. be printed D. print
3. The story
______in China.
A. was taken place B.
was happened C. took place D. has been
taken place
4. The house _____my parents.
A. is belong to B. belong to C.
belongs to D. is belonged to
5. He
_______by his teacher.
A. happened to see
B. was happened to see C. happened to be seen
D. was happened to be seen
6. They _______
printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished B. have finished C. had
been finished D. have been finished
7.
Great changes _______ place. Many new schools
_______ .
A. have taken, have been opened B.
take, are open C. are taken, open D. have been
taken, are opened
8. We can’t use the bridge
now, because it______________.
A. has been
repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired
D. is being repaired
9. I ___ the way to the
railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown
B. showed C. have shown D. was showing
10. The war the old soldier remembers very
well ______________in 1941.
A. broke out
B. had been broken out C. was broken out
D. had broken out
11. Don’t take the magazine
away. It ______ me.
A. is belonged to B.
belongs to C. was belonged to D. is
belonging to
12. As soon as we got to the
airport, we found that the plane_____.
A. had
already taken off B. already took off C.
was already taking off D. was already taken
off
13. — Have you heard about the recent
election? — Sure, it _______ the only thing on
the news for the last three days.
A. would
be B. is C. has been D. will
be
14. During the last three decades, the
number of people participating in physical fitness
programs _______ sharply.
A. was increasing
B. has increased C. had increased D.
will be increasing
15. —Could I use your car
tomorrow morning? —Sure. I _______ a report at
home.
A. will be writing B. will have
written C. have written D. have been
writing
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