唠唠叨叨的意思-三年级上册英语手抄报
初中英语英标及发音规则
高付梅
26个英文字母的音标
一、元音和辅音
英语共有48个音素
,其中元音20个,辅音28个。辅音和元音在英语中的作用,
就相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。记录英语
音素的符号叫做音标。
1
元音:元音:
发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语
中有20个元音.
(A)单元音
a. 前元音: i: , i , e , ?
b. 中元音: ?: , ?
c. 后元音:
?:
,
?
, u , u: ,
ɑ:
, Λ
(B) 双元音
(8个):
a. 合口双元音: ei , ?u , ai , au ,
?
i
b. 集中双元音: i ? , ε? ,
u?
B. 辅音:
发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英
语中有28个辅音.
辅音的分类:
2
按其发音的方法分,有:
a.爆破音 p , b , t/, d , k , ɡ
b.摩擦音
f , v ,θ, ? , s , z
c.破擦音 t∫, d?
,tr,dr,ts,dz
d.鼻音 m , n , ?
e.旁流音(舌侧音) l
巧记48个国际音标
单元音共十二,四二六
前中后。双元音也好背,合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十
八,八对一清又七浊,四个连对也包括。有气无
声清辅音,有声无气浊辅音,发
音特点应掌握。
单元音
i: ----Ee
[i:]
舌抵下齿,双唇扁平作微笑状,发“一”之长音。
此音是长元音,一定注意把音发足。
Bb
bi:
、Cc<
br>
si:
、Dd
di:
、
Ggd?i:、Ttti:、Vvvi:
[i:]
是字母e、 ea、 ee、
ie、 ei在单词中的发音
(1) e we me he she be fever
meter evening
(2) ea eat tea meat leave lead
teacher team mean speak clean
(3) ee three
tree green sheep meet beef see seek
(4) ie
piece
(5) ei receive ceiling
[i]
-----big big
3
舌抵下齿,双唇扁平分开,牙床近于全舌,发短促之“一”音,
发此音要短促而
轻快。
[i]是字母e、i、y在单词中的发音,
(1) e
begin English pretty cinema decide delicious
(2) i sit picture it is list six mix fix fit
pig big build miss
(3)y boy city very sorry
many twenty happy dictionary
[e] --egg eg
舌近硬鄂,舌尖顶下齿,牙床半开半合,作微笑状。
Ff〔ef〕、Mm〔em〕、Nn〔en〕、Ss〔es〕
[e]是字母e、ea、a在单词中的发音
(1)e bed red let get
leg pen elephant desk better
(2)ea
(3)a
many any
? ---bag b?g
[?]
双唇扁平,舌前微升,舌尖抵住下龈,牙床开,软鄂升起,唇自然开放。
是字母a在闭音节或重读闭音节中的发音。
bad am and at sad
hand happy hat map mad black back glad flag man
?: --bird b?:d
[?:
]舌上抬,唇成自然状态,口半开半闭,发“厄”之长音。
是字母er、ir、or
或ur在单词中的发音
(1) er her term
(2) ir girl bird first third thirty shirt
skirt birthday
4
head bread pleasure
(3) or work word world
(4) ur
nurse turn hurt Thursday
[ ?]--today t?'dei
[?] 舌上抬,唇成自然状态,口半开半闭,发“厄”之短音。
是字母a、o、u、
e、or、er、ur 或ar在单词中的发音
(1)a about
above along America around banana Canada china
(2)o together tomorrow today police
(3)u
autumn
(4)or doctor actor work homework
housework vistor mirror forget
(5)er
father mother brother sister ruler water dinner
driver farmer
(6)ur surprise Saturday
(8)ar dollar
[?:] ---all [?:l]
双唇界于开闭、圆唇之间,牙床半开渐至全开,舌尖卷上再过渡为卷后。
是字
母o、al、ar、or、oar、our或oor在单词中的发音
(1)o
story off
(2)al small wall talk tall hall
ball call walk
(3)ar warm quarter
(4)au August autumn daughter
(5)or for
short sport more horse
(6)oar board
blackboard cardboard
(7)our four your
5
(8)oor door floor
[?]
---box b?ks
双唇稍微向外突出圆形,舌后升起,舌尖不触下齿,发“奥”音
是字母a、o在
单词中的发音
(1)([w])a want wash watch
what
(2)o hot lot not on sorry
[u:]---do[du:]
双唇成圆形,牙床近于半合,舌尖不触下齿,自然而不用力,发
“屋”之长音。
Uu〔ju:〕
Ww〔`d?blju:〕
是字母o、u、oo或ou在单词中的发音
(1)o do to who two
(2)u blue glue June
(3)oo food room
pool boot school too zoo
(4)ou soup group
through
[u] ---putput
双唇成圆形,牙床近于半合,舌尖不触下齿,自然而不用力,发短促之“屋”音。
是字母u、oo或ou在单词中的发音
(1)o woman wolf
(2)oo book look good foot wood
(3)oul
could would should
(4)u put sugar full push
pull
[ɑ:]---armɑ:m
6
双唇张而不圆,牙床大开,舌后微升,舌尖向后升缩微离下齿,发阿之长音。
(1)a fast class last glass plant
(2)ar
car farm card far garden party park
[
?
] --- cup [k
?
p]
Ww〔`d?blju:〕
双唇平放,牙床半开,舌尖抵住下龈,舌后微微升起,发短促之“阿”音
是字
母o或u在单词中的发音
(1)o come none love other
son mother
(2)oo blood flood
(3)ou touch
country enough young
(4)u bus sun but cut up
us run
双元音
[ei]
---
Aa〔ei〕
舌类顶下齿,牙床半开半合,双唇扁平,由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。
Hh〔ei?〕、Jj〔d?ei〕、Kk〔kei〕
是字母a在开音节中的读音。
⑴a name cake game face late gate plane
April
⑵ai rain train wait
⑶ay day may
okay play today say way
⑷ea great break
⑸ei(gh) eight eighteen eighty
⑹ey they
grey
[ai] --eye [ai]
Yy〔wai〕
7
将口张开略圆,舌后升起,舌尖向后收缩,由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。
是字母i或y在单词中的读音:
(1)i bike fine find die
nine light night high
(2)y my try fly eye
[
?i
]---oil [
?i
l]
双唇外突成圆形,发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开,发“一”之短音。
是
字母oy和oi在单词中的读音
(1)oy boy toy joy
(2)oi soil voice choice point
[au]
--out [aut]
将口张开略圆,渐渐合拢,双唇成圆形,由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“屋”音。
是字母ou和ow在单词中的发音
(
1)ou out about house
blouse loud
⑵ow how now cow town
[
?u
]--old [?uld]
Oo〔?u〕
口半开半合,舌后微升,过渡成双唇成圆形,发“欧”之长音。
是字母o、oa和ow在单词中
的发音
(1)o go no nose home
open
(2)oa goat boat coat
(3)ow show
know yellow window owner snow
[i?]---ear
[i?]
双唇张开岈床由窄至半开舌抵下齿逐渐过渡至上卷,从“一”音过渡到“厄”音。
是字母ear、ere、ea、eer在单词中的读音
8
(1)ea real idea
(2)ear
ear hear dear near clear
(3)eer deer
cheer beer
(4)ere here
[
??
]--air[
??
]
双唇张开后略圆,牙床张开相当宽,舌尖卷上渐至卷后。
是字母air、are、ear、
ere在单词中的读音
⑴air air hair
chair fair
⑵are care hare parent
⑶ear
pear wear bear
⑷ere there where
[u?]--hour
双唇成圆形,牙床近于半合,舌尖不触下齿,发“屋”之长音,然后
从“屋”音
过渡到“厄”音。 是字母our、oor、ure、eer在单词中的读
⑴ure sure
⑵oor poor
⑶our tour
元音
i: fee feed feet tea
sea seek
? fit did dick pig
pill pity
e bed better beg
bell best said
? lab lack
bag back banner flag
9
ɑ: car card bar bath
far father
? bus sum supper
run rush rubber
?: door four
form saw sought sorter
? song
sock sorry long loss dog
u:
two tool soon blue school goose
u
?:
?
e?
a?
??
??
e?
u?
?u
au
辅音
p
b
t
d
k
good book stood
fool cook put
sir serve surface
stir turn were
again above arrive
reader editor
pay pain pace say
save rain
why wide eye ice lie
line
joy join boy point coin
choice
beer fear hear here real
theatre
air care dare bear there
dairy
tour tourist poor sure
during
low load hoe home hope
know
now mouse loud mouth allow
park pig path lamp sleep cap
bed lab book bit best job
tea tell meet hat spite waiter
desk date dice and find red
key kiss keep cake ink week
10
g gate game get egg
ago leg
f fat fast feel first
leaf wife
v very vast verb
believe have brave
s see seek
son snow bus less
z zoo zero
zeal lays size eyes
θ think
thank thing cloth breath
? this
that then breathe with bathe
?
sheep share shave push crash
?
measure pleasure treasure occasion
t?
chair cheap rich reach catch
d?
jeep joke Jane large orange
tr
tree trip try train trade translate
dr dress dry drive drop dream
draw
ts treats streets waits
gets meets
dz words birds kinds
aids leads
h head heart how
high hand
r rose rice read
river rain pretty
m make much
month member same
n nice north
name need soon
? ink think
thank angry thing sing
j yard
yes yet year your yellow
w
word would world wake window
11
? let life lake
bell silk fool
英语字母组合发音规律:
1.开音节
1)以发音的元音字母结尾的单节。 例:be,he。
2)以辅音字母(r 除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。 例:make,like。
*
在重读的开音节中元音字母按字母名称读音。
2.闭音节
以一个或几个辅音字母(r 除外)结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节,
称为闭音节。例:map,desk,is。
* 在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音。
字母a,e,i,o,u 在重读音节中的读法
字母 名称 位置 读音 举例
a
ei
开音节 ei name,take
闭音节 ? map,bag
e i:
开音节 i:
be,he
闭音节 e egg,best
i ai
开音节 ai like,kite
闭音节 i bit,fit
12
o ?u
开音节 ?u
note,no
闭音节 ? dog,lot
u ju:
开音节 ju: mute,use
闭音节
? bus,cut
一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音
元音字母 读 音 例 词
a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake
在闭音节中 [?] bag dad hat map black back
e 在开音节中
[i:] he these me Chinese
在闭音节中 [e] bed let
pen desk yes egg
i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive
time nice kite
在闭音节中 fish big drink sit milk
swim
o 在开音节中 [?u] those close go hoe home no
在闭音节中[?] clock not box shop sock
u
在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday,但u在辅音字母j l
r s后面时读[u:]
音,例如:June blue ruler super。但u在闭音节中
[?] bus cup jump much lunch
二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
元音字母读音例词
a在[w]音后面 [ɑ] want what watch wash
quality
a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after
plant graph ask grasp glass fast father
13
i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child
light high
o在-st -ld前 [?u] most postcard old
cold
o在m n v th前 [?] come monkey love mother
三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母读音例词
a [?] China
another woman breakfast
[i ] orange
comrade village cabbage
e [?]hundred student
open weekend
[i ] chicken pocket begin
children
i [?][i] holiday beautiful family
animal
[ai] exercise satellite
o
[?] second tonight somebody welcome
[?u]
also zero photo
u [?]autumn difficult
[ju(:)] popular congratulation January
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate
u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:) ]音,例如:July
influence
February issue
在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[?]音,也可以读作[i
]
音。
四、-r音节元音字母组合
1、在重读音节中的读音元音字母组合读音例词
14
⑴、ar 一般发音 [α:] car farm dark sharpener
在[w]音后面 [?:] warm
quarter towards
⑵、or 一般发音
[?:] forty morning short
在[w]音后面 [?:] word worker worse
⑶、er
ir ur [?::] certainly bird
Thursday
⑷、辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-
r音节,而是按
重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如: carry sorry hurry
2、在非重读音节中通常读[?]音,例如:dollar teacher martyr forget
Saturday
五、-re音节元音字母组合
1、在重读音节中的读音
are [e?] care dare hare
ere [i?] here meren
ire [ai?]
fire hire wiren
ore [?:] more
score before
ure [ju?] pure cure
2、在非重读音节中are ere ire
ore很少出现,ure在非重读音节中读[e]音,
例如:picture pleasure
3、重读元音字母+r+非重读元音字母组时,重读元音字母应按a(e,i,o,u)re
音节拼读规则拼读,字母r读[r]音。例如:parent zero story during
inspiring
4、某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如:orange very
American
paragraph
六、元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
15
元音字母组合读音例词
aiay [ei] rain
wait day play
air [ε?] air hair
chair pair repair
al 在f,m,s前后
[?:] small ball talk wall all
[?: l ]
[α:]
auaw [?:]
ea的发音
[i:]
[e]
[ei]
ear
[i?]
[ε?]
[?:]
ee [i:]
eer [i?]
eiey
[ei]
[i:]
euew在j l r s后
always also
salt almost
half calm
autumn daughter
draw
teach easy cheap please
heavy bread sweater weather
break great
hear dear near clear year
bear pear
wear swear
earth learn early
jeep week green three
pioneer deer beer
eight neighbour they
either key
16
[ju:]
new few newspaper
[u:] flew
brew jewelry
ieei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field
receive
oa [?u] coat Joan boat goal
oaroor [?:] roar board door floor
oioy [? i] noise point boy toilet
oo
1.
重读音节词尾的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。如:too(太;也),zoo(动物园),
2. 在辅音字母f, l, m, n, p,s,t前的字母组合oo也发音素[u:]的音。如:roof
(屋
顶),school(学校),room(房间),soon(不久),loop(圈,环),go
ose(鹅)boot(靴子),tooth(牙
齿)等.有二个特例词要特别注意,它就是:wool
[u](羊毛);:foot[u](脚);
3. 字母组合oo在字母d和k前发音素[u
]的音。如:good(好),book(书),look(看),
特例词:food[u:](食物)
;
4. 在复合词的非重读音节中的字母组合oo发音素[u]的音。如:bedroom(
卧
室),classroom(教室)等;
5.
在字母l和d之间的字母组合oo发音素[∧]的音。如:blood(血),flood(洪水)
等.
6. 后接r时字母组合oo发音素[?:] door, floor
ouow
[au] flower house count down
[?u] know row throw though
[?] young country enough
17
[u:] group you soup
our
[?:] course your
four
[au?] our hour ours
[?:] journey
ui在j l r s后
[ju:i] fluid suicide tuition
[u ] juice fruit suit
七、非重读音节中元音字母组合和字群的读音
元音字母组合或字群读音例词
aiay , eiey [i] Sunday foreign
monkey
ow [?u] yellow
sparrow tomorrow
元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音。例如:neighbour
serious famous biscuit coffee
-sion -tion
[
?
n] impression nation
-sion在元音字母后 [
??n] vision decision occasion
-tion在s后 [t∫en]
question suggestion
-sten [sn] listen
-stle [sl] whistle
-sure [??] pleasure
measure
-ture [t∫e] picture culture
八、元音字母组合在复合词非重读音节中的读音
18
复
合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字母组合仍按重
读音节拼读规则拼读。例如
: everyday[ei] handbag[?] blackboard[?:]
有些词随着
语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词。
其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节
的读音规则发音。例如: sun太阳 + day[ei]
日子 > Sunday 星期天
holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday 假日 break中断 +
fast[α:]斋戒 > breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 +
board木板[C:] > cupboard[E] 碗
柜
九、辅音字母组合的读音
辅音字母组合 读 音 例 词
b [b] bike bus bag
[] bomb tomb
c(1)后跟元音字母a,o,u时,字母c发[k],例如:cat,come,cut,cake
picture
coat
music;后跟e,i,y时,字母c发[s],例如:nice,decide,Lucy,face
decide
cinema。
(2)后跟辅音字母k,r,s,t,以及位于单词
最后时,字母c发[k],例如:
black,crossing,politics,dictate
,picnic。
(3)单词中有双写字母c,后跟元音字母e或i时第一个c发[k],
第二个c
发[s],例如:successful,accident;后跟其它元音字母或字母组合时
,两个c合
发一个[k],例如:account。
(4)后跟字母组合ei,er,ie
或与词尾的字母e组合时,c发[s],例如:receive,
certainly,society
;后跟字母组合ia时,c发[∫],例如:especially。
ch
19
一般读作 [t∫] much
chick rich teacher
[k]
chemist(化学家),chem-
istry(化学),chemical(化学的),
Christmas(圣诞节),
headache(头痛),school(学校)等6个单词中读[k]
[∫]
machine
-ck [k] cock pocket
black knock
d [d] doctor
bread hand day
-dge [d?] bridge
fridge
dr- [dr] children driver
drink
f [f] five four
breakfast
g在e iy前 [g] bag garden go
[d?] orange large German
gh字母组合的读音在中学英语课本中归纳起来主要有“发音”和“不发音”两种
情况。
一、gh在下列三种情况下发音
1.gh在词首时,读作g。例:ghostg ?u st
2.词首为
字母1,且后跟字母组合augh时,gh读作f。例:
laughla:f,laughter'la
:ft?,cough ,enough
3.词尾为字母组合ough时,gh读作f。例:enough i'n
?
f,
coughk ? f,roughr
?
f,tought
?
f
二、gh在下列五种情况下不发音
1.gh 在元音字母i后不发音。例:brightbrait,fightfait,
fright
en'fraitn,highhai,lightlait,mightmait,nightnait,ri
ghtrait,
20
sightsait,slightslait
2.gh在元音字母组合ei和ai后不发音。例:eighteit,eightheit
θ,nei
ghbor'neib?,straightstreit,weighwei,weightweit
3.gh在字母组合ought中不发音。例:boughtb
?:t,broughtbr
?:t,foughtf ?:t,thoughtθ?:t
4.字母组合augh前面不是1时,gh不发音。caughtk
?:t,
daughter'd ?:t?,naughtn ?:t,naughty'n
?:ti,taughtt ?:t
5.词尾为ough的词,如以上所述,有的发f,但有时也不发音。
例:although
?:l'? ?u ,ploughplau,throughθru:,though? ?u
,thorough'
θ
?
r ?
注意:若gh不是字母
组合,而是分属于前后两个不同的音节时,不适合
以上规则。例:dininghall'daini
? h ?:l
gu
gue在非重读音节中 [g] guess league
dialogue
[gu] language
anguish
h
[h]
hot head house hand
[]
hour honest
j [dV] jeep
jar joke join July
k [k]
kind bike skate make week
kn- [n]
knife know knock
l [l]
life milk school tall
21
m
[m] monkey come autumn
-mn
[m] autumn column solemn
n在[k]
[g]音前 [n] not shine ten note
[n]
uncle thank hungry
-ng [n] morning young
wrong
p [p] paper plane pig ship pen
ph
[f] elephant photo telephone
q [k] Iraq
qu- [kw] quality quite
r [r] red rubber
ruler
s在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk
[z] music husband
sc- [sk] scarlet
[s] muscle science
sh [∫] she fish
shirt wash
t
[t] ten letter meet
在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前 [∫] patient nation
tch
[t∫] watch
th有清与浊两种读音:
1
当位于词首时,可以从词性上判别其应有的读音。请看:
第一类:在以下 4种 词类
th 读 清音,即国际音标的 θ
22
:
a. Noun 名词:thing,
theatre, thumb大拇指, thunder雷,thermos
热水瓶,
Thursday, theory, theme, throat喉咙, thread线
b. Verb 动词:think, thank, throw, thrive, thicken,
l 数词:three, thirteen, thirty,
third, thousand
ive 形容词:thin,
thick, thirsty, thoughtful, thorough彻
底的
第二类:在以下 两种 词类 th 读 浊音:
a.
Pronoun 代词:they, them, their, theirs, this, these,
that, those,
there
b.
Functional terms 功能词:the, than, then, though,
thus,
therefore
2
当位于词尾(或音节之尾)时,其读音多数是清音,如:bath, breath, both,
cloth, tooth, health, wealth, arithmetic
等。只有在少数单词中,如:with, smooth 中
读浊音。
3
当位于两个元音之间时,其读音多数是浊音。如:other, mother, brother,
another, father, weather, feather, leather,
further, breathe。 但是,也有读清音的,
如在单词 method,
nothing, anything, sympathy, sympathetic,
mathematics, healthy,
wealthy, Luther,
Marathon(马拉松)等。
tr- [tr] tree train country
truck
v [v] very voice love leave
w [w]
week win wake sweet wait
[] Answer two
23
wh-
wh-在字母o前 [w]
what when white why
[h] who whose whole
x
在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise
[gz] example exist exact
wr- [r] write
y-
[j] yes yard yellow young
z [z] puzzle zero
zoo
注意
:m: 这个字母多发两个音,由于音标是一样的,所以在这里没法对两个读音作区分,那么在这里只需记住一个单词就可以清楚的了解在什么情况下m这
个字母发何种音,这
个单词就是mum,很简单,m在元音前和在元音后所发的
音是不一样的。
y: 这个字母号
称半元音。它在组合单词的时候一共有三种发音,分别是j,ai,i。
当y在词首的时候,它发j,如
yes, yard, yet等。当y存在于词中和词尾的时候
又分为两种情况:1、当单词中没有元
音的时候,y发ai,如my,fly.2、在单词中
已经含有元音的时候,y发音为i,如famil
y, sorry.
24
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