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状语从句用法详解
在主从复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫状语从句。
一
时间状语从句
:起时间状语作用的从句。when, while, as, after,
before,
untiltill, since, as soon as,
immediately, the moment, every time, whenever等。
1. when, while, as
1)
when“当......的时候”,表示主从句的谓语动作同时发生或先后紧接着发生。
I was
very happy when I heard from you.
When you
deal with them, you should be cautious.
When
I was young, I went to town myself. (延续性动词)
When the fire broke out, all the students were
sleeping soundly.(非延续性动词)
As a young man(=When
he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.
2
)while引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词,侧
重主句动作和从句
动作相对比。
My father was preparing a report while
I was playing games.
Please don't talk so
loud while others are working.
3) while
意为“虽然,尽管”,还能引导让步状语从句.
While it was late, he
went on working. (虽然很晚了,但他还在继续工作.)
While he
is in poor health, he works hard.
(虽然他身体不好,但他还是努力工作.)
4)连接两个并列句子,表示“对比”关系.例如:
He went out for a walk, while I stayed at
home. 他出去散步了,而我却呆在家里.)
I like singing while
she likes dancing. (我喜欢唱歌,而她喜欢跳舞.)
You like
sports, while I prefer music.
5)as表示从句和主句的两个动
作交替进行或同时发生,可译为“一边......,一边......”
或“随着......”。
He hurried home, looking behind
as he went.
As time goes on, it's getting
warmer and warmer.
注意:如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进
行时态表示在一段时
间内正在进行的动作,when, while与as可互换。
When
WhileAs I was walking down the street, I came
across an old friend of mine.
2. till,
until和not... until
1)until till肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是
延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,
意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。
He
remained there until till she arrived.
You
may stay here until till the rain stops.
2)否定句
:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直
到某时间才开始”。构成not
...untiltill,意为“直到......才”。
She didn't go to
bed until I come back.
Don't worry. We won't set off until you
arrive.
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3)till不可以置于句首,而until可以。
Until you told me
the news, I had no idea of it.
4)not...until
句型中的强调和倒装用法。
强调句型:It was not until you told
me that I had any idea of it.
倒装句型:Not
until you told me did I have any idea of it.
(not until置于句首,主句要用部分倒装结构)
Not until the
clock struck 12 did she realize she must go home
at once.
3. before
1)before“没有来得及......就”“
未......就”“......就......”
Someone called me up
in the night, but they hung up before I could
answer the phone.
They had talked only a few
minutes before they found they were quite
different in
opinion.
2)before作“......才......”
The bus driver
almost knocked me down before he saw me.
The
fire lasted about four hours before the
firefighters were able to control it.
3)before可译为“趁”“以免”“以防”等。
I'll do it
before I forgot it. 趁还没有忘,我现在就把这事做了。
We'd
better finish the work in time before the boss
scolds us.
4)before可译为“(宁可......而)不愿”。
He'd die before he apologizes to them. 他宁死也不向他们道歉。
I'd give up the plan before I turn to him
for help.
注意:“It + be + 一段时间+
before从句”中的主句和从句的时态有两种情况:
如果主句用一般将来时,则从句用一般现在时,意为“多长时间以后某事即将发生”;
It
won't be long before we meet again. 不久我们就会再见的。
如果主句用过去时,从句也用过去时,意为“多长时间以后某事才发生”。
It was
3 years before he came back from abroad.
三年后他才从国外回来。
4.
since译为“自从......”,主句常用现在完成时,从句常用一般过去时。
He has
studied very hard since he came to our school.
I haven't heard any noise since I slept.
He has written to me frequently since I was
ill.
5. as soon as, immediately, directly,
instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,
no sooner... than... , hardlyscarcely...
when...和once(一......就)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,常译作
“一......就......”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
The moment I
heard the voice, I knew father was coming.
No
sooner had we arrived at the station than the
train left.
The boy burst into tears
immediately he saw his mother.
注意:no
sooner...than; hardly... when...时态搭配:
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no
sooner与hardly引导的句子的谓语动词应用过去完成时,
而than与when引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时。
当把no
sooner和hardly提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
I had hardly
got home when it began to rain.
Hardly
had I got home when it began to rain.
6. every
time, each time, next time, the first time, any
time, all the time等名词短语
用来引
导时间状语从句,表示“每当......;每次......;下次......”等。
Every Each time I was in trouble, he would come to
help me out.
Next time you come, do
remember to bring your son here.
The last
time she saw James, he was lying in bed.
I think of the things and the people when we
studied there every time I go by my mother school.
二 地点状语从句
:
在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句,可置于句首、句中或句尾。引导词有
where,
wherever, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere等。
Make
marks where you have questions.
You can go
anywhere you like.
Where there is a will,
there is a way.
注意:地点状语从句与定语从句的区别where引导定语从句时,
从句前应有一个表
示地点的词作先行词;而状语从句前则无需用先行词。
Go back
where you came from.
Go back to the village
where you came from.
You'd better make a mark
where you have any questions.(状语从句
You'd
better make a mark at the place where you have any
questions.(定语从句)
三 让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词有although, though, as, even if,
even though, while,
whether...or...,whether(...) or not, whatever,
no matter what how why等。
1.
thoughalthough引导的让步状语从句
1)although和though意义相同,
都意为“虽然,即使”,表示让步,可互换使用,
区别在于although语气较重,大多置于句首。
2)though although引导让步状语从句时,主句若用yet或still引出,更加强
调对
比性,但不可出现but。
3)though引导的从句可以把表语、状语、动词等提至句首。
在as though,
even though中一般不可用although代替。
同时although不可当副词用,而though则可。
Although it's
raining, they are still working in the field.
Short though it is, the article is very important.
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注意:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。
He said he
would come; he didn't, though. 他说他会来,可是没有来。
2.
even though even if 引导的让步状语从句
Even though he
is poor, she loves him. (= He is poor, yet she
loves him.)
Even if he is poor, she loves him.
(= He may be poor, yet she loves him.)
3. as引导
的让步状语从句,从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词需提前至从
句句首,作表语的单数可数名词
前如有冠词,冠词需要省去。
Child as though he was, he
knew what was the right thing to do.
=
Though he was a child, he knew what was the right
thing to do.
Much as though I like it, I
won't buy it, for it's too expensive.
Try
asthough you may, you will never succeed.
Tired asthough he was, he continued to work.
4. whether.. or whether (...) or not引导的让步状语从句
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether
you're free or busy.
Whether you believe it
or not, it's true.
5.
while引导的让步状语从句表示“尽管”,比though although语气弱。while引导
的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。
While I like the
color, I don't like the shape. 我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。
While I understand what you say, I can't
agree with you.
6. what-
ever引导的让步状语从句,常可换成“no
matter+wh-词”,但在引导名词性从
句时只能用wh-ever类词。
I'll wait for you however (no matter how) late it
is.
Whoever (No matter) you are, you must
keep the law.
注意:“no
matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而wh-
ever类词还可以引
导名词性从句或其他状语从句。
I'll eat whatever
you give me. (what引导宾语从句)
Whoever comes will
be welcome.(whoever引导主语从句)
四 原因状语从句
1.) because语气最强,用以回答why引起的提问,它还可用于强调结构。
She
was afraid to move because a snake was lying
beside her.
- Why did they fail?
- It
was because they didn't do their best.
2)as语气弱,较口语化, as从句多置于主句之前。
As he was in a
hurry, he left his bag home.
As it was a
public holiday, all the shops were shut.
3)since的语气比较弱,常表示对方已知的事实,往往相当于汉语的“既然”。
since
从句多置于主句之前。
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Since Monday is Bob's birthday, let's give him a
party.
Since you are free tonight, why not
drop in and play chess with me?
注意:上述三个词为从属连
词,而for是一个并列连词。for有时可用来作附加说
明,必须把其引起的句子放在某一句子之后。
We should be more careful, for it is already
dark.
2. now that主要用于口语,表示微弱的原因, that有时可以省略。
Now that you have come, you may as well stay.
Now that everything is settled, I have no
reason here.
for the reason
that的用法,that后是一个同位语从句,解释说明reason的内容。
I often
go to the concert for the simple reason that I
love music.
For the reason that I haven't
worked hard, I'll have to cram before the coming
examinations.由于平时不努力,考试前我只好临时抱佛脚。
that后的从句
be happy that, be surprised
that等中的that从句有时也被认为是原因状语从句。
I'm sorry that I
haven't done so much as I should.
We feel
proud that our country is getting stronger and
stronger.
五 方式状语从句as, as ifthough等
as引导方式状语从句。
You must do the experiment as
I are fine just as you are.
as if
though引导方式状语从句。
1)as if
though引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时,
She closed
her eyes as if she was tired.
2)如果从句所表示的情况不是事实,通常用虚拟语气。
He acted as if
nothing had happened.
He speaks English as if
he were a foreiner.
It sounds as if he could
solve the problem.
They completely ignore
these facts as if though they never existed.
注意:as ifthough也可以引导一个分词短语,不定式短语或无动词短语。
He stared at me as if seeing me for the first
time.
He cleared his throat as if to say
something.
The waves dashed on the rocks as
if in anger.
六 条件状语从句常用引导词有
if,
unless, as so long as, once, in case, on
condition that, supposing (that), providing
(that), provided (that), given (that)等。
在条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时,
I will
definitely study medicine after I finish school.
在条件状语从句中,一般过去时表示过去将来时,
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We arrived at the airport
before it rained.
现在完成时表示将来完成时。
I’ll watch
tv as soon as I’ve finished my homework.
if引导的条件状语从句
If you ask him, he will help
you.
If you fail in the exam, you will let
him down.
unless引导的条件状语从句, 意为“除非,若不”。
You will fail to arrive there in time unless you
start earlier.
Unless it rains, the game
will be played.
on condition (that)
引导的条件状语从句,“在......条件下”。
I can tell you the
truth on condition that you promise to keep it a
secret.
I will do it on condition that you
help me.
supposing proving provided given
(that)可以用作连词,意为“如果, 倘若”,引导
条件从句表示一种假设条件。
Supposing (that) it rains, shall we continue the
sports meeting?
Providing Supposing Given
Provided (that) you promise not to tell anyone
else, I'll
tell you the details.
in
case引导的条件状语从句常放在主句前,表示“如果,假使”。
In case he
comes, tell him to wait a while.
In case
anything important happens, please call me up.
as so long as引导的条件状语从句, 意思是“只要”。
So long
as you're happy, it doesn't matter what you do.
As So long as we don't lose heart, we'll
overcome any difficulty.
once引导的条件状语从句,意为“一旦,一......就”,从句可置于主句前或后。
Once virtue is lost, all is lost. 一旦道德丢失了,什么都丢失了。
Once you show any fear, the dog will attack
you.
七 目的状语从句,常用来引导目的状语从句的
有so, so
that, in order that,
for fear that, in case
(that), for the purpose that, lest等。
1. in
order that, so that 引导的目的状语从句需要用情态动词,如
may
might will would shall should can could等。
They carved the words on the stone so that in
order that the future generation should
might
remember what they had done.
In order that
we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak
early.
so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后,其中that有时可以省略。
We climbed high so (that) we might get a
better view.
2. for fear (that), in case,
lest引导的目的状语从句
We had a meeting and talked
the matter face to face, for fear that there
should be any
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misunderstanding.
我们开了一个面对面的会议讨论这个问题,以免引起误会。
in
case表示以防(万一)发生某种情况。Lest意为“以防”。
Take an
umbrella with you in case lest it should rain.
带着伞以防下雨。
八 结果状语从句
1. that, so, so
that, so...that...,such that, such...that...等。
We moved to the country so that we were
away from the noisy and dull city.
He spoke
at the top of his voice so that the students at
the back heard him.
2. so... that... 引导的结果状语从句
so + 形容词副词 + that 从句
Lisa left home so
hurriedly that she left her cellphone home.
so
+ 形容词 + aan + 可数名词单数形式 + that从句
Tom is so kind
a boy that they all like to make friends with him.
so + many much few little + 名词 + that从句
There is so little time left that we have to
speed up.
3. such...that... 引导的结果状语从句
such
+ aan + 形容词 + 可数名词单数形式 + that从句
He is such a
good teacher that we all respect him.
such +
形容词 + 可数名词复数形式不可数名词 + that从句
These were such
difficult questions that none of us could answer.
We had such terrible weather that we couldn't
finish the work on time.
so... that...
与such... that...的区别
so是副词,其修饰的中心词是形容词、副词;
such是形容词,其修饰的中心词是名词。
He spoke so fast
that no one understand him.
They are such
fine teachers that we all hold them in great
respect.
Jack is so honest a worker that we
all believe him.
= Jack is such an honest
worker that we all believe him.
为了强调形容词或副词,sos
uch...that...引导的结果状语从句,可把sosuch部分置
于句首,主句用倒装语序。
So excited was he that he could not fall
into sleep.
Such good news did we get that
everyone was excited.
九 比较状语从句
常用as...as,
not asso...as..., than等连词引导。“the + 比较级...,
the
+ 比较级...”结构也可引导比较状语从句。
同级比较常用“as... as...”结构。
He speaks English as well as you do.
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
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不同级比较常用“not
asso...as...”结构。
His handwriting is not as
good as yours (is).
He doesn't speak English
as well as you do.
差级或最高级比较常用结构“...than...”。
He was more successful than we had expected.
He can earn no more money than you can.
比较关系的状语从句常用结构为“the + 比较级...,the + 比较级...”。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes
you will make.
The sooner you are back, the
better it will be.
注意:whatas也可引导对称或对比关系的状语从句。
Food is to men what as oil is to machine.
食物之于人,犹如油之于机器。
Engines are to machines what
as hearts are to animals.
引擎对于机器而言就好比心脏对动物一样。
十 状语从句中的省略
在表示时间、地点、条件、方式、比较或让步等的状语从句中,如果谓
语含有动词
be,主语又和主句的主语一致,或其主语是it,那么从句中的主语和谓语的一部分
(尤其是be动词)往往可以省略。
“从属连词 + 名词”式
Though
(he is) a young man, he has made several
inventions.
As (he was) a child, he became
interested in art.
“从属连词 + 形容词”式
When
(they are) ripe, the grapes will be delicious.
Though (he was) young, he had to live on
himself.
“从属连词 + 副词”式 Once (you are)
inside, begin to work.
Unless (you are)
here, you can't find this kind of plants.
“从属连词 + 介词短语”式
When (you are) in doubt,
please look up the dictionary.
The waves
dashed on the rocks as if (they were) in anger.
“从属连词 + 不定式”式
He moved his lips as if
(he were) to speak something.
He wouldn't
solve the problem even if (he were) to take
charge.
“从属连词 + 动词-ing”式
Look out for
cars when (you are) crossing the street.
Before handing in the papers, check them
carefully.
= Before you hand in the papers,
check them carefully.
“从属连词 + 动词的-ed”式
When (it is) taken according to the directions,
the drug has no side effects.
Don't come in
until (you are)asked to.
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She has finished the work earlier than (it
has been) expected.
if necessary, if
possible, if true, if so, if not, if anyone,
unless, once, as long as等词
或短语也运用了省略形式。
If (it is) necessary, you can refer to the
dictionary.
If (it is) possible, I'll come
to help.
状语从句中“there be”常省略
Correct the
mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes)in these
sentences.
We shouldn't lose heart as long
as (there is) any hope with us.
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