英语音标发音规则

英语国际音标


音标基础知识
一．音节
⒈什么是音节？
⑴音节通常由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成，也可以由单独一个元音构成 。此外，[l]、
[m]、[n]在后面没有元音的情况下也可与它前面的辅音构成一个音节。
·相关链接：
A syllable is part of a word that contains one vowel sound;it may also contain one or
more consonant general,the number of vowels in the word determines the
number of syllables.
:Pronouncing American English
一个音节通常是一个含有一个元音和一个或几个辅音的单词的一部分。一般来说，单词中元
音的个数决 定这个单词音节的个数。
—《美国英语发音词典》
⑵含有元音的音节和若干个辅音音素
①只有一个元音音素（音节核peak）
eye our hour ah
②含有一个元音音素和音节尾（音节核peak+音节尾coda）
am ought ease
③含有一个元音音素、音节首和音节尾（音节首onset+音节核peak+音节尾coda）
run must fill
④含有成音节辅音的音节
辅音+成音节l、m、n
bottle people cotton bottom
·相关链接：
In a word like “bottle”,the weak syllable contains no vowel at all,but consists entirely of
the call this a syllabic consonant.
在像“bottle”这样的词 中，非重读音节中根本没有元音，而全是辅音。我们把这样完全由
辅音字母构成的音节叫做构成音节的辅 音，简称“成音节”。
⒉音节的分类
⑴音节按读音可分为开音节和闭音节。开音节又可以分 为绝对开音节和相对开音节。在开音
节中，这个元音字母发字母本身音。
①绝对开音节是指元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，如：we no see sea tea bee
②相对开音节是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母（除r外），最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如：name cake game face time like nice fine five nose home use cute
③闭音节是指元音字母后面有辅音字母（除r外）构成的音节，如：cat on desk not leg
⑵音节按是否重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节。
预备知识
只含有一个 音节的单词叫做单音节词；含有两个音节的单词叫做双音节词；含有三个或三
个以上音节的单词叫做多音 节词。
①重读音节（重音）：在双音节词和多音节词中，有一个音节读得特别重，叫做重读音节，简称“重音”，用“
'
”来表示，加在重读音节的左上方。有些单词音节较多，除了重音外 ，
还有次重音，用“?”来表示。不重读的音节为非重读音节。单音节词作重读处理，但不标
重 音符号。
标注单词重音一般规则如下：
5 4 3 2 1
? ___ ___
'
___ ___ ___ university[?ju:n?
'
v?
:
s?t?]

'
___ ___ ___ difficult[
'
d?f?k?lt]

'
___ ___ study[
'
st?d?]
___ good[g?d]
②重读开音节：以元音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读开音节；
重读闭音节：以辅音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读闭音节。
应用：单词变形。
以 辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词，双写词尾加ing变为现在分词，双写词尾加ed变为
过去式和过去 分词。
但infer,refer,prefer三个词在变过去式、过去分词、现在分词时双写“r ”,是重读开音节双
写词尾。
⒊音节的划分
划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。
⑴两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：beat beauty
⑵两个音 节相邻处只有一个辅音字母时（除r和字母组合外），如前面是开音节，该辅音字
母属于后面；如前面是 闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：stu-dent stud-y
⑶两个音节相邻处有两个辅音字 母时（除r和字母组合外），一个辅音字母归前一音节，一
aaa个归后后一音节。如：run-ner win-ter
⑷两个音节相邻处有字母r时：
①相邻处是rr时，前者属于前面，后者属于后面，且前者按重读闭音节规律发音。如：
mar-ry
②相邻处是“元音字母+r+其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面并按- r音节规律发音。如：
far-ther
③相邻处是“元音字母+r+元音字母”时，r属于前面。r前的元音字母按- re音节规律发音。
如：dur-ing[
'
dj??r??]
⑸不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如：daugh-ter fa-ther tea- cher
移行时：⑴要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture）
⑵单个字母的音节不能单独留在行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）
⑶有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）
上行：...pic- ...u- ...cit- ... picture-
下行：ture... nit ... y... book
（正确） （错误） （错误） （正确）
⒋元音气流不受阻碍，声带振动；辅音气流受阻碍，清辅音声带不振动，浊辅音声带振动。
⒌拼读方法
辅音在前，元音在后，两者要相拼。先发出辅音，然后连续过渡到元音的口形，发 出元音的
声音，中间不要有停顿。
元音在前，辅音在后，连续发出各自的音。
⒍元音音素和辅音音素：
分类一：
单元音（12个）：
长元音：[i:
][ɑ
:
][?
:
][u:][?:]
短元音：[?][e][?][?][?][?][?]
双元音（8个）：[a?][e?][??][??][??][a?][e?][??]
清 辅音（11个）：[p][t][k][f][s][
θ
][?][ts][t?][tr][ h]
浊辅音（15个）：[b][d][g][v][z][
?
][?][dz][ d?][dr][l][r][m][n][?]
半元音（2个）：[
w
][j]
分类二：
元音：
前元音：[
i:
][?][e][?]

中元音：[?][?][?
:
]
后元音：[ɑ
:
][?][?:][?][u:]
双元音：[e?][a?][??][a?][??][??][e?][??]
辅音：
爆破音：[p][b][k][g][t][d][tr][dr]
摩擦音：[f][v][ s][z][?][?][
θ
][
?
][ts][dz][r]
鼻音：[m][n][?]
（舌）边音：[l]
破擦音：[h][t?][d?]
半元音：[
w
][j]

国际音标和英语字母在书写方面的联系
—从音标到字母和字母组合
单元音：
[
i:
]: ⑴e:he she me we
⑵ea:tea eat meat
⑶ee:see tree see
⑷ei:receive
⑸ey:key
⑹i:police policeman policewoman machine
⑺eo:people
⑻ie:piece field believe thief
[?]: ⑴a:orange cabbage
⑵ay:Sunday holiday
⑶e:begin English pretty cinema
⑷ey:monkey
⑸i:it is in big
⑹y:city very sorry
⑺u:busy
⑻ui:build building
⑼ai:captain
[e]: ⑴a:any many anyone
⑵ai:said
⑶ay:says
⑷e:pen bed yes egg desk
⑸ea:bread head breakfast
⑹u:bury
[?]:a:bag am and at sad

[?]:⑴a:along about banana Canana China
⑵e:student open children different
⑶i:holiday April
⑷o:today welcome police
⑸u:minus autumn
⑹er:father mother brother sister
⑺or:doctor forget mirror
⑻ar:sugar

⑼re:metre tired fire
⑽ou:delicious previous
⑾ur:surprise Saturday
⑿our:colour
⒀ure:picture pleasure
⒁oar:cupboard
⒂yr:martyr satyr
[?
:
]:⑴ear:learn earth early heard
⑵er:her term
⑶ir:first girl bird skirt sir third
⑷or:work word world
⑸ur:nurse turn hurt Thursday
⑹yr:myrtle
⑺our:journalist journal
[?]: ⑴o: come none love other
⑵oo:blood flood
⑶ou:touch country enough young
⑷u:bus sun but cut up us
[ɑ
:
]:⑴a:class banana father after
⑵al:half palm
⑶ar:car far park arm star
⑷au:aunt laugh
⑸ear:heart
[?]:⑴([w])a:want wash watch what
⑵o:hot on not sorry
⑶ou:cough
⑷au:Australia

[?:]:⑴(w)a:water
⑵al:all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall
⑶([w])ar:warm quarter
⑷au:August autumn daughter
⑸aw:draw saw law
⑹oor:door floor
⑺ore:more before
⑻or:or for short sport
⑼ou:bought brought thought
⑽our:four your
⑾awe:awe awed aweless
⑿oar:board blackboard cardboard
⒀o:story
[?]:⑴o:woman wolf
⑵oo:book look good foot
⑶oul:could would should
⑷u:put sugar full push

[u:]:⑴ew:flew grew review Jew
⑵o:do to who
⑶oo:too zoo food pool boot school
⑷ou:soup group through
⑸u:blue glue June
⑹ui:fruit juice

⑺oe:shoe
双元音：
[a?]:⑴i:time like nice fine five
⑵y:my by why
⑶i(g):sign high light right
⑷ie:die lie tie
[e?]:⑴a:name cake game face
⑵ai:rain train wait
⑶ay: day may okay play today
⑷ei:veil vein
⑸ei(gh):eight eighteen eighty
⑹ey:they
⑺ea:great break
[??]:⑴oi:oil toilet boil soil
⑵oy:boy toy employee
[a?]:⑴ou:out about house blouse
⑵ow:how now cow
[??]:⑴o:go no nose home
⑵ow:show know yellow window
⑶oa:goat boat
⑷ou:shoulder though
⑸oe:woe
[??]:⑴e:zero cereal serious
⑵ea:real really idea cereal
⑶ere:here
⑷ear:ear dear hear near clear
⑸eer:beer deer pioneer
[e?]:⑴air:air hair chair
⑵are:care hare parent
⑶ear:pear wear bear
⑷ere:there where
⑸eir:their theirs
⑹a:Mary
[??]:⑴ure:sure
⑵oor:poor
⑶our:tour


辅音：
清辅成对辅音：
[p]-[b] [t]-[d] [k]-[g] [f]-[v] [s]-[z] [
θ
]-[
?
] [?]-[?] [ts]-[dz]
[t?]-[d?] [tr]-[dr]
清音浊化：清辅音[p][t][k][tr ]等在[s]后重读时由送气音变为不完全送气音，即发其浊辅
音[b][d][g][dr]，但音标 仍写成清辅音。如：sport[
sp
?:
t
]，student[
'
stju:d?nt]，
sky[
sk
a?], street[stri
:
t
]。但弱读时[s]后的清辅音仍读请辅音，不读相对的浊辅音。
如：hostess [
'h
??
st
?
s
]。
[p]:⑴p:pen map help cheap pencil paper
⑵pp:apple happy appear

[b]:⑴b:bag by bed boy bus blue
⑵bb:rabbit cabbage
[t]:⑴t:ten time not get table
⑵tt:bottle bottom little pretty
⑶ed:watched washed cooked helped danced
[d]:⑴d:desk door day dog
⑵dd:add daddy middle
⑶ed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried
[k]:⑴c:cat come cut clock cry picture bloc
⑵cc: occasion according occupy acclaim
⑶ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach
⑷k:book bike cake kite Kate look
⑸ck:black duck clock jacket cock
⑹q:Iraq coq
⑺que:unique technique
[g]:⑴g:go girl big get
⑵gg:egg bigger biggest
⑶gu:guess
⑷gue:dialogue
⑸gh:ghyll ghost
[f]:⑴f:five fish fine family fifteen
⑵ph:photo phone elephant photograph
⑶gh:laugh enough
⑷ff:off coffee
[v]:⑴v:very five have
⑵f:of
[s]:⑴c:nice city cycle
⑵s:sit six some bus use us desk books
⑶ss:miss class glass grass
⑷sc:science scene
⑸ps:psalm psywar
[z]:⑴s:is his please music lose husband apples
⑵es:leaves thieves knives wives
⑶z:zoo zero
⑷zz:buzz
[
θ
]:th:three thank month thin
[
?
]:⑴th:this the with than
⑵the:breathe soythe
[?]:⑴sh:she shoe short shop wash
⑵s:sure Asia
⑶c:

special sufficient delicious
⑷t:station national patient
⑸ss:Russia profession
⑹ch:machine
[?]:⑴s:usually television pleasure
⑵z:seizure
⑶ge:garage
[ts]:⑴ts:shirts hurts coats costs goats
⑵t’s:Let’s
⑶tes:kites gates dates

⑷zz:pizza
[dz]:⑴ds:beds birds hands friends
⑵des:decides
[t?]:⑴ch:chair much lunch China
⑵tch:watch
⑶t: picture question
[d?]:⑴g(e):age page huge orange
⑵g:gentle gentleman general
⑶dge:bridge porridge judge
⑷j:jump jacket just June Jim
⑸ch:sandwich
[tr]:tr:tree trip try true truth
[dr]:dr:dress drive hundred children
单个辅音：
[h]:⑴h:he her have hand head hair
⑵(w)h:who whom whose
[l]:⑴l:let look please lake people
⑵ll:tell full till bell
⑶(t)l(e):whistle
[r]:⑴r:red right three
⑵rr:sorry worry hurry carry carrot
⑶(w)r:write wrong
[m]:⑴m:man meat meet time
⑵mm:common communicate
⑶m(b):climb lamb
⑷m(n):autumn
[n]:⑴n:name nice nine near under
⑵(k)n:know knife
⑶nn:Ann
⑷(m)n:mnemonics
[?]:⑴ng:sing long young morning
⑵n(k):thank think ink pink
⑶n(g):English
[
w
]:⑴w:we window work walk
⑵w(h):what why where white
[j]:⑴y:yes you year yellow
⑵j:Jensen ja hallelujah jaap
⑶i:onion review million billion brilliant behaviour
⑷e:Europe

国际音标和英语字母在读音方面的联系

—从字母和字母组合到音标
Ⅰ.元音字母a及a+其他字母的读音

a在重读开音节中读[
e?
]：name cake game face
a在重读闭音节中读[
?
]：bag am and at sad
a在辅音字母s,th,f,n,ph前读[
ɑ:
]：class fast grasp ask father after dance
graph

a在[w]后读[
?
]或[
?:
]：want what water[w
?:
t?]
a在ny前读[e]：any many
a弱读时读[?]
：
along about banana Canana China

a在非重读音节中读[
?
]：orange cabbage
a读[
e?
]：Mary
ai读[
e?
]：rain train wait
ai读[
?
]：captain
ai读[e]：said
ay读[
e?
]：day may okay play today
ay弱读读[
?
]：Sunday holiday
ay读[e]：says
air读[
e?
]：air hair chair
al在多数辅音字母前读[
?:
]（f,m除外）：all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall
wall
al还读[
?:l
]（特别当后面不是k,f,m时）：also salt
al在辅音字母f,m前读[
ɑ:
]：half palm
ar在重读音节中读[
ɑ:
]：:car far park arm star
ar在[
w
]后读[
?:
]：warm quarter
ar弱读读[
?
]：sugar
are读[
e?
]：care hare parent
ass在重读音节中读[
ɑ:s
]：class glass grass pass
au在重读音节中读[
?:
]：August autumn daughter
au读[
?
]：Australia
au还读作[
ɑ:
]：aunt laugh
aw在重读音节中读[
?:
]：draw saw law
awe读[
?:
]：awe awed aweless
Ⅱ.

元音字母e及e+其他字母的读音
e在重读开音节中读[i
:
]：he she me we
e在重读闭音节中读[e]：pen bed yes egg desk
e在非重读音节中读[
?
]：begin English pretty cinema
e弱读读[
?
]：student open children different
e读[
??
]：zero cereal serious
e读[
j
]：Europe
ea在重读音节中读[i
:
]
：
tea eat meat
ea读[
e
]：bread head breakfast
ea读[
e?
]：great break
ea读[
??
]：real really idea cereal
ear读[
?:
]：learn earth early heard
ear读[
e?
]：pear wear bear
ear读[
??
]：ear dear hear near clear
ear读[
ɑ:
]：heart

ed在大部分清辅音后读[t]（[t]除外）：watched washed cooked helped
danced
ed在元音和浊辅音后读[d]([d]除外)：played cleaned climbed answered
arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried
ed在[t][d]后读[
?
d]：wanted needed
ee在重读音节中读[i
:
]：see tree see
eer读[
??
]：beer deer pioneer
ei读[i
:
]：receive
ei读[
e?
]：veil vein
ei在gh前读[
e?
]：eight eighteen eighty
eir读[
e?
]：their theirs
eo读[i
:
]：people
er在重读闭音节中读[
?:
]：her term
er在非重读音节中读[
?
]：father mother brother sister
ere读[
??
]：here
ere读[
e?
]：there where
es在浊辅音（[
?
]
[?][d?]除外）及元音后，es发
[
z
]：leaves thieves knives wives
potatoes tomatoes heroes Negroes goes does families stories
es在[
s][
z
]
[?][?][t?][d?]后读
[
?z
] ：buses blouses dishes garages watches
oranges
ew读[j
u:
]：new newspaper review
ew在l,r,j后读[
u:
]：flew grew Jew
ex读[
eks
]：exercise exit
ex读[
?ks
]：excle expensive extinct
ex读[
?gz
]：exam examination exactly
ey读[i
:
]：key
ey读[
?
]：monkey valley
ey读[
e?
]
：
they
Ⅲ. 元音字母i及i+其他字母的读音
i在重读开音节中读[
a?
]
：
time like rice
i在重读闭音节中读[
?
]：big six sit
i读[i
:
]：police policeman policewoman machine
i弱读读[
?
]：holiday April
i在非重读音节中读[
?
]：taxi
i读[
j
]：onion review million billion brilliant behaviour
i在元音字母a,e,o前读[
a?
]：dialogue quiet pioneer
i在g前读[
a?
]：sign high light right
i在nd前读[
a?
]：find behind
i在ld前读[
a?
]：child
i在re前读[
a?
]：fire tired retire
ie在重读音节中辅音字母前读[i
:
]：piece field believe thief
ie在重读音节词词尾读[
a?
]：lie die

ir在重读音节中读[
?:
]：bird girl first
Ⅳ.元音字母o及o+其他字母的读音
o在重读开音节中读[
??
]：go no nose home
o在辅音字母st,ld前读[
??
]：post old
o在重读闭音节中读[
?
]：hot on not sorry
o读[
?:
]
：
story
o在辅音字母m,n,v和th前读
[?]：
come none love other
o读[
u:
]：do to who
o在w后读[
?
]：woman wolf
o在非重读音节中读[
?
]：today policeman
oa在重读音节中读[
??
]：boat coat
oar读[
?:
]：board blackboard cardboard
oar读[
?
]：cupboard
oe读[
??
]：woe
oe读[
u:
]：shoe
oi读
[??]：
oil toilet boil soil
oo一般读[
u:
]：too zoo food pool boot school
oo在d,k和少数t前读[
?
]：book look good foot
oo读
[?]：
blood flood
oor读[
?:
]：door floor
oor读[
??
]
：
poor
or在重读音节中读[
?:
]：or for short sport
or在[w]后读[
?:
]：work word world
or读[
?
]：doctor forget mirror
ore读[
?:
]：more before
ou在多数情况下读
[a?]：
out about house blouse
ou在ght前读[
?:
]
：
bought brought thought
ou读
[?]：
touch country enough young
ou读[
u:
]：soup group through
ou读[
??
]：shoulder though
ou读[
?
]：cough
ou读[
?
]：delicious previous
oul读[
?
]：could would should
our读[
?:
]：four your
our读[
?:
]：journalist journal
our读[
?
]：colour
our读[
??
]：tour
our读[
a??
]：our hour
ow读[
a?
]：how now cow
ow读[
??
]：show know yellow window
owe或ower读[
a??
]：towel flower
oy读[
??
]
：
boy toy employee

Ⅴ. 元音字母u及u+其他字母的读音
u在重读开音节中读[j
u:
]：student Tuesday
u在重读闭音节中读[
?
]
：
bus sun but cut up us
u处于开音节位置，又在辅音字母j,l,r,s后读[
u:
]：June fluency February Sue
u在重读闭音节中还读[
?
]：put sugar full push
u在非重读音节中读[
?
]：minus autumn
u读[
?
]：busy minute
u读[e]：bury
ui读[j
u:
]或[j
??
,j
u:?
]：suit suicide
l,r,j+ui时，ui读作[
u:
]或[
??
,
u:?
]：sluise fruit juice fluid ruin
ui读[
?
]：build building
ur在重读音节中读[
?:
]：nurse turn hurt Thursday
ur读[
?
]：surprise Saturday
ure读[
??
]：sure
ure在非重读音节中读[
?
]：picture pleasure
ure在重读音节中读[j
??
]：cure
Ⅵ.21个辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音
b读[
b
]：bag by bed boy bus blue
bt,mb在词尾时，b不发音：debt climb comb
bb读[
b
]：rabbit cabbage
c在字母e,i,y前读[s]：nice city cycle
应用：字母c后有e或i 时，c发[
s
]，为保持发音不变，而加k，后加ing变现
在分词，加ed变过去式 和过去分词。高中阶段常见的几个词：picnic（野餐）、
mimic（模仿）、traffic（交易、买卖）、panic（使恐慌；使惊慌失措）
c在字母a,o,u,l,r,t前或在音节末尾读[
k
]：cat come cut clock cry picture bloc
c+ia,ie,io时，c读[
?
]：special sufficient delicious
cc+a,o,u或l时，cc读[
k
]：occasion according occupy acclaim
cc+e,i时，cc读[
ks
]：accept accident
ch读[
t?
]：chair much lunch China
ch读[
k
]：school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach
ch读[
?
]：machine
ch读[
d?
]
：
sandwich
ck读[
k
]：black duck clock jacket cock
d读[
d
]：desk door day dog
dd读[
d
]：add daddy middle
dge读[
d?
]
：
bridge porridge judge
dr读[
dr
]：dress drive hundred children
ds读[
dz
]：beds birds hands friends
des读[
dz
]：decides
f读[
f
]：five fish fine family fifteen
f读[
v
]：of
ff读[
f
]：off coffee
ften读[
f
?
n]：
often

g读[
g
]
：
go girl big get
g在e前读[
d?
]
：
age page huge orange
g读[
d?
]
：gentle gentleman general
gg读[
g
]：egg bigger biggest
ge读[
?
]：garage
gh在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不发音：right eight straight bought daughter
gh读[
f
]：laugh enough
gh在词首时，读[
g
]：ghyll ghost
gn,gm在词尾时，g常无声：sign phlegm
gu在词首读[
g
]：guess
gu在词中读[
gw
]：language
gue在词尾读[
g
]：dialogue
h读[
h
]：he her have hand head hair
h不发音：hour
wh读
[w]：
what why where white
wh在o前读[
h
]：who whom whose
gh在词首时，h不发音：ghyll ghost
j读
[d?]：
jump jacket just June Jim
j读
[j]：
Jensen ja hallelujah jaap
k读[
k
]：book bike cake kite Kate look
kn在词首时，k不发音：know knife
l读[
l
]：let look please lake people
ll读[
l
]：tell full till bell
m读
[m]：
man meat meet time
mb在词尾时，读[
m
]，b常无声
：
climb comb
mm读[
m
]：common
mn在词首读[
n
]
：
mnemonics
mn在词中时
，
读[
mn
]：columnist
mn在词尾时，n常无声：autumn column
n读[
n
]：name nice nine near under
n在[
k
][
g
]前读[
?
]：pink English
n在k后读[
n
]：know knife
n在m后读[
n
]：mnemonics

nn读[
n
]：Ann
ng在词尾读[
?
]：sing long young morning
ng在词中读[
?g
]：English
finger
nk读[
?k
]：thank think ink pink
p读[
p
]：pen map help cheap pencil paper

pp读[
p
]：apple happy appear
ph读[
f
]
：
photo phone elephant photograph

ps在词首时，p常不发音：psalm psywar
q读[
k
]：Iraq coq
qu在词首读[
kw
]：queen quick

que在词尾读[
k
]：unique technique
r读[
r
]：red right three
rr读[
r
]：sorry worry hurry carry carrot
wr读[
r
]：write wrong
s在词首读[
s
]：sit six some
s在清辅音后读[
s
]：books likes
s在浊辅音和元音后读[
z
]：apples windows
s读[
z
]（尤其是在两个元音字母之间）：his is please music
元音字母+s+无音e：①
n.,adj.
读[
s
]：base use
②
v.
读[
z
]：lose use
词中的s,其后跟清辅音字母 时，s读[
s
],其后跟浊辅音字母时，s读[
z
]：desk
husband
s读[
?
]：sure Asia
s读[
?
]：usually television pleasure
sion读[
??n
]：television decision
sten读[
s
?
n
]：listen
stle读[
stl
]：whistle
sure读[
??
]：pleasure
sc+i,e,y读[
s
]：science scene scythe
sc+a,o,u读[
sk
]：scarf score scud
ss读[
s
]：miss class glass grass
ss读[
?
]：Russia profession
ssion读[
?
?
n
]：expression
sh读[
?
]：she shoe short shop wash
t读[
t
]：ten time not get table
t读[
t?
]
:
picture question
tch读[
t?
]
:
watch
t+ia,ie时，t读[
?
]：martial patient
sten,ften,stle中，t无声：listen often whistle
tes读[
ts
]：kites gates dates
tt读[
t
]：bottle bottom little pretty
tion读[
?
?
n
]：station national patient
[
s
]+tion时读[
t??n
]：question
th读[
θ
]：three thank month thin
th在
pron.,art.,prep.,conj.
中读[?]：this the with than
词尾the读[?]：breathe soythe
词尾ther读[?
?
]：father mother brother sister
tr读[tr]：tree trip try true truth
ts读[
ts
]：shirts hurts coats costs goats
t’s读[
ts
]：Let’s
ture读[
t?
?]：picture
v读[
v
]：very five have

w读
[w]：
we window work walk
w不发音：two
wh读
[w]：
what why where white
wh在o前读[
h
]：who whom whose
wr在词首读[
r
]，w无声：write wrong
x读[
ks
]：box six excuse next
x读[
gz
]：exam exact example
y在重读开音节中读[
a?
]：my by why
y在重读闭音节中读[
?
]：city very sorry
y在词首读[
j
]：yes you year yellow
yr读[
?:
]：myrtle
yr读[
a?
?]：martyr satyr
yre读[
?
]：tyre byre
z读[
z
]：zoo zero
z读[
?
]：seizure
zz读[
z
]：buzz
zz读[
ts
]：pizza