概要-bankrupt
1 Trojan War
Around 1200B.C., a war was
fought between Greece and Troy. We call this
war Trojan War. It ended in the destruction of
Troy. It was recorded in Greek
mythology and
in Iliad or Odyssey by Homer. It was said to fight
over the
beautiful Helen. And it lasted 10
years. Trojan horse.
2 Oedipus Complex
It
is a Freudian term originating from a Greek
tragedy in which King Oedipus
unknowingly
killed his father and married his mother.
According to Freud,
children are born with
sexual urges. From 3 to 5, a child becomes a rival
for the
affection of the parent of the
opposite sex.
3 Ten Commandments
1 Do not
worship any other gods 2Do not make any idols 3 Do
not misuse the
name of God 4 Keep the Sabbath
holy 5 Honour your father and mother 6 Do
not
murder 7 Do not commit adultery 8 Do not steal 9
Do not lie 10 Do not
covet(垂涎)
4 Dark age
Age of Faith
It refers to the Middle Age.
Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, Western
Europe was the scene of frequent wars. There
was no central government.
The only
organization that seemed to unite Europe was the
Christian Church.
In the late Middle Age,
almost everyone in Western Europe was a Christian.
Christianity took the lead in politics, laws,
art and learning for hundreds of
years. It
shaped people’s life.
5 Feudalism( in Europe)
Feudalism in Europe was many--- a system of
land holding land in exchange
for military
service. It was also a system of government---a
form of local and
decentralized government.
6 Code of Chivalry
As a knight, he was
pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the
church, to be
loyal to his lord and to respect
woman of noble birth. And from this, the western
idea of good manners developed.
Crusades
In 1071, Palestine fell to the armies of the
Turkish Moslems. The Turkish
Moslem attacked
the Christian pilgrims, killed them and sold them
as slaves.
This resulted in a series of holy
wars called crusades which went on about 200
years(1096—1291). All the soldiers wore a red
cross as a symbol of obedience
to god. By
1291,the moslems won the crusades.
8.
Renaissance
“Renaissance” means revival,
revival of interest in ancient Greak and Roman
culture. It was a historical period between
14
th
—17
th
c in which the European
humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts
to get rid of conservatism in
feudalist Europe
and introdue new idears that expressed the
interests of the
rising bourgeoisie, to lift
the restrictions in all areas placed by RRC. It
started in
Florence and Venice, then went to
the other part of Europe.
9. Humanism
Petrarch: father of humanism
It is
a belief system based on the principle that
people’s spiritual and emotional
needs can be
fufilled without following a religion. The
philosophy of humanism
is reflected in the art
and literature to pass down as the beginning of
the history
of modern man who lives and works
for the present and future progress of
mankind.
10. Reformation
The
reformation was a 16
th
c religious
movement as well as a socio—political
movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on
the door of the castle church
his 95 thesis in
1517. This movement which swept over the whole of
europe
was aimed at opposing the absolute
authority of the RCC and replacing it with
the
absolute authority of Bible. With the development
, it became one of the
mainstream for the
liberation of national politics from Roman
interference and
for the liberation of
economic domination by the RCC.
11. Calvinism
加尔文主义
It stressed the absolute authority of
the God’s will, holding that those specially
elected by God are saved. Its belief was that
any form of sinfulness was a sign
of damnation
whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of
salvation. The belief
serves so well to help
the rising bourgeoisie. It was one of the main
courses of
the capitalist spirit.
12.
Couter-Reformation 反革命
By late 1520 the Roman
Catholic Church had lost its control over the
church in
Germany. Meanwhile the movement
against the RCC had swept over the
whole of
Europe, shaking the foundation of the RCC. The RCC
didn’t stay idle.
They mustered their forces
to examine the church instructions and introduce
reforms and improvements, to bring back its
vitality. This recovery of power is
called the
Counter-Reformation.
13. Cartesian Doubt
笛卡尔的怀疑论
Descartes believed that the overthrow
of the present opinion and the break-up
with
the past philosophy are necessary condition of
establishing something
first and lasting in
the science.
Four rules: (1) accept nothing as
true which I didn’t recognize (2) divide
difficulties into many parts (3) carry on my
reflections in due order: simple to
complex
(4) make lists to insure I omitted nothing
14. Baroque Art 巴洛克艺术
A style in art and
architecture flourished in Italy, and then spread
to South
Europe. It developed from the early
17c to mid-18c, emphasizing dramatic
intensity, light and color, of strained effect
and typified by bold, curving forms,
elaborate
ornamentation, and overall balance of separate
parts
15. Enlightenment 启蒙运动
The
Enlightenment was an intellectual movement
originating in France in the
second half of
the 18c, and then spread to Europe and NA. It
characterizes
critical reason to free minds
from prejudice, unexamined authority and
oppression by church or state. The most two
forerunners were two 17
th
c
Englishmen Locke and Newton. The major
force was the French philosophers.
The
Enlightenment developed many ramifications.
16. Separation of powers
It was
established in the book named
He believed that
the legislative, executive and judicial powers
must be
confined to different individuals or
bodies, acting independently. This theory
was
accepted by the philosophers and had a great
influence in western world.
Particularly, his
theory of the separation of powers become one of
the most
important principles of the U.S.
Constitution.
17. Rococo Art
During the
reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV in France, an
artistic style named
Rococo became popular. It
is associated with architecture and intertor
decoration. It is characterized by elaborate
ornamentation imitating shellwork.
It was
luxurious, delicate and characterizing the taste
of royal family. As a style
in art, Rococo
became for a time the vogue all over Europe.
18. Romanticism
Romanticism was a movement
in literature, philosophy, music and art which
developed in Europe in the late 18
th
and early 19
th
century. It started from
the
idea of Rollsseau in France and from the
Storm and Stress movement in
Germany.
Romanticism emphasized individual values and
aspirations. It gave
impetus to the national
liberation movement in the 19
th
century
Europe.
19. Marxism
Marxism was born in
the 19
th
century from European culture. It
had three
sources: German classical
Philosophy, English classical Political Economy
and
Utopian Socialism. The three component
parts of Marxism are Marxist
Philosophy,
Marxist Political Economy and
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