色表-干细胞是指
《英美概况》名词解释
1. backbone of England
: It refers to the Pennines in England. The
Pennines extend from north to south, from
upland to Derbyshire.
2. the act of 1801:
In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act
to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom.
From
then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes
England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
3.
the Bank of England: It is the center of the
British financial system. It was founded in 1694
and nationalized
in 1946.
4. Black
country: It refers to the industrial area in the
west midland and Birmingham is the center. The
area is
very rich but is heavily polluted.
5. Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built
a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The
wall is very long,
from Solway to Tyne; we
call it Hadrian’s Wall.
6. Julius Caesar:The
king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded
Britain twice.
8. King Alfred: He is the king
of Wessex in Britain. In the 8
th
century,
he led the British people defeated the
Danes
and Vikings, and he was considered the first
national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
(盎格鲁-
撒克逊编年史)
9. William the Conqueror:
One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William
defeated the British King
Harold at Hastings.
In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of
Britain, so the Norman Conquest
began. He
established a strong monarchy in England, and
unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials
made a book about the survey of Britain, which
is called Doomsday Book.
10. Battle of
Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at
Hastings, French man William defeated the British
King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle
was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of
Hastings paved a
way for the Norman Conquest.
11. Henry II: In the year of 1154, Henry II
built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he
made the
monarchy stronger than before. He
made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181,
he issued the Assize of
Arms. He died in 1189.
12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181,
Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to
the law, every
freeman in England should be
provided with arms, and they can only use the arms
when they are called to fight
for the King.
Great Charter: It is also called Magna
Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the
Great Charter.
According to the charter, the
king can’t freely change the law, the king can’t
freely tax, and if the king violates
the
Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war.
It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people
trade freedom
and self government.
14. all
estates parliament :The parliament in 1265 is
called all estates parliament, and it is
considered the
beginning of Parliament.
15. model parliament :. In 1295, in order to
collect more money on the war again Wales, King
Edward
opened the “all estates parliament”.
The parliament included more than 400 members and
was considered the
most successful parliament.
In the history, it is called model parliament.
17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in
14
th
century and so many people died from
it. The Hundred Year’s
War stopped for some
time because of the Black Death.
18 the
Lollards: It refers to John Wycliffe and his
followers. They made some ideological(思想上的)
preparation for the labour movement and
peasant uprising.
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19.
enclosure movement:In 15
th
century, the
industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth
and export. So
more wool was needed, and more
sheep were needed. So some landlords began to
enclose some “common
lands” into pasture, and
then some nobles and business men do so. As a
result, farmers lost land and went to
the
cities to be the cheap workers. This is called
enclosure movement.
21. the East India
Company: It is one of the most famous trade
companies in England. It was founded in the
year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削)
Indian people.
22. Henry VII : He became the
King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things
to make his crown stronger, for
example: he
confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased
the income of government, he encouraged the
education, but he didn’t deal with the Church
problem.
23. Charles I: The second king of
Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and
dismissed the Parliament for a
long time. He
killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.
24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in
the British history. During the civil war, he and
his “New Model
Army” defeated the King’s army.
In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became
Lord Protector and later
compressed the
Diggers.
25. new model army: It is the new
kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil
war. The army includes
farmers, craftsman,
undermasters (学徒) etc.
Treaty of Paris in
1763: The treaty is between England and France. It
includes four points. According to
the treaty,
France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave
up the controlling on India, and Britain
became the chiefleading colonial power.
27. the House of Hanover: George began the
House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the
Cabinet System
was established and monarch was
controlled by the Parliament.28.
28. the
Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between
Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain
admitted
the independence of America.
29.
the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to
regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase
the price of corn
imported in 1815. The Corn
Laws were cancelled in 1848.
31. the Reform
Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It
made 3 changes in election system. (1) many
“rotten boroughs” are cancelled (2)many new
seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的)
countries. (3) the total electorates increased
to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to
right to vote.
32. the Chartist Movement:
1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a
movement to realize the “people’s
charter” ,
in fact , they wanted to have the universal
suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral
force and
physical force. At last, the
Chartist Movement failed, but the working class
entered the history stage for the
first as an
independent political force.
Statute of
Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the
legislative recognition to the relation
between British Kingdom her dominions. The
dominions are independent in all aspects except
the name.
nster Abbey: It is a national
shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific
persons are buried
here. In 1066, William the
Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster
Abbey.
46. Christmas Day: It is on
25
th
, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus.
On Christmas Day, people will go home
from far
places, eat Turkey with families, and children
will get the present from Christmas Father.
49. Protestantism: a main group of
Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic
Church by the
Reformation in 1534.
51.
Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in
Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown,
the
House of Lords and the House of Commons.
52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in
Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The
House of
Lords doesn’t have real power.
Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the
law passing into the
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legislation, but after 1949, the House
of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the
legislation.
53. the House of Commons: The
House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it
are not pointed but are
elected.. It has the
real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms
the government, the weak part of the
House
Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the
House of Commons is called SpeakerPresident of
Chamber.
54. Opposition: The weak part of
the House Commons forms the Opposition. They
criticize the government or
government’s
policy, and give their new policies.
55. the
Mississippi River :It is the longest and most
important river in the USA, and one of the
greatest
river in the world. It has two
branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.
56. the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes
are in the place between America and Canada. They
are:
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and
Superior.
57. the Niagara Falls: It refers to
the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North
America, 1240m wide, and
49m deep. Every year,
thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.
58. Yellow Stone National Park: It is located
in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest
national park in
the world. A great number of
wildlife live there.
59. Grand Canyon: Grand
Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the
wonders(奇迹) in the world. Its
wall has many
layers, which tells you the story of the earth
formation.
60. Old Faithful: It is the most
famous geyser(火山) in Yellow Stone National Park.
It erupts more than
100 feet in the air every
73min.
61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the
Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu
in Hawaii.
64. The Stamp Act: When Britain
controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp
paper must be used for
legal documents. It was
passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.
65. the
Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston
threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and
British
soldiers fired at the people, with 4
died and many wounded. After it, the American
people united together
to fight against the
British army.
tees of Correspondence: In 1772,
the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees of
Correspondence” to call people to unite
together to fight against the British army.
67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain
controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”,
East Indian Company
exported tea to America to
make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the
English ship and poured the
tea into the sea.
The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of
Americans.
68. the First Continental Congress:
It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders
in the Congress agreed that
they wouldn’t buy
any goods from England until the objectional law
was stopped.
69. the Second Continental
Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The
leaders in the Congress agreed
to sent army
around Boston and made George Washington as the
commander.
70. the Articles of the
Confederation: At the end of the Independent War,
the people meet a question. How the
United
States should be governed? So a constitution(the
Articles of the Confederation)was made. In 1781,
it was accepted by all the states.
71. the
Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one
shouldn’t stir up the hatred to the government. It
was
opposed by Republican Party, and was
stopped by Jefferson in 1800.
72. Monroe
Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823.
“America is American’s America”.
According to
the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open
any colony in North America or South
America,
and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America.
And America shouldn’t open any colony in
Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything
in Europe.
73. Westward Movement: In the early
time of 19
th
century, more Europeans
immigrated to America to find a
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better life, but in the northeast, they
found themselves still poor. So the farmers
without land and workers
without work went to
the west part. Now, the west part is developed and
wild land is farmed.
75. Republican Party: The
Party was founded in 1854; the members of this
party were against the slavery.
Lincoln is the
famous leader from this party.
76. Abraham
Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president.
He played an important role in the Civil War
and made two important documents: Homestead
Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he
was
elected for the second time. He was killed
in 1865.
77. the Confederate Union: After
Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the
seven southern states, set up a
country “the
Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the
slavery in it.
78. Homestead Bill: It is one
of the documents by Lincoln, according to the
bill, the farmers and settlers got
enough
land. So Lincoln got their support and the
agriculture in the South developed.
80. the
American Federation of Labor : the first national
union in America .
81. the League of Nations:
According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League
of Nations is set up to keep the
world peace.
But it is controlled by England and France.
83. the Great Depression: It happened
1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market
failed, many factories
closed down, many
workers lost jobs, many products found no markets.
Many extra goods were destroyed.
Eisenhower
Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried
by the Eisenhower Government. The
doctrine
contains the point of instant and massive
retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating
war(阻碍发展的战争), such as the Korean War.
92.
the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested
by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.
The plan offered a great deal of money and
machines to European countries to help them to
recover their
economy.
93. the Cold War:
It refers to the severe struggle between the
America and other opposed political systems. The
Cold War is not friendly, but didn’t use
weapon.
96. the Civil Right Movement : In
1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil
Right Movement to
fight against segregation.
Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the
Civil Right Movement in
America in
1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the
Montgomery blacks and changed it into
Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the
famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his
leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was
passed, in 1965 the Voting Right Act was passed.
In 1968, he was
killed.
110. The
Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It
is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the
slavery.
Democratic Party: It came out of
“Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828,
and the leader is
Thomas Jefferson.
ine’s
Day: It is on 14
th
, Feb. On the day, the
boys and girls in love will come out to have a
date,
send red roses or chocolate. The symbol
of ine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid,
Cupid has
a bow and arrow.
Day : It is on
the first Sunday after the full moon, in March..
People , in this day , will celebrate the
rebirth of Jesus. Children will dye the eggs
and adults will kill lamb to eat.
114
Halloween Day: It is on 31
st
, Oct. It is a
night-time festival, which is held by children. On
the Halloween
Day children will wear a mask to
frighten the parents and ask money from their
parents. In 1950s, child
sent the money to the
poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got
Noble Peace Prize in 1965.
ndence Day : It is
the national day of the USA,on 4
th
, July.
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5
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