宫绦读音-草枯鹰眼疾雪尽马蹄轻的意思
定语从句
定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用
的词、
短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
例如 a clever boy
the boiling water fallen leaves
? The
boy in the classroom needs a pen.
? The man
standing there is my teacher.
定语从句:一个句子充当定语
The boy who is reading needs the pen.
单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。
短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
Ⅰ. 概念:
(1)
定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行
词后面。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)
关系词:引导定语从句的词,并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分。分为关系代
词和关系副词。
(4) 定语从句基本构成:先行词+关系词+从句
A) 关系词的作用:
1)
引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)
必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
student who answered the question was John.
2. I know the reason why he
was so angry.
3. The boy (whom) you are talking to is my
brother. 4. I’d like a room
whose window
looks out over the sea.
B)简单句变定语从句
例1:The
girl is Mary. The girl is standing there.
The girl (who is standing there ) is Mary.
如何改写定语从句
1、找准主句和从句,并找出两个简单句的共有成分,确定先行词。
2、将从句中的共有成分去掉。
3.找准关系词,用关系词引导从句剩下的部分,并紧接在被修饰词(先行词)之后。
例2:A plane is a machine. The machine can
fly.
例3:The girl is Mary. We saw her
yesterday.
C)定语从句选择关系词三步曲:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于who或
whom;指物时,相
当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语)
如:
1. A letter thatwhich is written in pencil
is difficult to read. (主语)
2. Do you know the
gentleman thatwho spoke just now?
3. You can
take anything (that) you like. (宾语)
4. What is
the question (thatwhich) they are talking about?
5. Here is the man ( whowhomthat ) you want to
see.
●which: 指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语如:
1. The book
whichthat was on the desk was bought by my
father.(主语)
2. The book (whichthat) I bought
yesterday is very interesting.(宾语)
3. He was
proud, which his brother never was. (表语)
●who,
whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;
只可指人
whom: 宾格,在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose:
属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
I like the students
whothat work hard. (主语)
All who heard the
story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all,
one等后多用who.)
He's a man from whom we should
learn. (宾语)
= He's a man (whomwhothat) we
should learn from.
A child whose
parents are dead is called an orphan.(指人)
I'd
like a room whose window faces south. (指物)
whose +n. =the +n. + of which
(物)= of which
(物)+ the +n.
=I'd like a room of which the
window faces south. whose + n. =the
+n. + of whom(人)=
of whom(人)+ the +n.
=I'd
like a room the window of which faces south.
注意:定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数于先行词保持一致
This is one of
the best books that have ever been written.
He
is one of the students who study hard at school.
当one前面有the only等限定词和修饰语时,
定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致而取单数形式例
如
This is the
only one of the best books that has ever been
written.
He is the only one of the students
who studies hard at school.
Ⅲ. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
●宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.
①先行词为不定代词表示物,all,
much, something, everything, anything ,nothing,
none, the one
等,
②先行词被only, any, few,
little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that. 如:
⑧主句是There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如:
1. There is still a seat in the corner that is
still free.
⑨被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that .
2. My home village is no longer the place (
that ) it used to be .
●定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that
的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
zoo is a park in
which many kinds of animals are kept for
exhibition.
②在非限制性定语从句中.
's dog, which was
are now very old, became ill and died .
and
more people are beginning to learn English, which
is becoming very popular in our country.
(which指代主句)
(B) who & that:
● who
和 that 指代人时,有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone,
anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时.
如:.
②在There be 结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如:
is a gentleman who wants to see you .
Ⅳ.关系副词引导的定语从句:
●When
指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。定语从句中when=inonat which,
其先行词是表时间的名
词(如:time, day, week, tear, month,
etc.)
I still remember the day when on which
my brother joined the army.(作状语)
I shall never
forget the day when Shen Zhou Ⅴ was launched,
which has a great effect on my
life.
I
still remember the days whichthat we spent
together. (作宾语)
Next winter whichthat you'll
spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.
●Where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。定语从句中where=inonat
which,其先行词是表示地点
的名词,如:place, school, factory,
room, etc.
This is the factory where in which
he worked last year. (作状语)
This is the place
where I was born.
This is the park whichthat
they visited last year. (作宾语)
I live in the
room which was bought by my father.
I think
you have got to the point where a change is
needed, or you would fail.
He's got himself
into a dangerous situation where he's likely to
lose control of the plane.
●Why
指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时,可用for which指代;如:
That’s the reason whyfor which he was late.
The reason why for which he didn't attend the
meeting was that he was ill.
I don't believe
the reason (thatwhich) he gave me. (作宾语)
Have
you asked him the reason that may explain his
success (作主语)
当先行词为way时,关系词在句中作状语时,定语从句常用that, in
which引导,that常可以省略。
way后的定语从句
的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that 引
导。如:
This is the way (that) in which I do such
things.
比较: Please do the experiment in the
way(thatwhich)I have shown you.
V.介词+关系代词考点
1.基本考点
考点1 简单介词+关系代词
引导定语从句时,th
at和who不能用于介词之后,能用于介词+关系代词引导定语从句的代词只
有which和whom
。考查“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词前该选什么样的介词,要根据
不同的语境、词
组搭配、习语、惯用法等来决定,归纳起来介词的选择主要依据如下几点:
①介词与定语从句的先行词搭配。如:
The farm on which I once
worked has taken on a new look.(on the farm)
②介词与从句中动词搭配。如:
Who is the man with whom
our teacher is shaking hands(shake hands with sb.)
In the dark street there wasn’t a single
person to whom she could turn for help. (turn to
sb. for help)
③介词与定语从句中的形容词搭配,如:
The
west lake, for which Hang Zhou is famous, is a
beautiful place.( be famous for)
④根据句子的意思来决定,
此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。
Water is very important
for us without which we can’t live.
(2004辽宁)
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes
every year, 80% of which are
sold abroad.
(2006辽宁)I was told that there were about 50
foreign students studying Chinese in the school,
most of whom were from Germany.
The old
man has two daughters.Both of them are
doctors.那位老人有两个女儿,她们都是医生。
③as 常用在as we all
know;as you know; as is known to all; as you see;
as we can see; as has
been
expected等结构中。例如:一般译为正如就像,这一点
As we all know,
smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to
one's health . (as 作主语)
=It's known to all
that smoking is harmful to one's health .
=Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all
know .(as 作宾语)
Jack has won the first
prize, as often happens. 像往常一样,Jack得了一等奖。
训练题汇总
◆EX1用适当的关系词填空.
1. I will never
forget the day __________ I first went to school.
I will never forget the day __________
we spent in Beijing.
2. The house __________
we visited is being repaired now.
The house
______ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.
◆Ex2选择适当的代词填空,注意非限制性定语从句和单句的比较。
am
reading Harry Porter, _____is an interesting book.
failed in the made his parents angry.
failed in the exam, _______made his parents angry.
has two sons. Both of ________ are teachers.
has two sons, both of ________ are teachers.
◆EX3 思考:用五种方式(定语从句)翻译句子
这是他工作的工厂。
1. This is the factory________ he works.
2. This is the factory
3. This is the
factory________ he works in. 4. This is the
factory
in.
5. This is the
factory________he works in.
◆EX4 思考:
介词+关系代词的情况
________he works.
________he
works
介词+关系代词的情况 (1)
The man whom
you spoke________ was a scientist. The city
________she lives in is far away.
介词+关系代词的情况(2) 改错
The man to who you
spoke was a scientist.
The city in that she
lives is far away.
◆Ex5: 介词+关系代词的使用
1. Do
you like the book she spent $$10 2.
Do you like the
book she paid
$$10?
3. Do you like the book
she learned a lot 4. Do you like the
book
she often talks?
5. He dug a hole
he could got water from the lake.
6. There is
a tall tree outside, stands our
teacher.
7. China has a lot of rivers, the
second longest ___________is the Yellow River.
8. The man ____________ I spoke on the phone
last night is very good at swimming.
9. He
paid the boy $$10 for washing ten windows, most
__________ hadn’t been cleaned for
at least a
year.
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