初中定语从句讲解

Grammar 語法
Attributive Clauses定語從句
一、定语从句及相关概念
定语：可以由形容词、代词、数量词、名词、副词、不定代词、介词短语等来担任。
如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就是定语从句。定语从句所修饰的
名（代）词叫作先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面。
Look at these sentences
例句1：The man whothat was here yesterday is a middle school teacher.
1. 先行词 — man（即从句修饰的名词或代词）;
2. 关系代词 — who that（修饰人）。
例句2：This is the town where I was born.
1. 先行词 — town （即从句修饰的名词）；
2. 关系副词 — where （修饰地点，从句中状语）。
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词。
关系词： 引导定语从句的词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等.
关系词


关系
代词
that
which
who
whom
whose
先行词所指
人物
物
人
人
人物
关系词在句中作用
主、宾、表
主、宾、表、定
主、宾
宾
定
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关系
副词
when
where
why

时间
地点
原因
宾格

时间状语
地点状语
原因状语
所有格
whose
whose, of which
先行词 主格
人
物
who, that whom (who), that
which, that which, that
The girl who is standing there is Mary.
先行词 关系词
1. The students (who don’t study hard) will not pass the exam.
先行词 定语从句.
主句: The students will not pass the exam.
2. The woman (whom you saw in the park) is our English teacher.
先行词 定语从句
主句: The woman is our English teacher. 从句的主语：you 从句的宾语：whom
3. A shoe shop is a shop (which sells shoes).
主句：A shoe shop is a shop. 从句的主语: which
4. The book (that you want) is on the desk.
主句: The book is on the desk. 从句的主语: you 从句的宾语：that
引导定语从句的关系代词常见的有that, which,who,whom 等。关系代词放在先行词和定语
从句之间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成份。
The man (thatwho told us a funny story) is in the next room.
先行词 关系代词做主语
I lost the book ( thatwhich you gave me).
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先行词 关系代词做宾语
定语从句的分类：
（ 1）限定性定语从句：与先行词关系密切，如果没有定语从句，主句含混不清，不完
整，限定性定语从句 与先行词之间无逗号。
（2）非限定性定语从句：是先行词的一个附加语，对先行词起进一步说 明作用，如果
删掉它，主句的意义仍然是完整的，非限定性定语从句与先行词之间有句号。
如：The man whothat came first is Mike.
I’ll never forget the day when we first met each other.
His mother does morning exercises every day, which is good for her health.
? 1. He is my brother, who is a doctor.
? 我有一个兄弟，他是医生。（只有一个兄弟）
? 2. He is my brother who is a doctor.
? 我有一个当医生的兄弟。（至少有两个以上）
归纳：that,即指人又指物，作主语或宾语。
which,指物，作主语或宾语。
who, whom指人,who作主语,whom作宾语。
that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾语时，可省去。
1) A plane is a machine _whichthat _can fly.
2) The car _whichthat_ my uncle bought last week was stolen.
3) The students _whothat__ don’t study hard will not pass the exam.
4) The woman _whomthat_you saw in the park is our English teacher.
5) He talked happily about the men and books _that_ interested him greatly in the school。
1. That book that you want it is on the desk. That book that you want is on the desk.
2. Is this factory that we visited last week? This factory is the one that we visited last week?
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3. He is the person for whom you are looking. He is the person whom you are looking for.
4. The person to whom you talked is Lily. The person whom you talked to is Lily.
归纳：1定语从句要避免成分重复
2定语从句要避免漏用先行词
3含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开
? 关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系 代词在定语从句中代替
主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须 和先
行词一致。
? The woman is my mother. She is speaking at the meeting
? The woman thatwho is speaking at the meeting is my mother.
? 判断步骤：
? （1）要判断出先行词
? （2）要确定关系代词（即先行词）在从句中所担任的成分
? （3）要确定关系代词的人称和数
? 注：定语从句的时态不受主句的限制
? The woman who(that) spoken yesterday is my mother.
各关系代词的使用方法
（1）who（whom）
who代人，在从句 担任主语，也可代替在从句中做宾语的whom，前面不能有介词。
如有介词则必用whom（结构：介 词+whom）。
例如：The girl who is standing there is Mary.
She is the girl whowhom I met that day.
The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very famous
注：为以下情况时，who不与that通用
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a.先行词为one(s)anyonethose时,用who.
b.当先行词有较长定语时用who
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.
c.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that另一个用who.
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
d.在there be 开头的句中用who
(2)whose是代词的所有格，即可代人，又可代物。
? I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
? Please show me the bag whose cover is red.
(3)That 只用于限定性定语从句中，介词后不能跟that，而跟which.
? His mother does morning exercises every day, which is good for her health.
? 在限定性定语从句中，which和that都指物时，可通用。
? The picture thatwhich was drawn by Tom was nice.
使用关系词应注意的问题
? 下列情况必须用“that” ,不能用“which”:
1. 先行词all，anything，something,nothing,everything
Is this all that is left? (就剩下这一个了吗？)
? 2. 先行词none, much, only 修饰。
? The only thing that is important is to find our way home. (唯一重要的事是要找到回家
的路。)
? 3. 先行词由序数词或最高级修饰。
? This is the best film (that) I’ve ever seen. (这是我看过的最好的电影。)
? 4. “time”做先行词表示“……次”。
? This is the first time that I have been to Beijing. (这是我第一次去北京。)
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? 5.先行词既有人又有物：
? Maria took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.
? “that”不能用于非限定性定语从句
? 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指物时只能用 “which”，不能用“that”，而且“which”
不能省略。
? This is John’s book, which is very interesting. (这是约翰的书，这本书很有趣。)
在非限定性定语从句中，只用which，不用that.
在限定性定语从句中只用which，而不用that的情况。
a.关系代词前有介词时
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
b.如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的 关系词是that，另一句用which.
Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
? 关系代词与介词
? 1. 当介词放在关系代词前时，介词宾语只能用which代物，whom代人。且关系代
词一律不能省略。
? 例如：I want to find the pen with which I wrote that letter.
? 2.介词在末尾时，可用thatwhich（代物），thatwh omwho（代人）做介词的宾语，
切这个介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。
? 例如：The man （whomwhothat） he wants to see is in Shanghai.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
? 关系副词是用来引导定语从句的
? 作用：
? （1）在定语从句中替代先行词
? （2）在从句中担任状语成分，起副词和介词短语的作用
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? （3）起连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句
? 关系副词：wherewhenwhy.
? 各关系副词的用法：
引导词 : when where why
1. I still remember the day _when__ I first came to Beijing.
先行词 “the day” 在从句中做状语, 表示时间:
I first came to Beijing on the day. (所以用关系副词when。)
比较：I still remember the day ( __whichthat__ ) we spend together.
先行词 “ the day” 在从句中做spend宾语：
We spend the day together. （所以在该句中用关系代词whichthat，并且可省略。）
2. This is the place _where_ we worked last year.
先行词 “the place”在从句中做状语，表示地点：
We worked in the place last year. ( 所以用关系副词where。)
比较：This is the place (_whichthat_) we visited last year.
先行词 “the place”在从句中做visited的宾语：
We visited the place last year.( 所以用关系代词whichthat,并且可省略。)
? 先行词在从句中做状语，用关系副词；
先行词在从句中做宾语或主语，用关系代词。
3. That is the reason (_why_) he dislikes me.
That is (the reason) why he dislikes me.
先行词 “the reason” 表示原因，用关系副词why.
该句中可省略先行词，或省略关系副词。
? 关系代词：
1.先行词是人 —who whom whose that
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2.先行词是物 —which that whose
? 关系副词：
1.先行词是时间 —when
2.先行词是地点 —where
3.先行词是原因 —why
Practice(练习)
1. The beautiful card is from my friend _who_ lives in Australia.
这张漂亮的明信片是澳大利亚的朋友寄给我的。
2. I borrowed the bike from Tom _whose_ father is a teacher.
我从爸爸是教师的汤姆那借的自行车。
is the earth _where_ we live.
这就是我们居住的地球。( “the earth”在从句中做状语)
4. We live on the earth, _which_ is much bigger than the moon. (非限定性定语从句)
我们住在地球上,地球比月亮大多了。 (“the earth”在从句中做主语)
5.I still remember the day _when_ Mary made a chocolate cake .
我一直记得玛丽做巧克力蛋糕的那一天。(“the day”在从句中做状语)
Fill in the blanks.
1. I still remember the day _thatwhich_ we spent in the forest.
2. I still remember the day __whenon which_ I first came to Beijing.
3. The factory _thatwhich_ we will visit is large.
4. The factory _where_ his father works is large.
5. I’ll never forget the time __whenat which__ we work
on the farm.
6. This is the house _wherein which__ we lived last year.
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归纳:关系副词when指时间,关系副词where指地点在定语从句中作状语。即使先行词 是时
间地点,若作从句中的宾语，只能用关系代词that, which.
1. This is the comrade _whothat_ will go to the south with us tomorrow.
2. Who's the student __that_ the teacher is talking with?
3. I like the present _that which_ you've sent to me.
4. The nurse _ whowhomthat __ we talked about can speak English well.
5. This is the most difficult job _that_ we've ever done.
“介词＋关系代词”即“介词＋whomwhich”引
导定语从句应注意：
1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day _“介词＋关系代词”即“介词＋whomwhich”引
导定语从句应注意：
1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day _“介词＋关系代词”即“介词＋whomwhich”引
导定语从句应注意：
1介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day _on which_ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days _during which_ I worked in the school.
3) I will never forget the year _in which_ my son went to college.
4) I got home at 7:00 p.m. yesterday, _by which_most people had had supper.
B. 与谓语动词的搭配习惯
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1）Have you found the book _for which__ I paid 29 US dollars?
2) Have you found the book _for which_ I spent 29 US dollars?
3) Have you found the book _from which_ we learnt a lot?
4) Have you found the book _about which__ she often talks?


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