yku-峡谷的意思
? 倒装句
? 主语和谓语的语序有两种:
?
1】自然语序,主语+谓语, 2】 倒装语序,谓语+主语。
例如 The bus comes here. Here
comes the bus
? 倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装,部分倒装是谓语中的一部
分(如助动词,情态动词或be动词)
放在主语前面,其余部分仍在主语后面。完全倒装是句子中没有助
动词或情态动词,要把谓语动
词放在主语的前面。
? We can work out
the problem only in this way.
? Only in this
way can we work out the problem.
? The bus
comes here.
? Here comes the bus.
部分倒装
? 1,疑问句的语序
? 助动词+主语+谓语和其余部分:
? Has he
left already?
? Won’t you have some tea?
?
What do you like best?
? Did he park his car
in front of my house?
?
注意:如果特殊疑问词作主语或者修饰主语,则用自然语序:
? Who did it?
? How many students passed the exam?
? 2,
if 引导的虚拟语气条件句的谓语若包括有助动词had, were,或
should,
前,省略if。
? Had should were
+主语+谓语和其余部分:
? If I had not helped him, he
would have failed in business.
? Had I not
helped him, he would have failed in business.
? If I should be free tomorrow, I will come.
? Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.
? 如果我是经理,我就给你升职
? If I were the manager, I
would give you a promotion.
? Were I the
manager, I would give you a promotion.
?
如果你遇到我这样的麻烦,你会绝望的。
? If you had met the
troubles I had, you would be desperate.
? Had
you met the troubles I had, you would be
desperate.
? 如果你是老鼠,猫会吃了你。
? If you were
the mouse, the cat would eat you.
? Were you
the mouse, the cat would eat you.
?
3,only修饰状语放在句首时
? Only+状语+助动词+主语+谓语和其余部分
?
Women have begun to catch up with men in this area
only in recent years.
? Only in recent years
have women begun to catch up with men in this
area.
? I received an answer from him only a
week later.
? Only a week later did I receive
an answer from him.
可将其倒装到主语之
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
只有当孩子长大的时候,才能理解父母的用心。
Only when the
children grow up do they understand the parents’
intention.
只是到了那个时候我才明白他的用意。
Only then did
I figure out his intention.
他不仅在学校教书,还为报纸写文章。
not only ….but also
Not only does he teach
at school, but also he writes for the newspaper.
4,否定词半否定词或词组+ 助动词+主语+谓语和其余部分
Not, never,
nor, neither, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little,
hardly, scarcely even less 等否定词和半否定词
置于句首时。
I never dreamt of seeing him in America.
Never did I dream of seeing him in America
5,含有否定词的介词短语置于句首+ 助动词+主语+谓语和其余部分
by no
means绝不, in no time立刻,很快, at no time绝不, in no
case绝不, on no account绝不, no
longer不再, in no
way一点也不, on no condition无论如何也不, inunder no
circumstances绝不.
By no means should we look
down upon the people who are poor.
In no case
do I want to argue with you.
In no time will
she be here.
6,so+形容词或副词置于句首; such +is was
So rough was the sea that the ship could not
get into the harbor.
So terrible was her
concert that half the audience left.
Such is
my joy that I could not sleep.
Such is my
lifeworkstory.
7, 一些频率副词,often, sometimes,
never, always, usually,程度副词,或方式状语出现在句首,
Well
do I remember the scene.
I remember the
scene well.
Often did it snow there.
It
often snowed there.
Many a time has he given
me good advice.
Bitterly did we repent of our
carelessness.
完全倒装
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
1,Here, there, now, then, hence, thus副词出现在句首时,
Now came the moment of decision.
The
moment of decision came now.
Now comes your
turn.
Your turn comes now.
Then came the
revolution.
The revolution came then.
Look, there comes the bus.
Look, the bus
comes there.
There goes the last bus.
The
last bus goes there.
2, 地点状语在句首,常引起谓语倒装,这类谓语多
为不及物动词而主语多相对长些。主语不是人
称代词,这些动词有 come, lie,
stand, walk, rise , live , sit, be等
? North of
the Himalayas lies the great tableland of Tibet.
? Downtown in Shenzhen city towers the
Diwang Building.
? 3, 副词+不及物动词前置
? In went
the others.
? Down came the hammer and out
flew the sparks
【注意】
若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装:
Away he went. 他跑远了。
Down it came. 它掉了下来。
? 4,过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语
? Scattered on
the floor were several books and magazines.
?
Written on the label is the model of the machine.
? Enclosed attached is return postage with
this letter.
? Marching at the head of the
parading procession was a brass band.
强调句型
一、位置强调
英语句子的语序,一般为:主、谓、宾、表、状。有时为了强调某个成份
,就故意将它移到句首或句
末。如:
A. 强调主语及状语。如:
(1)
I was reading English this morning.
— This
morning, I was reading English.
今天早晨,我一直在读英语。
(2) I’ll go to see Li Lei
tomorrow.
— Tomorrow, I’ll go to see Li Lei.
明天,我要去看李蕾。
B. 强调谓语(as, though引导的让步状语从句)
(1) Though he will try, he can’t succeed.
(2) — Try as though he will, he can’t
succeed. 尽管他会尝试,但他不会成功。
(2) Though she can
sing, she can’t sing well.
— Sing though as
she can, she can’t sing well. 尽管她会唱,但唱得不好。
C.
强调宾语或表语(as, though引导的让步状语从句)
(1) Though he
learnt English, he didn’t learn it well.
(2)
— English as though he learnt, he didn’t learn it
well. 尽管他学过英语,但他学得并不好。
(2) Though he is ill,
he keeps on working.
—Ill as though he is,
he keeps on working. 尽管他有病,他仍坚持工作。
二、用词强调
英语中强调的另一种方法,就是用不同的词进行夸张从而达到强调的目的。用词强调主要有以下几种
形式
。
A. 在句子中的谓语动词前加助动词do, 对谓语进行强调。如:
(1) I
do like swimming. 我的确喜欢游泳。
(2) He did go
there last night. 他昨天晚上的确去过那儿。
B. 用awfully,
badly, dead, deeply, ever, extremely, highly,
indeed, lightly, not…at all, particularly, pretty,
really,
so, strongly, terribly, utterly, very,
very much,等副词修饰以加强语气。如:
(1) He wants to get
it very much. 他非常像得到它。
(2) I miss you
terribly. 我非常思念你。
C. 用短语at all, on earth, in
the world, under the sun等表示强调,意思是:到底,究竟,根本。如:
(1) I don’t know it at all. 我一点也不知道。
(2) What on earth are you doing there? 你到底在那干什么?
D. 用重复某一个词或短语来强调。如:
(1) He thought and
thought, and suddenly he got a good idea.
他想啊想啊,突然想到了一个好主意。
(2) He r三、用句子来强调
A.句型强调
英语中最常见的强调手段,也是我们必须要掌握的方法就是句型强调,即:强调句型。It is was +
被
强调的部分 + that (who)…如:
(1) It was in
the room that Li Lei was born. 李蕾出生就在这间房子。
(2) It is Wei Fang who has broken the record.
就是魏方打破了纪录。
an and ran, and at last he caught
up with other students. 他跑啊跑啊,终于赶上了其他的同学们。
(B)
即使被强调的部分是复数,It后面始终用单数形式。如
(1) Tom and Lucy
gave us much help.
—It was Tom and Lucy that
gave us much help. 正是汤姆和露西给了我们很多的帮助。
(2) I
saw swans in the lake yesterday.
—It was
swans that I saw in the lake yesterday.
昨天我看到在湖里的就是天鹅。
(C) 强调人时,可用who 代替that,
但若强调时间、地点、原因、方式时,不能用when, where, why, how
代替
that。如:
(1) It is our teacher who that
helps us make great progress.
正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进
步。
(2) It is by bus
that I go to school every day. 每天我就是乘公共汽车上学。
(D) 在强调not…until结构中的时间状语时,应将not移到until前,再将not
until部分移到被强调的位置。
如:
I didn’t go to bed
until twelve o’clock last night.
— It was not
until twelve o’clock last night that I went to
bed. 昨天晚上我一直到十二点才睡。
(E)
强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时,将强调句中的主句用一般疑问语序。如:
(1) Do
you like English?—It is English that you like?
英语就是你喜欢的吗?
(2) Will you go to London?—It is
London that you will go to? 你要去的就是伦敦吗?
(F)特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以被强调。
句型为:特殊疑问词+be + it
that+…? 如:
(1) What made him so angry?—
What is it that made him so angry?
(2)
Why did she cry?—
Why was it that she cried?
(G) 强调主语时,who 或that后面的谓语形式须与被强调的主语保持一致。如:
(1) Lily speaks Chinese very well.
—It is
Lily who that speaks Chinese very well. 李 (2)
Children like stories. —It is Children that like
stories. 孩子们喜欢故事。
(H)
强调句中的be前可用表推测的情态动词:must, can, may等。如:
(1)
It must be Piney that sent us this present.
(2) How can it be that he didn’t pass the
exams.
(I) 强调句型不用于强调谓语、表语、since,
as等引导的原因状语从句。如:
He is better today since he
can walk around without my help.
It is better
today that he is today since he can walk around
without my help. (错)
It is since he can
walk around without my help that he is better
today. (错)
? 定语从句
? 如果主句
里的名词,代词等是用一个句子来充当定语修饰和限定的,那么这个句子就是定语从句,
定语从句属于后
置定语。
? The girl who lost her parents in her
childhood didn’t have a happy memory of her
childhood.
? He who laughs last laughs best
? 定语从句有限定性和非限定性之分。限定性从句对先行词提供必不可少的信息,明确先行
词的意
义,限制先行词的适用范围,是句子不可缺少的组成部分。先行词和从句之间无逗号隔开。
? She is the girl that I met at the
office yesterday.
? 她就是我昨天在办公室遇到的那个女孩儿。
?
非限定性定语从句 是对意义已经很明确的先行词给予补充说明,非限定性定语从句不用that引
导,
从句和先行词之间用逗号隔开.
? She is the girl, whom I met
at the office yesterday.
? 她就是那个女孩儿,
我昨天在办公室还碰到她了
? 练习:
? The people helped
civilization forward.
? The people are often
never mentioned in history books at all.
?
组合成一句话:The people who helped civilization forward
are often never mentioned in history
books at
all.
? This is the manager of sales
department.
? His excellent performance
helped set us an example.
? This is the
manager of sales department whose excellent
performance helped set us an example.
? This
is the manager of sales department the excellent
performance of whom helped set us an example.
?
? This is the school.
? I studied
English in the school.
? This is the school
where I studied English.
? This is the school.
I like the school most.
? This is the school
(that which) I like most
? Our light
industrial goods have been shipped to many
countries.
? They are received favorably in
those countries.
? Our light industrial goods
have been shipped to many countries where they are
received favorably.
? Our light industrial
goods which are received favorably have been
shipped to many countries.
关系代词 Who, whom
? 1. Who替代的先行词必须是人,who在从句中可以充当主语,往往也可以代替whom
充当宾语,
但它前面不能有介词,如果带有介词,则用whom替代。 Whom
在从句指人充当宾语。
? This is the teacher who is
extremely strict with the students.
? This is
the girl (whowhom) I will go to Shenzhen with.
? This is the girl with whom I will go to
Shenzhen
? 2. 在定语从句中可以看出, who和
that指人时可以通用,但是在下列情况下则宜用who,不用
that.
? A.
先行词是 one, ones, anyone, those, 人称代词 he, she时
?
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to
tell the truth.
? The ones who flatter me
don’t please me.
? Don’t tell anyone about the
news who oughtn’t to know it.
?
?
?
?
Anyone who fails to finish
the task given should be criticized.
Those who
were not fit for their work should be fired.
He (who laughs last) laughs best.
He who
doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not true man.
? B. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时,宜用who.
? I met a
foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me
questions in Chinese.
? C.
一个句子中有两个定语从句时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词已经是that,另一个宜用who
?
The boy that you met last night is the group
leader who studies very hard.
? D. there be
开头的句子中,宜用who
? There is an old man who wants
to see you.
? There are many young men who are
against him.
? There were two girls who came
here.
关系代词 Whose
? Whose: whose
是代词的所有格,可以替代人和物,代物的时候相当于of which,代人的时候相当
于of
whom。
1. Which is the Asian country? The
country’s economy is growing the fastest.
?
Which is the Asian country whose economy the
economy of which is growing the fastest
? 4.
My uncle is going to make a tour of France. His
son lives in Paris.
? My uncle whose son the
son of whom lives in Paris is going to make a tour
of France.
关系代词 that
? That:
可以指人也可以指物,通常情况下that 只能用在限定性定语从句中,在非限定性定语从句
中不用t
hat而用which或者whowhom,介词后面不能跟that 而要跟which, whom。
? The plane thatwhich has just taken off is
half an hour late.
? The radio, which I bought
last week, doesn’t work.
?
但是以下情况宜用that不用which:
? A.
先行词是形容词最高级或序数词,或者它前面有最高级形容词或序数词修饰的时候。
? 1.
This is the best way that has been used against
air pollution.
? 2. English is the most
difficult subject that you have to learn during
the three years
? 3. He is the last person
that I want to work with.
?
B.先行词既有人又有物的时候用that
? 1. Do you know the
things and persons that they are talking about?
? bike and the rider that had run over an old
man were taken to the police station.
? C.
当先行词是all, much, little, something, everything,
anything, nothing, none, the one, only, one of,
the very (就是那一个)等代词的时候,宜用that
? should
hand in all that you have.
? 2. We haven’t got
too much that we can offer you.
? 3. Liming is
the only one that got full marks in the exam.
? 4. She is the only one that wants to be a
teacher in the future.
? 5. He is the very
student that all the teachers like a lot.
?
6. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be
teachers in our class.
? D. 当主句中已经有who,which 作
疑问词的时候宜用that,当有两个定语从句,其中一个已经用
了which或who,另一个宜用t
hat.
? 1. Which is the bike that you lost?
? 2. Who is the man that was praised at the
meeting?
? 3. Edison built up a factory
which produced things that has never been seen
before.
关系代词 which
? Which:
在非限定性定语从句中只能用which不用that,
which可以指代前面的名词,代词,也可
以指代整句话。
? 1. Paris,
which is a modern fashionable city, has a long
history.
? 2. More and more housewives come
from their house and get jobs, which makes their
life much more
colorful.
? 3. We will go
to visit the factory tomorrow, which means you
don’t need to wear suits and high heels.
宜用which的情况
? A. 当关系代词前有介词的时候宜用which 不用that
? 1. This is the hotel at which you will stay
for a week.
? This is the hotel that which
you will stay at for a week.
? B.
当有两个定语从句的时候,一个用了that,另一个宜用which
? 1. Let me
show you the novel that I borrowed from the
library which was newly open to us.
关系副词Where
?
Where的用法,当先行词在从句中作地点状语的时候,用where替代先行词,引导定语从句。Where
可以等于合适的地点介词( in on atunder等等) + which
?
This is the house. I was born in the house.
?
This is the house where I was born.
? Where
代替先行词the house,在从句中做地点状语。
? This is the house
in which I was born.
? This is the house
(thatwhich) I was born in.
? Which
和that都做介词宾语。Where可以=合适的介词+which
? Shenzhen is
not the heaven. Everybody wants to go to Shenzhen.
? Shenzhen, where everybody wants to go, is
not the heaven.
? Shenzhen, to which
everybody wants to go, is not the heaven.
?
When的用法:
?
When的用法,当先行词在从句中作时间状语的时候,用when替代先行词,引导定语从句。When
可
以等于合适的时间介词( in on atduring等等) + which
?
He came at 6:00. We were going to be off work at
6:00.
? He came at 6:00 when at which we were
going to be off work.
? August 22nd, 2004 was
an important day. I first came to Shenzhen on that
day.
? August 22nd, 2004 was an important day,
when on which I first came to Shenzhen
? why
的用法:
? Why的用法,当先行词在从句中作原因状语的时候,用why替代先行词,引导定语从
句。Why在
某些语境下,可以等于for + which
? The reason
is to invite you to my birthday party. I’m calling
you for this reason.
? The reason why I’m
calling you is to invite you to my birthday party.
? The reason for which I’m calling you is to
invite you to my birthday party.
? Do you know
the reason why he is late?
? Do you know the
reason ? He is late for that reason.
As引导的定语从句
? 1. as指代前面后面整个主句的内容,在句中做主语或者宾语。
? As I
expected, he did not believe me.
? I expected
he did not believe me. He really did not believe
me.
? I told you he was a liar. He was
actually a liar.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
As I told you, he was a liar.
When
we married, my husband moved into our house, as is
the tradition in Esarn.
我们结婚的时候,我丈夫搬到我们家来住,这是Esarn的传统。
台湾是中国的一部分,这是众所周知的。
Taiwan is part of
China, as is known to all of us.
2. 指代名词
He is not the man as he was.
He is not the
man. He was the man. (as引导的定语从句修饰man,as做was的表语。)
深圳不再是以前的样子了。
Shenzhen is no longer as she
used to be.
3. 在such …as 和 the same… as 的句型中
We have found such materials as are used in
their factory.
We have found such materials.
Those materials are used in their factory.
Such people as you described are fewer and
fewer nowadays.
Such people are fewer and
fewer nowadays.
You described those people.
Tom is not such a man. The man would leave
his work half done.
Tom is not such a man as
would leave his work half done.
4. He
answered with the same simplicity. He asked with
the simplicity
He answered with the same
simplicity as he asked.
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