高一高二英语语法

高一英语语法
一．直接引语和间接引语
（一）直接引述别人的原话，叫 做直接引语；用自己话
转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。
直接引语必 须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语
改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须 对
直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语
等进行改变。
1．时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转
述动词said， asked等的影响而使用过 去化的时态，即把原
来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现
在进行时变为过 去进行时，等等。例如：
Tom said to me，“My brother is doing his homework．”
→Tom said to me that his brother was doing his
homework．
2．人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的
变化：根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：
She asked Jack，“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been．
He said，“These books are mine．”
→He said that those books were his．
（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序 ，但

是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会
有所不同。直接 引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether
或if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语 。转述
的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me，
him， her， us等。如：
She said，“Is your father at home?”
→She asked me ifwhether my father was at home．
“What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me．
→My friend asked me what I did every Sunday．
直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句
的语气（即请求或命令）加上ask， tell， order等动词，
如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加not。其句型为：ask
tell order someone （not） to do something．例如：
She said to us，“Please sit down．”
→She asked us to sit down．
He said to him，“Go away！”
→He ordered him to go away．
He said， “Don’t make so much noise， boys．”
→He told the boys not to make so much noise．
二．各种时态的被动语态
被动语态概述

被动语态的概念：它是动词 的一种形式，表示主语与谓
语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作
的执行者 ，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the
river．被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The
little boy was seen crying by the river．
被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be＋动词的过去分词”构
成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的 不同而变化。
几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：
1．一般现在时 amisare ＋过去分词
例如：Rice is planted in the south of China．
2．一般过去时 waswere ＋过去分词
例如：These trees were planted the year before last．
3．一般将来时 willshall ＋ be ＋过去分词
例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in
our school．
4．现在进行时 amisare ＋ being ＋过去分词
例如：Your radio is being repaired now．
5．过去进行时 waswere ＋ being ＋过去分词
When he got there， the problem was being discussed．
6．现在完成时 havehas ＋ been ＋过去分词
His work has been finished．

Has his work been finished? Yes， it has． No，
it hasn’t．
7．过去完成时 had ＋ been ＋过去分词
注意：
1．除了be之外的其它系动词如get， stay等也可以和
过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions haven’t got
answered．
2．含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词＋
be ＋过去分词”结构。例如：
More attention should be paid to the old in this
country．
This work can’t be done until Mr． Black comes．
3．含有“be going to”， “be to”等结构的谓语，其被
动语态分别用“be going to ＋ be ＋过去分词”和“be to ＋
be ＋过去分词”。例如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the next
meeting．
All these books are to be taken to the library．
4．被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词＋用 作表语
的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，
所以应注意它们的区别。被 动语态中的过去分词是动词，多
强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状

态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。
例如：
The map was changed by someone．（被动结构）
That custom remained unchanged for many
centuries．（系表结构）
系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰，被动语态中
的过去分词往往要用much修饰。
例如：
He was very excited．（系表结构）
He was much excited by her words．（被动结构）
5．主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动
意味，如 open， read， sell， shut， wash， wear， write
等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如：
These books sell well．这些书很畅销。
The door won’t shut．这门关不上。
The clothes wash well．这些衣服很好洗。
语法练习
1． No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the
building．
A． been given B． given C． to give
D． be giving
2． I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should

reject the offer．
A． gave B． was given C． was giving
D． had given
3． The police found that the house ___ and a lot
of things ___．
A． has broken into； has been stolen
B． had broken into； had been stolen
C． has been broken into； stolen
D． had been broken into； stolen
4． —Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet， the rooms ___．
A． are being painted B． are painting
C． are painted D． are being painting
5． As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my
friends．
A． separated B． spared C． lost
D． missed
6． Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___
by the hour．
A． pay B． paying C． paid D． to pay
7． Great changes ___ in the city， and a lot of
factories ___．

A． have been taken place， have been set up
B． have taken place， have been set up
C． have taken place， have set up
D． were taken place， were set up
8． The suit’s finished， ___ it?
A． doesn’t B． isn’t C． hasn’t
D． has
9． The surface of the table ___ smooth enough．
A． doesn’t feel B． hasn’t felt C． isn’t
feeling D． isn’t felt
10． Such plants never ___ in this part of the world．
A． have grown B． are growing C． grow
D． are grown
11． These kinds of shoes ___ well．
A． were not sold B． won’t be sold C． are
not sold D． don’t sell
12． Text books ___ to come in time．
A． require B． required C． are required
D． are requiring
13． When the speaker entered the hall， all the
listeners ___．
A． had seated B． were seated C． seated

D． were seating
14． Don’t get that ink on your shirt， for it ___．
A． won’t wash out B． won’t be washing C． isn’t
washing out D． doesn’t wash out
15． Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t
like serving there．
A． wanted B． was wanted C． was wanting
D． had wanted
16． He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home．
A． leaving alone B． being left alone
C． to be left lonely D． to leave alone
17． Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years．
A． have been married to B． have married
with
C． has been married D． had married
with
18． The TV play ___ last night．
A． was tired out me B． tired out me C． was
tired me out D． tired me out
19． I remember ___ for the job， but I forget the
exact amount．
A． to be paid B． being paid C． to pay

D． paying
20． In front of the hall color flags were ___．
A． hunged B． hanged C． hang
D． hanging
语法练习答案：
1－10： ABDAA CBBAC 11－20： DCBAB BADBD
高二上学期英语语法总结
1．不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2．用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功
能的用法。
①当不定式的逻辑主 语是不定式所表示动作的承受
者时，不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句
中可作主语、 表语、状语、补语等。如：To be obeyed
was natural to her．她生性让别人听命于她。(作主
语)The problem remained to be solved．这个问题还有
待解决。(作表语)It needs not to be said that they are
very happy together．不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作
宾语)There were plans to be made at once．要立即制
定计划。(作定语)He has returned only to be sent away
again．他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)The
captain ordered the flag to be hoisted．
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)The book is intended

to be read and not to be torn．这书是供人阅读的而不
是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中，不定式虽表被动，但仍用主动形式。
如：What is to pay？要付多少钱？
The reason is not far to seek．道理很浅显。He gave me
some books to read．他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand．我们发现这
些报告很容易懂。
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特 点，所以它在
句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、
补语等。但由于时间关系1) 作主语。如：
To see is to believe．眼见为实。
To serve the people is our duty．为人民服务是我们的
职责。
在日常英语中，常用it作为语法上的主语，即形式主
语，而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our duty to serve the people．为人民服务是我们
的职责。
2)作宾语。如：I couldn't afford to buy a new car．我
买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him？你决定嫁给他吗？
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语，它们 是：want，wish，

hate，prefer，hope，continue，m anage，try，ask，
offer，start，forget，remember，begi n，decide，agree，
choose，learn，pretend，promise，me an，expect，
desire等。
另外，在一些复合宾语中，常用it代表不定式作为 形
式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如：I
thought it right to do this test．我认为做这项实验是对
的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如：
This is the best way to solve this problem．
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。I have a lot of work to
do．我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它 所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且
这个不定式是不及物动词，则它后面需有必要的介
词。如： He is a good comrade to work with．他是一
个很好共事的同志。There is nothing to think
about．没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等。如：
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母。(表
目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you．
我把收音机音量调小，以免打扰你。(表目的)

The problem is too hard to understand．
这问题太难了，理解不了。(表结果)
What have I done to make you unhappy？
我做了什么事使你不高兴？(表结果)
I'm glad to hear the news．听了这消息，我很高兴。(表
原因)
I was surprised to see him there．
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus语法重点
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定语和表语的过去分词
1) 过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定
语，过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系，且表< br>完成的状态；如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语，
过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系 之说，
所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些
表示思想感情的过去分词如asto nished，
disappointed，excited，frightened，interes ted，pleased，
surprised，tired，worried等既不表主动，又不表完
成。此外，作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在
被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是 动词短
语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如：

You can drink boiled water，not boiling water．
你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the
examination．
从他的失望表情看，我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如：
This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了，常见的 有：
delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amu sed，
astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，s atisfied，
pleased，surprised，worried，excited，mar ried，
puzzled，upset等。
用作宾补的过去分词
过去分词作宾补，与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系
且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉 或心理状态的动词的宾补，它们是：see，
hear，watch，feel，find，think 等
We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队
演奏这首乐曲。
Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战
役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：m ake，keep，leave，

have，get，help等
Please keep us informed of the latest development．
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们 是：want，like，
wish，prefer，need，declare，report，or der，
acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾
补基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal．
我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
用作状语的过去分词
无论 过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻
辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、
让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语 从句。。
1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated，the metal
expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took
good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied
by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾
这个婴儿。像第二句那样当 强调实践概念时，过去分
词之前可用连词when，while。
2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't

say a word．他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。(Because
she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．那
姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不
3)表让步Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使
受邀请，我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they
went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续
战斗。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，
惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in
thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思， 它只起
一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时，一般不可省
略，且可把that所引导的主 语从句放在后面，前面用
it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一
般疑问句时 多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，
必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导< br>及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that
可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾 语从句(中学阶段常

见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in等 )，
如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加
that从句作宾语。③tha t从句作表语从句，一般不可
省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。请
看下列例 句：That we shall be late is certain．=It is
certain that we shall be late．
我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。It is said that he's got
married．听说他结婚了。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at
all．
我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在
从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，
where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far
from here．
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，
where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面
没有表示地点的先行词。例如：
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the

Han Jiang River meet．
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
I found my books where I had left them．我在我
原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件
含义，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引导的定语从
句则不能。例如：
Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志
者事竟成。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方
就有生命。
3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转
换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如：
A tall building was put up at the place where
there used to be a desert．( = A tall building was put
up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠
的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm
and where it rains often．( = Bamboo grows best
where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨
的地方最适合于竹子生长。
由疑问词引导的名词性从句