-
2013
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语一试题
(
完整版
)
Section
Ⅰ
Use of English
Directions:
Read
the
following
text.
Choose
the
best
word(s)
for
each
numbered
blank and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People
are,
on
the
whole,
poor
at
considering
background
information
when
making
individual decisions. At first glance
this might seem like a strength that 1 the
ability to make judgments which are
unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn
speculated that an inability to
consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to
be
biased
by
the
daily
samples
of
information
they
were
working
with.
4
,
he
theorised
that a judge
5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more
likely to send someone
to
prison
7
he
had
already
sentenced
five
or
six
other
defendants
only
to
probation
on that day.
To
8
this
idea,
he
turned
to
the
university-admissions
process.
In
theory,
the
9
of
an
applicant
should
not
depend
on
the
few
others
10
randomly
for
interview
during
the same
day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers.
The
interviewers
had
13
applicants
on
a
scale
of
one
to
five.
This
scale
14
numerous
factors into
consideration. The scores were 15 used in
conjunction with an
applicant's
score
on
the
Graduate
Management
Admission
Test,
or
GMAT,
a
standardised
exam which is 16
out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether
to accept him or
her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of
interviewees was 0.75 points or more
higher than that of the one 17 that, then the
score
for
the
next
applicant
would
18
by
an
average
of
0.075
points.
This
might
sound
small,
but
to
19
the
effects
of
such
a
decrease
a
candidate
would
need
30
more
GMAT
points than would otherwise have been
20 .
1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers
2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external
3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment
4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all
5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless
6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless
8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test
9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified
11.[A] exceptional [B]
defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured
13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took
15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather
16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced
17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below
18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard
20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful
Section
Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
：
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
after
each
text
by
choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In
the 2006 film version of
The Devil
Wears
Prada,
Miranda Priestly, played by
Meryl Streep, scold
her unattractive assistant for imagining that high
fashion
doesn
’
t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant
’
s sweater
descended over the years from fashion shows to
department stores and to
the bargain
bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her
garment.
This
top-down
conception
of
the
fashion
business
couldn
’
t
be
more
out
of
date
or at odds with feverish world
described in Overdressed, Elizabeth
Cline
’
s
three-year
indictment of
“
fast fashion
”
. In the last decades or so, advances in
technology have allowed
mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo
to react
to
trends
more
quickly
and
anticipate
demand
more
precisely.
Quckier
turnrounds
mean
less wasted inventory, more frequent
releases, and more profit. Those labels
encourage style-conscious consumers to
see clothes as disposal
——
meant to last
only
a
wash
or
two,
although
they
don
’
t
advertise
that
——
and
to
renew
their
wardrobe
every
few
weeks.
By
offering
on-trend
items
at
dirt-cheap
prices,
Cline
argues,
these
brands have hijacked
fashion cycles, shaking all industry long
accustomed to a
seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For
H&M to offer a 5.95 knit
miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the
world,
it must rely on low-wage,
overseas labor, order in volumes that strain
natural
resources, and use massive
amount of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed
is
the
fashion
world
’
s
answer
to
consumer
activist
bestsellers
like
Michael
Pollan
’
s
The
Omnivore
’
s
Dilemma.
Mass-produced
clothing,
like
fast
food,
fills
a
hunger
and
need,
yet
is
non-durable,
and
wasteful,
”
Cline
argues,
Americans,
she
finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a
year
——
about 64 items per person
——
and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards
the
end
of
Overdressed,
Cline
introduced
her
ideal,
a
Brooklyn
woman
named
SKB,
who,
since
2008
has
make
all
of
her
own
clothes
——
and
beautifully.
But
as
Cline
is the first to note, it
took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her
example,
can
’
t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact
on
labor
and
the
environment
——
including
H&M,
with
its
green
Conscious
Collection
Line
——
Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She
exhibits the idealism
common to
many
advocates of sustainability, be
it
in food
or
in energy. Vanity is a
constant; people will only start shopping more
sustainably
when they
can
’
t afford to it.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D]lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word
“
indictment
”
(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An
old
saying
has
it
that
half
of
all
advertising
budgets
are
wasted-the
trouble
is,
no
one
knows
which
half
.
In
the
internet
age,
at
least
in
theory
,this
fraction
can be
much reduced . By watching what people search for,
click on and say online,
companies can
aim
“
behavioural
”
ads at those most likely to buy.
In
the past couple of weeks
a quarrel
has illustrated the value to advertisers
of such fine-grained
information: Should advertisers assume that people
are happy
to be tracked and sent
behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit
permission?
In December 2010 America's
Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a
not
track
option
to
internet
browsers
,so
that
users
could
tell
adwertisers
that
they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's
Internet Explorer and Apple's
Safari
both offer DNT Google's Chrome is due to do so
this year. In February the
FTC and
Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the
industry would get
cracking on
responging to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the
version due to appear windows 8, would
have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not
oblige anyone to stop tracking,
although some companies have promised to do so.
Unable to tell whether someone really
objects to behavioural ads or whether they
are sticking with
Microsoft
’
s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on
anyway.
Also
unclear
is
why
Microsoft
has
gone
it
alone.
Atter
all,
it
has
an
ad
business
too, which it
says will comply with DNT requests, though it is
still working out
how. If it is trying
to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on
default will
become the norm. DNT does
not seem an obviously huge selling point for
windows
8-though
the
firm
has
compared
some
of
its
other
products
favourably
with
Google's
on
that
count
before.
Brendon
Lynch,
Microsoft's
chief
privacy
officer,
bloggde:
believe
consumers should have more control.
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that
“
behavioural
”
ads help advertisers
to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D]provide better online services
27.
“
The industry
”
(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D]internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D]goes against human nature
29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity
among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one
of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciaction
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by
no
means
uniformly
-
glowingly
positive.
Science
and
technology
would
cure
all
the
ills of humanity,
leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity
for all.
Now
utopia
has
grown
unfashionable,
as
we
have
gained
a
deeper
appreciation
of
the
range
of
threats
facing
us,
from
asteroid
strike
to
epidemic
flu
and
to
climate
change.
You
might
even
be
tempted
to
assume
that
humanity
has
little
future
to
look
forward to.
But
such
gloominess
is
misplaced.
The
fossil
record
shows
that
many
species
have
endured for
millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a
broader look at our
species'
place
in
the
universe,
and
it
becomes
clear
that
we
have
an
excellent
chance
of
surviving
for
tens,
if
not
hundreds,
of
thousands
of
years
.
Look
up
Homo
sapiens
in the
Conversation of
Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read:
species
is
very
widely
distributed,
adaptable,
currently
increasing,
and
there
are
no major threats resulting
in an overall population decline.
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and
organisations
are
now
thinking
seriously
about
that
question.
For
example,
the
Long
Now Foundation has its flagship project
a medical clock that is designed to still
be marking time thousands of years
hence .
Perhaps
willfully
,
it
may
be
easier
to
think
about
such
lengthy
timescales
than
about
the
more
immediate
future.
The
potential
evolution
of
today's
technology,
and
its
social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated,
and it's perhaps best left to
science
fiction
writers
and
futurologists
to
explore
the
many
possibilities
we
can
envisage. That's
one reason why we have launched Arc, a new
publication dedicated
to the near
future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with
considerable assurance.
As so often, the past holds the key to the future:
we have
now
identified
enough
of
the
long- term
patterns
shaping
the
history
of
the
planet,
and
our
species,
to
make
evidence-based
forecasts
about
the
situations
in
which
our
descendants will find
themselves.
This
long
perspective
makes
the
pessimistic
view
of
our
prospects
seem
more
likely
to be a
passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all
rosy. But we are now
knowledgeable
enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened
the existence of
earlier humans, and to
improve the lot of those to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN
’
s
“
Red List
”
suggest that human being are
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threaten to the environment
[C] the world
’
s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] explore our planet
’
s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona
’
s
immigration law
Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama
Administration. But
on
the
more
important
matter
of
the
Constitution,the
decision
was
an
8-0
defeat
for
the
Administration
’
s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal
government and the states.
In
Arizona
v.
United
States,
the
majority
overturned
three
of
the
four
contested
provisions
of
Arizona
’
s
controversial
plan
to
have
state
and
local
police
enforce
federal
immigration law. The Constitutional principles
that Washington alone has
the power to
“
establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization
”
and that federal laws
precede state laws are
noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to
fashion state
policies that ran
parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by
Chief Justice John Roberts and the
Court
’
s
liberals,
ruled
that
the
state
flew
too
close
to
the
federal
sun.
On
the
overturned
provisions
the majority held the congress had deliberately
“
occupied the field
”
and Arizona had thus intruded on the
federal
’
s privileged powers.
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the
legal status of people who
come in contact with law
’
s because