-
1.
Could you please briefly describe the atmosphere that affected the development of early
Chinese medicine?
It was a time of intellectual freedom
and political uncertainties, during which
“
the various
schools of
thought and their exponents rose in swarms and
contended one against another
heatedly.
”
It
was
in
this
atmosphere
that
astronomy,
including
the
calendar,
mathematics,
biology,
geography,
anthropology,
psychology,
and
agricultural
technology
all
began
to
flourish.
Meanwhile, the theories of yin-yang and of the
five elements, as well as the concept
of
the
vital
essence,
gradually
matured
and
became
extensively
used
to
interpret
natural
phenomena and to express
their regularities as laws.
2.
What are the contents of the
Internal Classic
?
The
Internal
Classic
explained
the
laws
of
life
and
the
unity
of
the
body
with
the
natural
world.
It
provided
a
systematic
discussion
of
anatomy
--
the
viscera
and
the
meridians
--
physiology
and
pathology.
It
also
expounded
the
diagnosis,
prevention
and
treatment
of
diseases.
In
deliberately
combining
natural
science
with
philosophy,
the
Internal
Classic
provided a deep
interdisciplinary approach toward medicine and
medical practice.
3.
Why is the
Classic on Medical Problems
regarded as the initial formation of TCM theory.
It is an important contribution to the
development of the basic theory of TCM, especially
its
elaboration
of
the
theories
of
pulse
study,
visceral
manifestations,
meridians
and
so
on,
thereby providing
a theoretical basis for the principles of
treatment and the establishment of
prescriptions.
1.
What are the functions of the
“
fire of the gate of life
”
in maintaining the vitality of metabolic
processes?
Fire of
the gate of life assists the heart in its function
of housing the mind(shen); it provides
the
warmth
necessary
to
the
spleen
to
transform
and
transport;
it
stimulates
the
small
intestine
function
of
separation;
it
provides
the
heat
necessary
to
the
bladder
and
lower
burner to transform and excrete fluids
and it provides the heat necessary for the uterus
keep
the blood moving?
2.
What would happen to the physiological processes if the balance between fire and water is
disturbed?
When fire gets out of hand and becomes
excessive, it has a tendency to flow upwards;
hence
the manifestations will show on
the top part of the body and head, with headaches,
red eyes,
red
face
or
thirst.
When
water
becomes
excessive,
it
has
a
tendency
to
flow
downwards
causing
oedema of the legs, excessive urination or
incontinence.
3.
What are the functions of yin and yang organs that are mutually dependent on each other?
The
function of the yang organs is to produce qi and
blood from the transformation of food.
The function of yin organs is to
provide for the yang ones nourishment deriving
from blood
and essence stored by the
yin organs.
1.
What are the relationships that are not accepted by practitioners of Chinese medicine?
The
relationships
are:
earth
would
correspond
to
the
spleen,
qi,
dampness,
worry,
1
consciousness of possibilities, and
faithfulness; wood would correspond to the liver,
blood,
wind,
non-corporeal
soul,
and
human
kindness;
water
would
correspond
to
the
kidney,
essence, cold, fear, and
the will; fire would correspond to the heart,
warmth, elation, heart,
spirit, and
propriety, and metal would correspond to the lung,
fluids, dryness, corporeal soul,
and
righteousness.
2.
What are the two groups of medically useful correspondences of the five elements?
They
are
those
that
make
metaphysical
sense
in
the
Chinese
mode
of
thought,
or
are
construed
to
have
associations
outside
the
body
(often
forced
associations),
and
those
derived from the functions of the
organs or from empirical observation.
3.
How
is
the
correspondence
between
metal
and
the
nose
establish
the
different
types
of
correspondence?
The nose is the opening most often
affected by diseases of the lung, and the nasal
tract is
considered an extension of the
lung. Since the lung is associated with meal, the
nose is also
given that association.
1.
Why is it difficult to understand the concept of qi?
The concept of qi is difficult to
understand because of its multidimensional nature.
Qi is an
enigma, for it is both a noun
and a verb, just as light may be described as
particle and a wave.
2.
How
do
you
understand
the
statement
that
the
foundation
of
our
health
rests
on
the
harmonious integration and balance that
qi provides?
Qi dances in our hearts
and allows us the full range of our emotions. It
stimulates and power
our minds to give
us the ability to reason and dream. It integrates
the functions of our bodies,
which
themselves
are
the
material
manifestations
of
this
enlivening
force.
Besides,
the
famous
physician
Zhang
Zai
(1020-1077AD)
stated,
“
if
qi
condenses,
its
visibility
becomes
effective and physical form
appears.
”
3.
How do you understand the statement that qi has a number of primary forms and functions
that change according to the
environment and circumstances that surround it?
Qi is the force propelling the
blood through the arteries and veins, yet is the
very quality of
that blood itself. It
is the air that enters our lungs as we breathe,
yet is the energy the lungs
use to
inhale and exhale as well as the lung tissue
itself.
Unit 5
1.
What are the main signs that reflect
“
disquieted heart spirit?
”
Insomnia,
profuse
dreaming,
heart
vexation
and
heart
palpitations
are
understood
as
the
main signs that
reflect
“
disquieted heart spirit.
”
2.
What symptoms will non diffusion of lung qi result in?
Non
diffusion
of
lung
q
will
result
in
nasal
congestion,
a
hoarse
voice,
and
sweating
abnormalities.
3.
Why are the spleen and the stomach associates with the earth phase?
Because
the
earth
phase
is
associated
with
the
season
of
“
long
summer
”
(late
summer),
when
most
grains
and
fruits
are
harvested,
the
spleen
and
the
stomach,
which
harvest
nutrients from food in
the digestive tract, naturally became associated
with the earth phase.
2
Unit 7
1.
What
’
s the connotation of examination methods in a narrow sense?
In
a
narrow
sense,
examination
methods
refer
primarily
to
the
four
examinations:
visual
examination,
listening
and
smelling
examination,
inquiry
examination
and
palpation
examination.
2.
What do physicians of Chinese medicine inspect the exterior manifestations of disease for?
Any
disharmony
between
qi
and
blood,
yin
and
yang,
zang-organs
and
fu-organs
will
be
reflected on the exterior of the body.
Hence, by using inspection examination to
investigate
the exterior manifestations
of the disease one can deduce its nature.
3.
On what grounds does the author claim that the inspection of the tongue image is especially
important?
On
such
grounds
that
changes
or
abnormalities
in
the
tongue
body
can
reflect
the
circumstances
of
the
zang-fu
organs,
qi
and
blood.
In
other
words,
the
exuberance
and
debility
of
the
right
qi
is
manifested
in
the
tongue
body.
Furthermore,
the
nature
of
the
disease can also be identified from the
color of the tongue fur.
1.
What are the six pernicious influences?
The
six
pernicious
influences-heat,
cold,
wind,
dampness,
dryness
and
summer
heat---are
external climatic
forces that can invade the body and create
disharmony in the mind/ body/
spirit.
2.
What kind of symptoms will present when external cold attacks the human beings?
When external cold attacks the
body, acute illness may develop, along with
chills, fever and
body aches. When the
external cold moves inward and becomes an interior
disharmony, it is
associated
with
a
chronic
condition
that
produces
a
pale
face,
lethargy
and
grogginess,
a
craving for heat and a tendency to
sleep for longer than usual periods of time.
3.
Would you please give a brief introduction to the pathological characters of heat disorders?
Heat
disorders cause overactive yang functions or
insufficient yin function. They are generally
associated
with
bodily
heart,
a
red
face,
hyperactively
and
talk- activeness,
fever,
thirst
for
clod
liquids
and
a
rapid
pulse.
Symptoms
include
carbuncles
and
bodied,
dry
mouth
and
thirst. Confused speech and delirium
arise when heat attacks the
shen
.
翻译
第
3
章
1.
Archimeds first discover the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。
2.
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
ion
is
an
electro- chemical
process
by
which
a
metal
such
as
mild
steel
returns
to
its
natural state, such as iron
oxide or rust.
腐蚀是一种电化的过程，像低碳钢一
类的金属，因腐蚀而回复到自然状态，如氧化铁，即
铁锈。
4.
Hyperventilation
produces
small
decreases
in
blood
pressure
in
normal
subjects
and
large
3
decreases in patients with automatic
failure.
过度换气会使正常受试者的血压轻微下降，而患有自律衰竭患者的下
降幅度则较大
5.
Aspirin has been recognized as inhibiting normal platelet functions and the mechanism has
been
clearly delineated.
人们发现阿司匹林有抑制正常血小板的功能
，而这种机制也已得到清楚的描述。
6.
Traditionally, these tumors have been treated locally, usually with radiation.
照过去的治疗方法，对这些肿瘤一直进行局部治疗，通常是采用放射疗
法。
7.
Terminal is defined here as an irreversible illness that will cause the death of the patient in a
foreseeable time.
临终状态在这里定义为
，在可预见的时间里，不可逆转的疾病将导致患者死亡。
8.
A thrombus may cause sudden closure of the vessel with complete obstruction of the blood
now.
血栓会引起血管突然阻塞，造成血流完全中断。
9.
Obsterics and gynecology are combined in the specialty that deals with pregnancy and birth
and
diseases of female reproductive system.
产科与妇科合并处理妊娠、生育及女性生殖系统疾病的专科。
10.
This
observation
has
not
been
confirmed
by
other
trials
employing
long
term
tamoxifen
treatment.
这个观察结果还没被其他使用他莫西酚
进行治疗的实验所证实
。
第
4
章
1.
The prevention of sudden cardiac death by long-
term administration of antirrhythmic drugs is
based on sound physiological
principles.
长期服用抗心律失常药来预防心脏病引起的猝死，是以正确可
靠的生理学原理为依据的。
2.
A careful analysis of the patient’s history shows that urticarial is sort of clinical
clue to viral
hepatitis.
详细分析患者的病史后，就看得出荨麻疹是病毒性肝炎的一种临床线索。
patient has no knowledge of when the
first attack occurred.
患者不知道第一次发作是在何时
。
4.
Endocrinology is defined as the study of the ductless or endocrine glands and their internal
secretion.
内分泌学的定义是：研究无管腺或称内分泌腺及它们的内分泌物的科学。
5.
The patient is beyond help.
这个病人没救了。
6.
This sort of beverage is refreshing and nourishing.
这种饮料提神，养人。
7.
They admitted the feasibility of our treatment.
他们承认我们的治疗方案是可取的。
8.
Treatment of amblyopia must be prompt. Up to the age of about seven a rapid and complete
restoration of
vision can be expected within a month.
弱视必须及时治疗。在
7
岁左右以前，视力在一个月内能够完全迅速恢复。
9.
In the pharynx the only site to be involved in an infection with any frequency , at least in
adults, is
the oropharynx.
咽部感染多发生在口腔部，至少在成年人如此。
4