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大学英语四级
语法精要
< br>大学英语四级语法精要
Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
1.
时态
1)
现在完成进行时态
< p>(have/hasbeen
+
-ing
分词 构成):
动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到
现在,可能继续下去,也可
能刚刚结束.
I
’
ve
been
writing
letters
for
an
hour.
I
’
ve
been
< p>sittingin
the
garden.
< br>2)
过去完成进行时
(由
had
been< /p>
+
ing
分词构成):
过去某个时刻以前一直在进行 的动作
I
’
d
been
w orking
for
some
time
when< /p>
he
called.
We
had
< p>beenwaiting
for
her
for
two
hours
by
the
ti me
she
came.
3)
将来完成进行 时
:
将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By
next
summer,
he
will
ha ve
been
working
here
for
twenty
years.
In
anothe r
month
’
s
time
she
’
ll
have
been
stud ying
here
for
three
years.
4)
将来完成时
(由
shall/wil l
have
+
过去分词构成):
将来某时会业已发 生的事.
I
shall
have
fini shed
this
one
before
lunch .
They
’
ll
have
hit
the
year
’
s
ta rget
by
the
end
of
O ctober.
2.
语态
1)
可 以有两种被动结构的类型
,例如:
He
was
< p>saidto
be
jealous
of
her
success.
It
was
< p>saidthat
he
was
jealous
of
her
success.
能同时适用
于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有
as
sume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,
say,suppose,understand
等.
It
is
supposed
that
the
ship
has
been
sunk.
The
ship
is
supposed
to
ha ve
been
sunk.
担当
be
supposed
to
与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义. 例如:
Why
are
you
drivin g
so
fast
in
this
ar ea?
You
are
supposed
to
know
the
speed
to
know
the
speed
limit.
(你
应该
晓得速度限制)
2)
双宾语及宾补结构的 被动语态
a)
双宾语结构的被动语态
:
双 宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,
另一个宾语仍然保留
在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
He
was
asked
a
number
of
question s
at
the
press
conference.
Two
days
were
allowed
them
for
making
the
necessary
preparations.
b)
宾补结构的被动语态
:
2
She
was
called
Big
Sister
by
everybody.
Then
he
was< /p>
made
a
squad
leader.
He
was
considered
quite
qualified
for
the
job.
The
room
was
always
ke pt
clean
and
tidy.
3.<
/p>
短语动词
1)
Vi
+
adv
The
plane
took
off
two
hours
late.
2)
Vi
+
prep
They
looked
round
the
Cathedral.
3)
Vi
+
prep
(有被动语态)
She
’
s
looking
after
her
sister
’
s
chil dren.
The
children
were
< p>alwayswell
looked
after.
< p>4)
Vi
+
adv
+
prep
I
began
to
look
forward
to
their
visits.
5)
Vt
+
O
+
adv
Some
women
choose
to
stay
at
home
and
bring
up
their
children.
< br>The
children
were
brought
up
by
their
mother.
They
took
him
on.
6)<
/p>
Vt
+
adv
+
O
( 无被动语态)
I
am
trying
to< /p>
give
up
smoking.
7)
Vt
+
O
+
prep
We
talked
Donald
into
ag reement.
4.
省略
1)
在以
as,
than,
when,
if,
unless
等引导的从句中的省略:
在有些状语从句中,如果谓语
包含有动词
be,主语又和主句的主语一致
a),或者主语是< /p>
it
b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓
语的一部分(特
别是动词
be)省略掉.
a)
Look
o ut
for
cars
when
crossing< /p>
the
street.
When
taken
according
to
the
directio ns,
the
drug
has
no
side
effects.
While
there
he
joined
in
voluntary
labour
on
a
project.
Although
not
yet
six
month s
old
,
she
was
able
to
walk
without
support.< /p>
If
not
well
managed
,
irrigation
can
be
ha rmful.
Though
reduced
in
numbers,
they
gained
in
fighting
capacity.
This
vie wpoint,
however
understandable
,
is
wrong.
Enemies,
on ce
discovered
,
were
tight ly
encircled
and
completely
< p>wipedout.
She
hurriedly
left
the
room
as
thou gh/if
angry
.
She
work ed
extremely
hard
though
s till
rather
poor
in
health
.
Fill
in
the
a pplication
as
instructed
.
Whenever
known
,
such
facts
should
be
reported.
The
documents
will
be
returned
as
soon
as
signe d
.
He
said
that
no
acrobat
could
ever
per form
those
daring
feats
un less
trained
very
young
Once
having
made
a
promise
,
you
should
< p>keepit.
3
b)
If
necessary
I
’
ll
ha ve
the
letter
duplicated.
Fill
in
the
blanks
wit h
articles
where(ver)
necessary< /p>
.
If
possible
,
I
should
like
to
have
< p>twocopies
of
it.
As
scheduled
,
they
met
< p>onJanuary
20
at
the
Chinese
Embassy.
2）
在以
than
a)
或
as
b)
引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.
a)
He
told
me
not
to
use
more< /p>
material
than
(it
is)
< p>necessary.
We
should
think
more
of
the
collective
than
of
ourselves.
b)
They
worked
with
as
mu ch
enthusiasm
as
young
peo ple
(did).
He
is
now
a
vice-manager,
but
still
often
works
in
the
ki tchen
as
before.
Their
training
is
free,
as
is
all
education.
We
will,
as
always,
stand
on
your
side.
3）
错误的省略
< br>His
life
is
as
fully
committed
to
books
as
anyone
I
know.
While
s tanding
there
in
her
night gown,
two
bullets
struck
t he
wall
beside
her.
5.
一致
1)
如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有
with,
together
with,
as
we ll
as,
as
much
as,
n o
less
than,
more
than
等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.
Terry,
along
with
her
friend,
goe s
skating
every
Saturday.
An
expert,
together
with
some
assistants,
was
sent
to
help
in
this
work.
The
captain,
as
well
as
the
coaches,
was
di sappointed
in
the
team.
2)
代词作主语时的一致
a)
each,
< p>either,neither
和由
some,
any,
no,
every
构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.< /p>
Each
of
us
has
s omething
to
say.
Is
ev erybody
ready?
Somebody
is
using
the
phone.
Neithe
r
of
us
has
gone
thr ough
regular
training.
Has
either
of
them
told
y ou?
b)
some,
few,
both ,
many
等作复数
c)
some
可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.
none
作复数看待时较 多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单
数概念,
但
none
在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:
None
of
the
books
are
< p>easyenough
for
us
N
one
of
us
seem
to
ha ve
thought
of
it.
None
(=
not
a
single
one )
of
us
has
got
a
camera.
None
(=
nobody)< /p>
has
felt
it
more
kee nly
than
she
did.
None
of
this
worries
me.
4
all
和
most
可后接复 数
,
也可接不可数名词
(all
of
the…,
most
of
the
…),
动词用单数
.
3)
由
and
或
both…
and
连
接
名
词
词
组
时
,
后< /p>
用
复
数
;
由
not< /p>
only…but
(also),
either…or,
< p>neither…nor
或
or
连接的并列主语
,
谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致
.
Not
only
the
switches
but
also
the
old
writing
has< /p>
been
changed.
My
siste r
or
my
brother
is
l ikely
to
be
at
home.
Either
you
or
Mr
Yang
is
to
do
the
work.< /p>
Neither
my
wife
nor
I
myself
am
able
to
persuade
my
daughter
to
< p>changeher
mind.
如果一个句子是由<
/p>
there
或
here
引导
,
而主语又不止一个
,
谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致
.
There
was
carved
in< /p>
the
board
a
dragon
a nd
a
phoenix.
Here
is< /p>
a
pen,
a
few
envelop es
and
some
paper
for
< p>you.
4)
people,
police,
cattle,
poultry
(
家禽
) ,
militia
(
民兵
)
等通常 都用作复数
.
Cattle
are
gra zing
on
the
pasture.
T
he
police
are
looking
for< /p>
him.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待
,
有 时作复数看待
,
主要根据意思来决定
.
H
is
family
isn’t
very
large .
His
family
are
all
music
lovers.
The
commi ttee
meets
twice
a
month.< /p>
The
committee
are
divi ded
in
opinion.
The
au dience
was
enormous.
The
audience
were
greatly
moved
at
the
words.
有些名词单复数同形
,
可根据意思决定谓语动词的数
:
Thi
s
new
series
is
beginning< /p>
next
month.
These
new< /p>
series
are
beginning
next< /p>
month.
This
species
is
now
extinct.
These
sp ecies
are
now
extinct.
5)
表示时间
,
重量
,
长度
,
价值等的名词
,
尽管仍是复数形式
,
如果作整体看待
,
动词也可用单
数形式<
/p>
(
当然用复数动词也是可以的
):
Thre
e
weeks
was
allowed
for
making
the
necessary
prepara tions.
One
hundred
li
was
covered
in
a
single
night.
6)
其他问题
a)
书名
,
国家名用单数
:
Tale
s
from
Shakespeare
is
a
book
by
Charles
Lamb.
5
b)
学科名
,
如
mathematics,
economics
用单数
.
c)
many
a
或
mo re
than
one
所修饰的词作主语时
,
谓语动词多用单数形式
:
Many
a
< p>personhas
had
that
kind
of
experience.
More
t han
one
person
has
involve d
in
the
case.
a
number
of
后接复数
,
the
< p>numberof
后接单数
:
A
number
of
books
have
been
published
on
the
subj ect.
The
number
of
boo ks
published
on
the
subjec t
is
simply
amazing.
d
)
one
of
those
后用单数
.
在“
one
of
+
复数名词
+
关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的
单复数形式在一
般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：
Joan
is
one
of
those
people
wh o
go
out
of
their
wa y
to
be
helpful.
当
one
之前友
the
only
等限定词和修 饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据
one
而定，即采用单数形
式：
He
is
the
only
one
of
those
boys
who
is
willing
to
take
on
another
assignment.
Ⅱ
非谓语动词
1.
不定式
1)
< br>形式
主动形式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
to
do
to
have
done
to
be
doing
to
have
been
doing
被动形式
to
be
done
to
have
been< /p>
done
a)
完成式
:
不定 式的一般形式所表示的动作
,
通常与主要谓语表示的动作
(
状态
)
同时
(
或几乎同
< br>时
)
发生
,
或是在它之后发生
.
假如不定式所表示的动作
,
在谓语所表示的动作
(
状态
)
之前发
生
,< /p>
就要用不定式的完成式
.
I
am
< p>gladto
have
seen
your
mother
(=
I
am
glad
I
have
seen
your
moth er).
(
比较
:
I
am
glad
to
see
you.)
< br>He
is
said
to
have
< p>writtena
new
book
about
workers.
He
pretended
not
to
have
seen
me.
< p>b)
进行式
:
如果主要谓语表示的动作
(
状态
)
发生时
,
不定式表示的 动作正在进行
,
这时要用不
定式的进行式
.
You
are
not
supposed
to
be
working.
You
haven’t
quite
recovered
yet.
We
didn’t
expect
you
< p>tobe
waiting
for
us
here.
He
pretended
to
be
listening
attentively.
c)
完成进行式
:
在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作
,
就要用不定式的完成进行式
.
The
struggle
was
known
to
have
been
going
for
twenty
years.
6
We
are
happy
to
have
been
wo rking
with
you.
d)
被动式
:
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时
,< /p>
不定式一般要用被动
形式
.
It<
/p>
is
an
honour
for
me< /p>
to
be
asked
to
speak
here.
She
hated
to
be
flattered.
He
wanted< /p>
the
letter
to
be
typ ed
at
once.
This
is
bound
to
be
found
out.
There
are
a
lot
of
things
to
be
done.
She
was
too
young
t o
be
assigned
such
work.
2)
功用
:
不定式可以作主语
(a),
宾语
(b),
表语
(c),
定语
(d)
或是状语
(e).
a.
To
scold
her
would
no t
be
just.
b.
We
are
planning
to
build
a
reservoir
here.
c.
One< /p>
of
our
main
tasks
no w
is
to
mechanize
agricult ure.
d.
Do
you
have
anything
to
declare?
e.<
/p>
We
have
come
to
lear n
from
you.
3)
不带
< p>to的不定式
:
a)
在“动词
+
宾语
+
不定式”结构中
,
如果动词是表示感觉意义的
see,
hear,
watch,< /p>
smell,
feel,
notice
等< /p>
,
或是表示“致使”意义的
have,
make,< /p>
let
等
,
其后的不定式结构不带
t o.
John
made
her
tell< /p>
him
everything.
这类结构转换为被动语态时
,
后面的不带
to
的不定式一般还原为带
to
的不定式
.
She
was
made
to
tell
him
ever ything.
b)
在
had
bette r,
had
best,
would
rather,
would
sooner,
would
just< /p>
as
soon,
might
(just)
< p>aswell,
cannot
but
等搭配之后
,
动词不定式也不带
to.
I
’d
rather
not
have
eggs
and
bacon
for
breakfast.
They
cannot
but
accept
his
term.
c)
在
mak e
do,
make
believe,
let
drop,
let
fall,
let
fl y,
let
slip,
let
drive,
let
go
of,
let
there
be,
hear
say,
hear
leave
go
of
等固定搭配中
,
用不带
to
的动词不定式
.
John
let
fly
a
to rrent
of
abuse
at
me.
< p>I’ve
heard
tell
of
h im.
d)
在动词
help(
或
help
+
宾语
)
之后可用不带
< p>to的不定式
,
也可用带
to
的不定式
.
Can
I
help
< p>(to)lift
this
heavy
box ?
e)
在介词
except,
but
之后
,
如果其前有动词
do
的某种形式
,
不定式一般不带
to,
反之带
t o.
There
is
nothing
to
do
except
wait
till
it
stops
raining.
Smith
will
do
anything
but
wo rk
on
a
farm.
There’s<
/p>
no
choice
but
to
wai t
till
it
stops
raining.
7
f)
连词
rather
< p>than,sooner
than
置于句首时
,
其后的不定式不带
to.
Rather
than
push
the
book
back
as
he
wanted
to
do,
he
forced
himself
to
p ick
it
up.
出现在句中其他位置时
,
其后的不定式有时带
to,
有时不带
to.
He
decided
to
write
rather
than
telephone.
Th
e
manager
believes
it
is
important
to
invest
in
< p>newmachinery
rather
than
< p>toincrease
wages.
g)
,
如果主语是由“
all
+
关系分句”
，
“
thing
+
关系分句”
，
“
what
分句”< /p>
或“
thing
+
不定式结构”等构成，并 带有
do
的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可
以
省
to
，也可以不省
.
What
he
will
do
is
(to)
< p>spoilthe
whole
thing.
< br>All
you
do
now
is
complete
the
form
The
only
thing
I
can
do
now
is
go
on
by
mys elf.
The
thing
to
do
now
is
clear
up
this< /p>
mess.
The
least
I
< p>cando
is
drive
everybod y
else
closer
to
the
issue.
4)
不定式的其他用法
a)
too…to
结构通常表示否定意义
:
She
was
too
young
to
un derstand
all
that.
enough…to
结构则表示肯定意义
:
She
was
not
old
enough
to
und erstand
all
that.
not
too,
but
too,
all
too,
only
too
等和不定式连用时
,
不定式 一般不表示否定意义
:
He’s
only
too
pleased
to
help
her.
so…as
(to)
这种结构也可用不定式作状语
< p>:
Be
so
kind
as
< p>todrop
in
some
time
when
you
are
free.
b)
如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的
,
可以在不定式前加一 个
for
引起的短语
:
It
is
not
hard
for
one
to
do
a
bit
of
good .
It
is
a
great
honour
for
us
to
be
present
at
this
rally.
在
以
某
些
形
容
词
(
如
kind,
good,
nic e,
wise,
unwise,
clever,
s illy,
wrong,
right,
foolish,
stupid,
careless,
considerate,< /p>
rude,
naughty,
impolite
等< /p>
)
作表语时
,
不定式前可加一个
of
引起的短语
,
来说
明不定式指的是谁的情
况
:
It’s
kind
of
you
to
think
so
much
< p>ofus.
(It
is)
Awful ly
good
of
you
to
co me
and
meet
us.
It’s
very
nice
of
you
to
be
so
considerate.
It’s
unwise
of
them
to
t urn
down
the
proposal.
2.
V+ing
形式
(
现在分词及动名词
)
8
1)
形式
a)
完成式
:
如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示 的动作之前发生
,
通常用动名词的完成
形式
.
He
didn’t
mention
h aving
met
me.
I
regret
not
having
taken
her
< p>advice.
在某些动词后
(
或成语中
< p>),常用
(
或可以用
)
动名词 的一般形式
,
尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作
之前发生的
.
Excuse
me
for
coming
late.
I
don’t
remember
ever
seeing
him
a nywhere.
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中
,
表 示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生
.
Having
b een
there
many
times,
he
offered
to
be
our
gui de.
Having
found
the
c ause,
they
were
able
to
propose
a
remedy.
另外
,
独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式
.
The<
/p>
guests
having
left,
they
resumed
their
discussion.
< br>The
children,
having
eating
their
fill,
were
allowed
to
leave
the
table.
b)
被动式
:
当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的 对象时
,
动名词一般要用被动形式
.
Hi
s
being
neglected
by
the
host
added
to
his
une asiness.
He
couldn’t
bear
being
made
fun
of
like
that.
但要注意
,
在
want,
need,
deserve,
require
等动词后
,
尽管表示的是被动的意思
,
却用 动名词的主
动形式
.
My
pen
needs
filling.
The
po int
deserves
mentioning.
Thi
s
problem
requires
studying
< p>withgreat
care.
在
w orth
这个形容词后情形也是这样
.
Her
is
worth
trying.
现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语
,
宾语补足语
,
状语及用于独立结构中
.
This
is
one
of
the
experiments
being
carried
on
in
our
laboratory.
You’ll
find
the
topic
being
discussed
everywhere.
Being
asked
to
give
a
performance,
she
couldn’t
very
well
refuse.
These
are
sold
at
reduced
prices,
the
defects
< p>alwaysbeing
pointed
out
to
the
customers.
c)
完成被动式
:
如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生
,
有时需要用动名词的完成被动式
.
I
don’t
remember
having
ever
been
given
a
chance
to
t ry
this
method.
但在多数情况下都避免使用
这一形式
,
而用一般被动形式代替
,
以免句子显得 累赘
.
现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中
.
9
Having
been
given
such
a
good
chance,
how
could
she
let
i t
slip
away?
The
decis ion
having
been
made,
the< /p>
next
problem
was
how
to
make
a
good
plan.
< p>All
the
compositions
havin g
been
written
and
collect ed,
the
teacher
sent
the
students
home.
2)
句法功用< /p>
a)
作主语
:
Walking
is
good
exercise.
It’s<
/p>
nice
talking
to
you.
There
is
no
denying
t he
fact
that
the
new
method
has
greatly
raised
labour
productivity.
b)
作宾语
:
Your
shoes
need
polishing.
You
mustn’t
de lay
sending
the
tractors
o ver.
He
avoided
giving
us
a
definite
answer.
c)
作介词宾语
:
动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多
.
它常可以用在某些成语后面
,
常见的有
:
insist
on,
persist
in,< /p>
think
of,
dream
of,
object
to,
suspect…of,
accuse…of ,
charge…with,
hear
of,
approve
of,
prevent…from,
keep …from,
stop…from,
refrain
from,< /p>
be
engaged
in,
look
forward
to,
opposed
to,
< p>dependon,
thank…for,
feel
like,
excuse…for,
aim
at,
devote…to,
set
about,
spend…i n,
get
(be)
used
to,
be
fond
of,
be
capabl e
of,
be
afraid
of,
be
tired
of,
be
sick
of,
succeed
in,
be
in
terested
in,
feel
(be)
ash amed
of,
be
proud
of,
< p>bekeen
on,
be
responsib le
for.
d)
作表语
:
The
real
problem
is
g etting
to
know
the
needs
of
the
people.
动名词和不定式都
可以作主语或表语
.
一般说来
,
在表示抽象的一般 的行为时多用动名词
;
在表
示具体某词动作
,
特别是将来的动作时
,
多用不定式
.
e)
作宾语补足语
:
分词可以在
see,
hear,
notice,
watch,
feel,
find,
keep,
get,
have
等动词后作宾语
补足语
.
The
words
immediately
set
us
all
laughing.
Once
we
caught
him
dozing
off
in
class.
His
rema rk
left
me
wondering
what< /p>
he
was
driving
at.
< br>在
see,
hear,
feel,
watc h,
notice
等动词后
,
及可用现在分词
,
也可用不定式构成宾语补足语
.
用现
在分词时
,
表示动作正在发生
,
用不定式 时表示动作发生了
.
Do
you
hear
someone
knocking
at
the
door?
Yes,
I
did.
I
heard
him
knock
three
times.
f)
作状语
:
现 在分词作状语时
,
通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作
,
来对谓语表示的主要动
作加以修饰或作为陪衬
.
< br>I
ran
out
of
the
house
shouting.
I
got
home,
feeling
very
tired.
Driving
to
Chicago
that
< p>night,I
was
struck
by
a
sudden
thought.
10
现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因
,
相当于一个表示原因 的状语从句
.
Not
knowing
he r
address,
we
couldn’t
get
in
touch
with
her.
Seeing
nobody
at
home,
she
decided
to
leave
them
a
note.
Having
alread y
seen
the
film
twice,
she
didn’t
want
to
go
to
the
cinema.
现在分词短语有时
可用作时间状语
,
相当于
when
引起的从句
:
Seeing
those
pictures ,
he
couldn’t
help
thinkin g
of
those
memorable
days< /p>
they
spent
together.
如
果两个动作是完全同时发生的
,
多用
when
或< /p>
while
加分词这种结构
.
Be
careful
when
crossing
the
street.
When
leaving
the< /p>
airport,
they
waved
again< /p>
and
again
to
us.
She
got
to
know
them
< p>whileattending
a
conference
in
Beijing.
3)
前面带有代词或名 词的动名词结构
:
一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词
(
或名词的所有格结
构
),
来表示这个动名词逻辑上 的主语
.
Their
coming
to< /p>
help
was
a
great
enc ouragement
to
us.
Our
sole
worry
is
your
relying
too
much
on
yourself.
Do
you
mind
my
read ing
your
paper?
They
i nsisted
on
my
staying
ther e
for
supper.
如果不是在句子开头
这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格
(
或人称代词宾格
),
这比用所有格更自
然一些
.
I
don’t
mind
him
going .
She
hates
people
los ing
their
temper.
4)
只 能用动名词作宾语的动词
:
suggest,
finish,
avoid,
stop,
can’t
help,
mind,
admit,
enjoy,
leave
off,
require,
postpone,
put
off,
delay,
practise,
fancy,
excuse,
pardon,
advise,
consider,
deny,
endure,
escape,
miss
5)
既可用动名词
< p>,也可用不定式作宾语的动词
:
love,
l ike,
hate,
dislike,
begin,
start,
continue,
intend,
at
tempt,
can’t
bear,
propose,
< p>want,need,
remember,
forget,< /p>
regret,
neglect,
try,
dese rve,
can’t
afford
等
.< /p>
有时两种结构之间意义差别不大
,
有时却有不同的意思
.
在
remember,
regret,
want,
try
等词后差别
是比较明显的
I
remember
seeing
her
once
somewhere.
I
must
remember
to
take
my
notebooks
with
me.
I
regret
not
having
accepted
your
advice.
I
regret
to
say
I
haven’t
give n
you
enough
help.
She
doesn’t
want
(need)
to
come.
The
house
wants
(needs)
cleaning.
11
We
must
try
to
get
everything
done
in
time.
< br>Let’s
try
doing
the
wor k
some
other
way.
6)
悬垂修饰
:
分词作状语时
,
表示的必须 是主语的一个动作或状态
.
Walking
throug h
the
park,
we
saw
a
lot
of
flowers.
(walking< /p>
是
we
的动作
,
正确
)
Walking
through
the
park,
the
flowers
looked
v ery
beautiful.
(
错误
)
< p>Standing
on
the
tower,
we
could
see
the
whole< /p>
city.
(
正确
)
Sta
nding
on
the
tower,
the
whole
village
could
be
seen.
(
错误
)
3.
分词
1)
意义
:
过去分词通常来自及物 动词
,
带有被动意义和完成意义
;
而现在分词有的 来自及物动词
,
有的来自不及物动词
,
通 常带有主动意义和未完成意义
.
frozen
food< /p>
a
freezing
wind
a
traveller
a
boring
journey
a
lost
cause
a
losing
battle
a
conq uered
army
a
conquering
ar my
a
finished
article
the
last
finishing
touch
< br>the
spoken
word
a
speak ing
bird
a
closed
shop
the
closing
hour
a
recorded
talk
a
recording
machine
来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语
,
能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词
,
仅表
< br>示完成意义
,
不表示被动意义
.
t
he
risen
sun,
fallen
leave s,
faded/withered
flowers,
retur ned
students,
retired
workers,
departed
friends,
escaped
prisoners,
the
vanished
jewel s,
newly-arrived
visitors
用作
后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分
,
在意义上相当于关系分句< /p>
.
Most
of
the
pe ople
invited
to
the
recept ion
were
old
friends.
2)
句法作用
a)
作定语
:
distinguished
guest
贵宾
,
unknown
heroes
无名英雄
,
arme d
forces
武装部队
,
canned
food
罐头食品
,
boiled
water
开水
,
steamed
bread
馒头
,
stricken
area
灾区
分词还可构成合成词作定语
:
simply-furni shed
room
陈设简单的房间
,
clear- cut
answer
明确的答复
,
hig
hly-developed
industry
高度发展的工业
,
heartfelt
thanks
衷心的感谢
,< /p>
hand-made
goods
手工制
品<
/p>
,
man-made
satellite
人造卫星< /p>
b)
作补足语
:
可以带过去分词作宾语补足 语的动词有
:
see,
hear,
fee l,
find,
think
等表示感觉和心理状态的动词
.
I
saw
the
student s
assembled
in
the
hall.
We
found
her
greatly
changed.
12