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（报名网 址）
练
习
一
Directions: Read the underlined sentences carefully, and then translate them into
Chinese. You may check your answers
after you finish them.
Passage One
If
women
are
mercilessly
（无情地）
exploited
year
after
year,
they
have
only
themselves to
blame. Because they tremble at the thought of
being seen in public in
clothes that
are out of fashion, they are always taken
advantage of by the designers
and the
big stores. Clothes which have been worn only
a few times have to
be put
aside because of the change of fashion.
When you come to think of it, only s women
is
capable
of
standing
in
front
of
a
wardrobe
（衣柜）
packed
full
of
clothes
and
announcing sadly that she
has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many
women spend vast sums of money each
year to replace clothes that have hardly been
worn. Women who cannot afford to throw
away clothing in this way, waste hours of
their
time
altering
the
dresses
they
have.
Skirts
are
lengthened
or
shortened;
neck-lines
are lowered of raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important
to
society.
Fashion
designers
are
rarely
concerned
with
vital
things
like
warmth,
comfort and
durability
（耐用）
. They are only interested in outward appearance and
they take advantage of the fact that
women will put up with any amount of discomfort,
as long as they look right. There can
hardly be a man who hasn
’
t at some time in his
life
smiled
at
the
sight
of
a
woman
shaking
in
a
thin
dress
on
a
winter
day,
or
delicately picking her way through deep
snow in highheeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be
drawn
are
obvious.
Do
the
constantly
changing
fashions
of
women
’
s
clothes,
one
wonders,
reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and
instability? Men are too clever to
let
themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do
their unchanging styles of dress
reflect
basic qualities
of stability
and reliability? That
is
for
you to
decide. Passage
Two
For
some
time
past
it
has
been
widely
accepted
that
babies-and
other
creatures-learn to do
things because certain acts lead to
“
rewards
”
; and there is no
reason to doubt that this is
true. But it used also to be widely believed that
effective
rewards,
at
least
in
the
early
stages,
had
to
be
directly
related
to
such
basic
physiological
“
drives
”
（生理欲望）
a s thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would
learn if he got food or drink or some
sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It
is
now
clear
that
this
is
not
so.
Babies
will
learn
to
behave
in
ways
that
produce results
in the world with no reward except the successful
outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to
“
reward
”
the
babies and so teach them to carry out
some simple movements, such as turning the
head
to
one
side
or
the
other.
Then
he
noticed
that
a
baby
who
had
had
enough
to
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