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Passage 6
For some time past it has been widely
accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn
to do things because certain acts lead
to
“
rewards
”
; and there is no reason to doubt
that this
is true. But it used also to be widely believed
that effective rewards, at least
in
the early stages,
had
to
be directly
related to
such basic physiological
（生理的）
“
drives
”
as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or
drink or some sort of physical
comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear
that this
is not so.
Babies will learn to behave in
ways that produce
results in the world with no reward
except the successful outcome.
Papousek
began his studies by using milk in the normal way
to
“
reward
”
the babies
and so teach them to carry out
some simple movements, such as turning the head to
one
side
or
the
other.
Then
he
noticed
that
a
baby.
Who
had
had
enough
to
drink
would refuse the milk but
would still go on making the learned response with
clear
signs of pleasure. So he began to
study the children
’
s responses in situations where
no milk was provided.
He quickly found that children as young as four
months would
learn to turn their heads
to right or left if the movement
“
switched on
”
a display of
lights-and
indeed
that
they
were
capable
of
learning
quite
complex
turns
to
bring
about this result, for instance, two
left or two right, or even to make as three turns
to
one side.
Papousek
’
s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the
interesting observation that
sometimes they would not turn back to watch the
lights
closely
although
they
would
“
smile
and
bubble
”
when
the
display
came
on.
Papousek
concluded
that
is
was
not
primarily
the
sight
of
the
lights
which
pleased
them, it was the success
they were achieving in solving the problem, in
mastering the
skill, and that there
exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of
the world and
bring it under
intentional control.
26. According to
the author ,babies learn to do things
which___________
A) are directly
related to pleasure B) will meet their physical
needs
C) will bring them a feeling of
success D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. papousek noticed in his studies
that a baby_______________
A) would
make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements
when it had enough to drink
C) would
continue the simple movements when it had enough
to drink
D) would turn its head to
right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In papousek
’
s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to
_________
A) have the lights turned on B) please
their parents
C) be rewarded with milk
D) be praised
29. The babies would
“
smile and bubble
”
at the lights because__________-
A) the lights were directly related to
some basic
“
drives
”
B) the sight of the lights was
interesting
C) they need not turn back
to watch the lights
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D) they succeeded in
“
switching on
”
the lights
30.
According
to
Papousek,
the
pleasure
babies
get
in
achieving
something
is
a
reflection of_____
A) a basic human desire to understand
and control the world
B) the
satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex
problems
D) a fundamental human urge to
display their learned skills
Passage 6
在过去的一段时间里，
这样一种理论为人们广泛接受，
婴 儿——还有其他生物—
—学习去做事情是因为某些特定的行为有“回报”
；而且毫无疑问这是事实。但
人们还曾普遍认为，有效的回报，至少在早期，必定是与基
本生理“驱动力”直
接相关，比如口渴或饥饿。换句话说，婴儿会为食物、料或某种身体
上的舒适而
学习，不会是为其它。
Passage 6
For some
time past it has been widely accepted that babies-
and other creatures-learn
to do things
because certain acts lead to
“
rewards
”
; and there is no reason to doubt
that this is
true. But it used also to be widely believed that
effective rewards, at least
in
the early stages, had
to
be directly
related to
such basic physi ological
（生理的）
“
drives
< p>”
as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or
drink or some sort of physical comfort,
not otherwise.
It is now clear that
this
is not so.
Babies will learn to behave in
ways that produce
results in the world with no reward
except the successful outcome.
Papousek
began his studies by using milk in the normal way
to
“
reward
”
the babies
and so teach them to carry out
some simple movements, such as turning the head to
one
side
or
the
other.
Then
he
noticed
that
a
baby.
Who
had
had
enough
to
drink
would refuse the milk but
would still go on making the learned response with
clear
signs of pleasure. So he began to
study the children
’
s responses in situations where
no milk was provided.
He quickly found that children as young as four
months would
learn to turn their heads
to right or left if the movement
“
switched on
”
a display of
lights-and
indeed
that
they
were
capable
of
learning
quite
complex
turns
to
bring
about this result, for instance, two
left or two right, or even to make as thre turns
to
one side.
Papousek
’
s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the
interesting observation that
sometimes they would not turn back to watch the
lights
closely
although
they
would
“
smile
and
bubble
”
when
the
display
came
on.
Papousek
concluded
that
is
was
not
primarily
the
sight
of
the
lights
which
pleased
them, it was the success
they were achieving in solving the problem, in
mastering the
skill, and that there
exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of
the world and
bring it under
intentional control.
26. According to
the author ,babies learn to do things
which___________
A) are directly
related to pleasure B) will meet their physical
needs
C) will bring them a feeling of
success D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. papousek noticed in his studies
that a baby_______________